Emissions in GEMS

Data on emissions are needed for the 4 sub-systems GHG, GRG, AER and RAQ

GEMS Project has dedicated tasks for emissions and surface fluxes parameterization

- GHG-Task 1.3

- GRG-Task 2.9

- AER-Task 2

- RAQ-Task 2.4

Consistent data sets (between GHG, GRG and AER) are needed for emissions of common source origin (Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning)

Consistency should also be observed between emission inventories used at a global and regional scale (between GRG-AER and RAQ systems)

Different inventories exist for the same species

Define criteria on temporal and spatial resolution but also on the quality of the data sets (accuracy, documentation, accessibility)

Current CO2 surface fluxes in GEMS

• Anthropogenic emissions : Fossil Fuel burning, Cement Production and Gas Flaring

Estimates for 1995 (total 6.17 PgC/year), data base developed by the CDIAC

Based on national statistics databases, density of population used to distribute the emissions

ref. (Brenkert, 1998 ; Andres et al., 1996)

• Air-Sea CO2 exchange : Fluxes are based on Takahashi et al. (2002) climatology

Estimates are based on measurements of pCO2 in surface waters between 1960 and

1995

The annual oceanic uptake estimate is about -2.2 PgC/year

• Exchange with terrestrial ecosystem : NEP Estimates are taken from

Randerson et al. 1997 using CASA (links remote sensing data, meteorological data

and surface observations)

The Net Ecosystem Production NEP = GPP - AR – HR

Annually balanced terrestrial biosphere

Biomass burning disturbances are not taken into account (4PgC/year = 7% of annual

NPP)

Note : Oxidation of reduced carbon species are taken into account implicitly in some

of these estimations ; they are released at the surface rather than distributed in the

atmosphere

Plant respiration

Soil components respiration

NPPPhotosynthesis

Aerosol sources

• For the introduction of aerosol processes in the ECMWF IFS, the initial emission fluxes and sources are taken from:– sea salt: Gong et al. (1997) – desert dust: INCA, Schulz et al. (1998), Guelle et al. (2000)– And other constituents from AEROCOM intercomparison data sets

Organic matter: Bond and Streets (1996)Black carbon: Bond and Streets (1996), GFEDSulfate: IIASA, dGEIA, Guenter et al. (1994)

• Within GEMS-Aerosols, refinement of aerosol emission sources is dealt with in

WP_AER2 > update and assimilation of the anthropogenic emission inventories of aerosol and

its precursors > assimilation of information on wild fires > quantification of the wind-blown dust emission from desert areas > quantification of the wind-blown sea salt emission > sources of stratospheric aerosols

Emissions for GRG

Many species (VOC)

Different inventories exist at regional or global scale based on

different methodologies or statistical data

Inventories may overlap in space and time and may include similar

data sets

A compiled list of global and regional inventories is needed with a

detailed content, reference years, space and time resolution

starting base : - HALO paper on emissions (J. Flemming)

- Finnish Meteorological Institute initiative

VOC break down ?

Discussion is needed for the datasets to be implemented

Emission inventory for Regional Air Quality across Europe

Decide on a common emissions inventory for anthropogenic

emissions, gases and particulate matter

EMEP/CORINAIR inventory will be the basis for yearly totals

and their historical evolution

- Downscaling for a resolution of ~ 5 km

-Temporal profiles on the diurnal, weekly and seasonal

timescales

How important are emissions from Biomass Burning?

Only in the two past decades have researchers realized the important contributions of biomass burning to the global budgets of many radiatively and chemically active gases, and elemental carbon

particulates

Estimates vary but biomass burning contributes up to:

10 % of CH4

38% of tropospheric O3

42% of BC (Bond et al., 2004)

74% of OC

Fossil fuel 6.2 Pg C/yr

Biomass burning 4 Pg C/yr (Andreae and Merlet 2001)

Net effect uncertain

Biomass burning is a major source for greenhouse gases,

reactive gases and aerosols

Biomass burning can be observed from space

Emissions from biomass burning are subject to high

uncertainties, some investment is required to improve the

quality of estimations

Time resolution required for GRG and AER sub-projects have

to be considered for the choice of data sets

It is also important to prepare emission data supply for the

operational phase of the assimilation system

Biomass Burning emissions in GEMS

Emissions in GEMS - Outline

Consistency in emission data sets should be achieved between the 4 sub-systems within GEMS

A compiled list of emission inventories (present species, time and space coverage, resolution, quality) as a base for decisions

Biomass burning emissions in GEMS ?

Temporal resolution for GRG and AER

What else?