emissions of n 2 o, ch 4 and nh 3 from agricultural sector in slovakia activity data and methods...

Emissions of NEmissions of N22OO, CH, CH44 and NH and NH33

from agricultural sector in from agricultural sector in Slovakia Slovakia

activity data and methodsactivity data and methods developmentdevelopment

Emissions of NEmissions of N22OO, CH, CH44 and NH and NH33

from agricultural sector in from agricultural sector in Slovakia Slovakia

activity data and methodsactivity data and methods developmentdevelopment

Bernard ŠiškaBernard ŠiškaSlovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra,

Nitra, SloNitra, Slovvakakiaia

Bernard ŠiškaBernard ŠiškaSlovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra,

Nitra, SloNitra, Slovvakakiaia

Emission sources in agricultureEmission sources in agricultureEmission sources in agricultureEmission sources in agriculture

I.I. Cultivated soilsCultivated soils – – N N22O, NHO, NH33

II.II. Domestic livestockDomestic livestock – – CH CH44, N, N22O, NHO, NH33

I.I. Cultivated soilsCultivated soils – – N N22O, NHO, NH33

II.II. Domestic livestockDomestic livestock – – CH CH44, N, N22O, NHO, NH33

Basic sources of data used for GHG Basic sources of data used for GHG and NHand NH33 inventory inventory

Basic sources of data used for GHG Basic sources of data used for GHG and NHand NH33 inventory inventory

Basic dataBasic data:: Green report of SR 1998 - 200Green report of SR 1998 - 20044 Statistical yearbook 1990 – 200Statistical yearbook 1990 – 20044

More detailed data:More detailed data: AAnnual census of domestic livestock on 31.XII. in nnual census of domestic livestock on 31.XII. in

SlovakiaSlovakia Census of sowing areas of field crops on 20.V. in Census of sowing areas of field crops on 20.V. in

SlovakiaSlovakia Definitive data on yields of field cropsDefinitive data on yields of field crops

Basic dataBasic data:: Green report of SR 1998 - 200Green report of SR 1998 - 20044 Statistical yearbook 1990 – 200Statistical yearbook 1990 – 20044

More detailed data:More detailed data: AAnnual census of domestic livestock on 31.XII. in nnual census of domestic livestock on 31.XII. in

SlovakiaSlovakia Census of sowing areas of field crops on 20.V. in Census of sowing areas of field crops on 20.V. in

SlovakiaSlovakia Definitive data on yields of field cropsDefinitive data on yields of field crops

Number of domestic livestock in thousands Number of domestic livestock in thousands inin SR SR ((1990-2001990-2004)4) Number of domestic livestock in thousands Number of domestic livestock in thousands inin SR SR ((1990-2001990-2004)4)

YearYear

CattleCattle PigsPigs SheepSheep GoatsGoats PoultryPoultry Hor-Hor-sesses

Dairy Dairy cowscows

Other Other CattleCattle

SowsSows Piglets Piglets up to up to 20 kg20 kg

Piglets Piglets up to up to 50 kg50 kg

YounYoung g

sowssows

Fatte-Fatte-ning ning

pigspigs

Lay-Lay-ing ing

henshens

Broi-Broi-lerslers

Other Other poultrypoultry

19901990 549549 10141014 180180 486486 437437 8484 13341334 25212521 600600 2525 81348134 78337833 511511 1647816478 1414

19951995 355355 628628 160160 432432 389389 6969 10261026 20762076 428428 2525 76257625 52355235 522522 1338213382 1010

20002000 243243 404404 131131 389389 350350 5151 568568 14881488 348348 5151 58465846 60806080 520520 1244612446 1010

20012001 245245 400400 131131 354354 318318 4949 617617 14691469 358358 4040 58355835 72567256 520520 1361213612 1010

20022002 231231 376376 118118 317317 286286 5252 782782 15541554 316316 4040 62136213 72267226 520520 1395913959 1010

20032003 228228 386386 105105 284284 256256 4848 750750 14431443 325325 3939 61276127 75707570 520520 1421714217 1010

20042004 231231 385385 9090 243243 219219 4848 854854 14541454 325325 3939 61896189 75917591 520520 1430014300 1010

Acreage of agricultural crops in Slovakia Acreage of agricultural crops in Slovakia ((1990-2001990-2004)4)

CropCrop 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

CerealsCereals Wheat Wheat 418158418158 437846437846 405200405200 448900448900 405800405800 306900306900 377400377400

RayRay 4633546335 3120131201 3150031500 3820038200 3800038000 2520025200 3140031400

BarleyBarley 190634190634 235202235202 199400199400 186400186400 194700194700 269300269300 228000228000

OatOat 1301513015 1622216222 2090020900 1700017000 2050020500 3040030400 2500025000

MaizeMaize 150731150731 127394127394 145000145000 122600122600 140400140400 146000146000 145000145000

PotatoPotato 5524555245 4126241262 2700027000 2620026200 2610026100 2570025700 2470024700

Sugar beet Sugar beet 5128851288 3490034900 3170031700 3150031500 3090030900 3200032000 3450034500

Oil plants Oil plants 7090670906 125691125691 173900173900 180700180700 201600201600 208900208900 194400194400

Vegetables Vegetables 3007530075 3648636486 4000040000 4000040000 3360033600 3450034500 3500035000

Fodder crops onFodder crops on

arable landarable land 5832958329 5832958329 5832958329 5832958329 5832958329 5832958329 5832958329

MMaaize for silageize for silage 179888179888 179888179888 179888179888 179888179888 179888179888 179888179888 179888179888

Grasslands and Grasslands and other cropsother crops 870778870778 870778870778 870778870778 870778870778 870778870778 870778870778 870778870778


(N-fixing crops)(N-fixing crops)


(N-fixing crops)(N-fixing crops)

CropCrop 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004*

N-fixing N-fixing cropscrops

PeaPea 2844628446 2844628446 2844628446 2844628446 2844628446 2844628446 2844628446

LensLens 4462344623 4462344623 4462344623 4462344623 4462344623 4462344623 4462344623

BeanBean 1773117731 1773117731 1773117731 1773117731 1773117731 1773117731 1773117731

Other Other legumilegumi--

nous nous plantsplants

1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629

SoybeanSoybean 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629 1162911629

AlfalfaAlfalfa 87768776 87768776 87768776 87768776 87768776 87768776 87768776

CloverClover 90009000 90009000 90009000 90009000 90009000 90009000 90009000

other other fodder fodder crops crops

1000010000 1000010000 1000010000 1000010000 1000010000 1000010000 1000010000

Total inputs of N (t) from mineral fertilizers Total inputs of N (t) from mineral fertilizers ((1990-2001990-2005)5)

19901990 19951995 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005**

(t)(t) 222255222255 6958769587 7265372653 8134581345 8826088260 8130081300 7642276422 8000080000

** estimateestimate** estimateestimate

NN22O eO emissions missions areare defined defined asas::

DDirectirect – – NN22O emissions from cultivated soilsO emissions from cultivated soils - - NN22O O

emissions from cultivated soils are of natural origin from emissions from cultivated soils are of natural origin from microbial processes – nitrification and denitrification.microbial processes – nitrification and denitrification. Direct NDirect N22O O

emissions from cultivated soilsemissions from cultivated soils depend on nitrogen inputs: depend on nitrogen inputs: synthetic fertilizers, animal excreta, crop residuals and symbiotic synthetic fertilizers, animal excreta, crop residuals and symbiotic fixation of leguminous fixation of leguminous (Bouwman, 1990, cit. in IPCC 1996)(Bouwman, 1990, cit. in IPCC 1996)

DDirectirect – – NN22O emissions from cultivated soilsO emissions from cultivated soils - - NN22O O

emissions from cultivated soils are of natural origin from emissions from cultivated soils are of natural origin from microbial processes – nitrification and denitrification.microbial processes – nitrification and denitrification. Direct NDirect N22O O

emissions from cultivated soilsemissions from cultivated soils depend on nitrogen inputs: depend on nitrogen inputs: synthetic fertilizers, animal excreta, crop residuals and symbiotic synthetic fertilizers, animal excreta, crop residuals and symbiotic fixation of leguminous fixation of leguminous (Bouwman, 1990, cit. in IPCC 1996)(Bouwman, 1990, cit. in IPCC 1996)

AAnimal nimal WWaste aste MManagement anagement SSystemystem – – During storage of manures some part of nitrogen is lost in During storage of manures some part of nitrogen is lost in dependencedependence on way of storageon way of storage as well asas well as duration of storageduration of storage of of animal excretaanimal excreta

IIndirectndirect - - This part of NThis part of N22O emissions resulted from O emissions resulted from

processesprocesses

ofof atmospheric deposition of ammonia and NOatmospheric deposition of ammonia and NOxx, as well as due to, as well as due to

transformation of nitrogentransformation of nitrogen from leaching and from leaching and runoff lossesrunoff losses

IIndirectndirect - - This part of NThis part of N22O emissions resulted from O emissions resulted from

processesprocesses

ofof atmospheric deposition of ammonia and NOatmospheric deposition of ammonia and NOxx, as well as due to, as well as due to

transformation of nitrogentransformation of nitrogen from leaching and from leaching and runoff lossesrunoff losses

Inputs Biogenic N inputs Symbiotic N fixation Non-symbiotic N fixation

20-305-15

Techogenic N inputs Decomposition of N Mineral fertilizers Fertilizers from AWMS

10-3040

25-35

100-150

Outputs N in harvested part of cropsLeachingN lost due to soil erosion

60-707-105-10

N lost in gaseous fraction Ammonia volatilization N2O emissions

Others

10-151-2

19-23

102-130

NiNittrogen balances in agricultural soils of Slovak rogen balances in agricultural soils of Slovak Republic (kg N.haRepublic (kg N.ha-1-1.year.year-1-1)) (Bielek, 1988) (Bielek, 1988)

NN22OO - methods of estimation: - methods of estimation:NN22OO - methods of estimation: - methods of estimation:

Total NTotal N22O emissionsO emissions in agricultural sector are given by direct in agricultural sector are given by direct

emissions from cultivated soils and animal husbandry and emissions from cultivated soils and animal husbandry and indirect emissions from leaching and ammonia and nitrate indirect emissions from leaching and ammonia and nitrate depositions according to equation:depositions according to equation:

NN22O = NO = N22O O directdirect + N + N22O O aWMSaWMS + N + N22O O indirectindirect [kg year[kg year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22O O directdirect = N= N22O emissions form direct nitrogen inputs [kg.yearO emissions form direct nitrogen inputs [kg.year -1-1]]

NN22O O AWMSsAWMSs = N= N22O emissions fromO emissions from animal wasteanimal waste management systems [kg.yearmanagement systems [kg.year-1-1]]

NN22O O indirectindirect = indirect N= indirect N22O emissions [kg N.yearO emissions [kg N.year-1-1]]

Total NTotal N22O emissionsO emissions in agricultural sector are given by direct in agricultural sector are given by direct

emissions from cultivated soils and animal husbandry and emissions from cultivated soils and animal husbandry and indirect emissions from leaching and ammonia and nitrate indirect emissions from leaching and ammonia and nitrate depositions according to equation:depositions according to equation:

NN22O = NO = N22O O directdirect + N + N22O O aWMSaWMS + N + N22O O indirectindirect [kg year[kg year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22O O directdirect = N= N22O emissions form direct nitrogen inputs [kg.yearO emissions form direct nitrogen inputs [kg.year -1-1]]

NN22O O AWMSsAWMSs = N= N22O emissions fromO emissions from animal wasteanimal waste management systems [kg.yearmanagement systems [kg.year-1-1]]

NN22O O indirectindirect = indirect N= indirect N22O emissions [kg N.yearO emissions [kg N.year-1-1]]


Direct NDirect N22O emissions from cultivated soilsO emissions from cultivated soils areare calculated according to calculated according to

equation:equation:

NN22OODIRECTDIRECT = (F = (FSNSN + F + FAWAW + F + FBNBN + F + FCRCR) x EF) x EF11 [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22OODIRECTDIRECT = direct N= direct N22O emissions from cultivated soilsO emissions from cultivated soils

EFEF11 = emission coefficient for direct N= emission coefficient for direct N22O emissions (tab. 2.7.)O emissions (tab. 2.7.)

FFSNSN = nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers reduced by NH= nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers reduced by NH33 and NO and NOx x emissions [kg.yearemissions [kg.year-1-1]]

FFAWAW = nitrogen in fertilizers from animal husbandry reduced by NH= nitrogen in fertilizers from animal husbandry reduced by NH33 and NO and NOx x

emissions [kg.yearemissions [kg.year-1-1]]

FFBNBN = nitrogen from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops [kg.year= nitrogen from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops [kg.year-1-1]]

FFCRCR = nitrogen from crop residuals [kg.year= nitrogen from crop residuals [kg.year-1-1]]

Direct NDirect N22O emissions from cultivated soilsO emissions from cultivated soils areare calculated according to calculated according to

equation:equation:

NN22OODIRECTDIRECT = (F = (FSNSN + F + FAWAW + F + FBNBN + F + FCRCR) x EF) x EF11 [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22OODIRECTDIRECT = direct N= direct N22O emissions from cultivated soilsO emissions from cultivated soils

EFEF11 = emission coefficient for direct N= emission coefficient for direct N22O emissions (tab. 2.7.)O emissions (tab. 2.7.)

FFSNSN = nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers reduced by NH= nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers reduced by NH33 and NO and NOx x emissions [kg.yearemissions [kg.year-1-1]]

FFAWAW = nitrogen in fertilizers from animal husbandry reduced by NH= nitrogen in fertilizers from animal husbandry reduced by NH33 and NO and NOx x

emissions [kg.yearemissions [kg.year-1-1]]

FFBNBN = nitrogen from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops [kg.year= nitrogen from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops [kg.year-1-1]]

FFCRCR = nitrogen from crop residuals [kg.year= nitrogen from crop residuals [kg.year-1-1]]


Some part of nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers is lost due Some part of nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers is lost due to volatilization of NHto volatilization of NH33 and N-NO and N-NOx x transformation. Synthetic transformation. Synthetic

fertilizers loss up to 10% and fertilizers of animal origin up to fertilizers loss up to 10% and fertilizers of animal origin up to 20% of nitrogen (Bielek, 1998, Asman, 1992, ECOTEC) and so 20% of nitrogen (Bielek, 1998, Asman, 1992, ECOTEC) and so only 90% of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers and 80% nitrogen in only 90% of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers and 80% nitrogen in animal wastes are available for next N conversion into Nanimal wastes are available for next N conversion into N22O .O .

FFSNSN = N = NFERTFERT x (1- Frac x (1- FracGASFGASF)) [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NNFERTFERT = net nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers [kg.year= net nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers [kg.year -1-1]]

FracFracGASF GASF = gaseous fraction that volatilize from synthetic fertilizers as NH= gaseous fraction that volatilize from synthetic fertilizers as NH33 or or

NONOx x

Some part of nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers is lost due Some part of nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers is lost due to volatilization of NHto volatilization of NH33 and N-NO and N-NOx x transformation. Synthetic transformation. Synthetic

fertilizers loss up to 10% and fertilizers of animal origin up to fertilizers loss up to 10% and fertilizers of animal origin up to 20% of nitrogen (Bielek, 1998, Asman, 1992, ECOTEC) and so 20% of nitrogen (Bielek, 1998, Asman, 1992, ECOTEC) and so only 90% of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers and 80% nitrogen in only 90% of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers and 80% nitrogen in animal wastes are available for next N conversion into Nanimal wastes are available for next N conversion into N22O .O .

FFSNSN = N = NFERTFERT x (1- Frac x (1- FracGASFGASF)) [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NNFERTFERT = net nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers [kg.year= net nitrogen in applied synthetic fertilizers [kg.year -1-1]]

FracFracGASF GASF = gaseous fraction that volatilize from synthetic fertilizers as NH= gaseous fraction that volatilize from synthetic fertilizers as NH33 or or

NONOx x


N inputs from animal wastes (N inputs from animal wastes (FFAWAW ) ) are are calculated according calculated according

to equation:to equation: areare calculated according to equation: calculated according to equation:

FFAWAW = N = NEXEX x (1- Frac x (1- FracGRAZGRAZ - Frac - FracGASMGASM)) [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NNEXEX = net nitrogen in wastes from animal husbandry [kg N.year= net nitrogen in wastes from animal husbandry [kg N.year -1-1]]

FracFracGRAZGRAZ = fraction of nitrogen from grazing of animals= fraction of nitrogen from grazing of animals

FracFracGASMGASM = fraction of nitrogen that volatilize as NH= fraction of nitrogen that volatilize as NH33 or NO or NOxx

N inputs from animal wastes (N inputs from animal wastes (FFAWAW ) ) are are calculated according calculated according

to equation:to equation: areare calculated according to equation: calculated according to equation:

FFAWAW = N = NEXEX x (1- Frac x (1- FracGRAZGRAZ - Frac - FracGASMGASM)) [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NNEXEX = net nitrogen in wastes from animal husbandry [kg N.year= net nitrogen in wastes from animal husbandry [kg N.year -1-1]]

FracFracGRAZGRAZ = fraction of nitrogen from grazing of animals= fraction of nitrogen from grazing of animals

FracFracGASMGASM = fraction of nitrogen that volatilize as NH= fraction of nitrogen that volatilize as NH33 or NO or NOxx


N inputs from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops (N inputs from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops (FFBNBN ) )

areare calculated according to growing areas and value of calculated according to growing areas and value of symbiotic fixation found in condition of SR - 26 kg N.hasymbiotic fixation found in condition of SR - 26 kg N.ha-1-1 per per year :year :

FFBNBN = 26 xSA = 26 xSABNBN [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: SASABNBN = = acreage of N-fixing cropsacreage of N-fixing crops

N inputs from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops (N inputs from symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops (FFBNBN ) )

areare calculated according to growing areas and value of calculated according to growing areas and value of symbiotic fixation found in condition of SR - 26 kg N.hasymbiotic fixation found in condition of SR - 26 kg N.ha-1-1 per per year :year :

FFBNBN = 26 xSA = 26 xSABNBN [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: SASABNBN = = acreage of N-fixing cropsacreage of N-fixing crops


Nitrogen in crop residuals according to categories of different cropsNitrogen in crop residuals according to categories of different crops were established on the base of results of field trial of Research were established on the base of results of field trial of Research Institute of Plant Production (tab. 2.7.) and growing areas of crops Institute of Plant Production (tab. 2.7.) and growing areas of crops (tab. 2.6.) according to equation:(tab. 2.6.) according to equation:

FFCRCR = CR = CRTT x %N x %NB B x SAx SATT [t/ha][t/ha]

where:where: CRCRTT = crop residuals of crop T [t/ha]= crop residuals of crop T [t/ha]

%N%NBB = = % N v 1kg of dry matter% N v 1kg of dry matter (tab. 2.7)(tab. 2.7)

SASATT = sowing are of crop T [ha] (tab. 2.6)= sowing are of crop T [ha] (tab. 2.6)

Nitrogen in crop residuals according to categories of different cropsNitrogen in crop residuals according to categories of different crops were established on the base of results of field trial of Research were established on the base of results of field trial of Research Institute of Plant Production (tab. 2.7.) and growing areas of crops Institute of Plant Production (tab. 2.7.) and growing areas of crops (tab. 2.6.) according to equation:(tab. 2.6.) according to equation:

FFCRCR = CR = CRTT x %N x %NB B x SAx SATT [t/ha][t/ha]

where:where: CRCRTT = crop residuals of crop T [t/ha]= crop residuals of crop T [t/ha]

%N%NBB = = % N v 1kg of dry matter% N v 1kg of dry matter (tab. 2.7)(tab. 2.7)

SASATT = sowing are of crop T [ha] (tab. 2.6)= sowing are of crop T [ha] (tab. 2.6)


NN22O emissions from animal waste management systemO emissions from animal waste management system

were calculated according to equation:were calculated according to equation:

NN22OOAWMSAWMS = = [N[N(T)(T) x N x Nex(T)ex(T) x AWMS x AWMS(T)(T) xEF xEF3(AWMS)3(AWMS)]] [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22OOAWMSAWMS = N= N22O emissions for AWMS [kg.yearO emissions for AWMS [kg.year-1-1]]

NN(T)(T) = number of animals in category (tab. 2.1)= number of animals in category (tab. 2.1)

NNex(T)ex(T) = N production in animal excreta pre head in category T [kg.year= N production in animal excreta pre head in category T [kg.year --

11] ] AWMSAWMS(T)(T) = % of animal waste management system in category of = % of animal waste management system in category of

domestic domestic livestocklivestock

EFEF3(AWMS)3(AWMS) = emission coefficient for AWMS= emission coefficient for AWMS

NN22O emissions from animal waste management systemO emissions from animal waste management system

were calculated according to equation:were calculated according to equation:

NN22OOAWMSAWMS = = [N[N(T)(T) x N x Nex(T)ex(T) x AWMS x AWMS(T)(T) xEF xEF3(AWMS)3(AWMS)]] [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22OOAWMSAWMS = N= N22O emissions for AWMS [kg.yearO emissions for AWMS [kg.year-1-1]]

NN(T)(T) = number of animals in category (tab. 2.1)= number of animals in category (tab. 2.1)

NNex(T)ex(T) = N production in animal excreta pre head in category T [kg.year= N production in animal excreta pre head in category T [kg.year --

11] ] AWMSAWMS(T)(T) = % of animal waste management system in category of = % of animal waste management system in category of

domestic domestic livestocklivestock

EFEF3(AWMS)3(AWMS) = emission coefficient for AWMS= emission coefficient for AWMS

NN22OO - methods of estimation: - methods of estimation:NN22OO - methods of estimation: - methods of estimation: Indirect NIndirect N22O emissionsO emissions are given by equations (IPCC, 1996): are given by equations (IPCC, 1996):

NN22OOINDIRECTINDIRECT = N = N22OO(G)(G) + N + N22OO(L)(L) [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

NN22OO(G)(G) = = NN(FERT)(FERT) x Frac x FracGASFGASF + N + Nexex x Frac x FracGASMGASM) x EF) x EF44 [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

NN22OO(L)(L) = = NN(FERT)(FERT) + N + NEXEX ) x Frac ) x FracLEACHLEACH x EF x EF55 [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22OO(G)(G) = N= N22O emissions from atmospheric deposition of NHO emissions from atmospheric deposition of NH33 or NO or NOxx

NN22OO(L)(L) = N= N22O emissions from leachingO emissions from leaching

FracFracLEACHLEACH = nitrogen loss due to erosion and runoff= nitrogen loss due to erosion and runoff

Mean value for leaching of nitrogen vary in range Mean value for leaching of nitrogen vary in range 7-10 kg per 1 ha per year7-10 kg per 1 ha per year (7% (7% of N-inputs) in condition of SR. Next of N-inputs) in condition of SR. Next nitrogen losses 5 – 10 (7% of N-inputs) kg per ha per nitrogen losses 5 – 10 (7% of N-inputs) kg per ha per yearyear are caused by are caused by soil erosion and runoffsoil erosion and runoff (tab. 1.1 - Bielek, 1998). (tab. 1.1 - Bielek, 1998). Totally soils loss about Totally soils loss about 14%14% of nitrogen input due to of nitrogen input due to leaching, runoff and erosionleaching, runoff and erosion in climatic condition of Slovakia. in climatic condition of Slovakia.

Indirect NIndirect N22O emissionsO emissions are given by equations (IPCC, 1996): are given by equations (IPCC, 1996):

NN22OOINDIRECTINDIRECT = N = N22OO(G)(G) + N + N22OO(L)(L) [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

NN22OO(G)(G) = = NN(FERT)(FERT) x Frac x FracGASFGASF + N + Nexex x Frac x FracGASMGASM) x EF) x EF44 [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

NN22OO(L)(L) = = NN(FERT)(FERT) + N + NEXEX ) x Frac ) x FracLEACHLEACH x EF x EF55 [kg.year[kg.year-1-1]]

where:where: NN22OO(G)(G) = N= N22O emissions from atmospheric deposition of NHO emissions from atmospheric deposition of NH33 or NO or NOxx

NN22OO(L)(L) = N= N22O emissions from leachingO emissions from leaching

FracFracLEACHLEACH = nitrogen loss due to erosion and runoff= nitrogen loss due to erosion and runoff

Mean value for leaching of nitrogen vary in range Mean value for leaching of nitrogen vary in range 7-10 kg per 1 ha per year7-10 kg per 1 ha per year (7% (7% of N-inputs) in condition of SR. Next of N-inputs) in condition of SR. Next nitrogen losses 5 – 10 (7% of N-inputs) kg per ha per nitrogen losses 5 – 10 (7% of N-inputs) kg per ha per yearyear are caused by are caused by soil erosion and runoffsoil erosion and runoff (tab. 1.1 - Bielek, 1998). (tab. 1.1 - Bielek, 1998). Totally soils loss about Totally soils loss about 14%14% of nitrogen input due to of nitrogen input due to leaching, runoff and erosionleaching, runoff and erosion in climatic condition of Slovakia. in climatic condition of Slovakia.

CropsCrops crop residuals crop residuals [t/ha][t/ha]

% N in kg of % N in kg of biomassbiomass

N [t/ha]N [t/ha]

N-fixing cropsN-fixing crops PeaPea 6,516,51 1,661,66 0,110,11

Lens Lens 7,007,00 2,422,42 0,170,17

BeanBean 7,007,00 2,962,96 0,210,21

Fodder crops Fodder crops 10,9410,94 2,962,96 0,320,32

SoybeanSoybean 3,443,44 4,194,19 0,140,14

AlfalfaAlfalfa 7,007,00 2,422,42 0,170,17

CloverClover 6,006,00 1,971,97 0,120,12

Cereals Cereals WheatWheat 5,605,60 0,810,81 0,050,05

RayRay 4,064,06 0,680,68 0,030,03

BarleyBarley 3,973,97 0,910,91 0,040,04

OatOat 3,903,90 1,001,00 0,040,04

MMaizeaize 3,383,38 1,401,40 0,050,05

OtherOther 3,903,90 1,001,00 0,040,04

Crops residuals in t/ha and total nitrogen amount for Crops residuals in t/ha and total nitrogen amount for different field crops on the territory SR (Jurčová, Torna, 1998different field crops on the territory SR (Jurčová, Torna, 1998))




CropsCrops crop residuals [t/ha]crop residuals [t/ha] % N in kg of biomass% N in kg of biomass N [t/ha]N [t/ha]

PotatoPotato 2,442,44 2,792,79 0,070,07

Sugar beetSugar beet 1,111,11 1,521,52 0,020,02

Oil plantsOil plants 10,0010,00 0,960,96 0,110,11

TobaccoTobacco 3,163,16 2,102,10 0,070,07

VegetablesVegetables 1,111,11 0,960,96 0,010,01

Fodder cropsFodder crops 1,111,11 1,521,52 0,020,02

Fodder crops on arable Fodder crops on arable landland

5,495,49 1,621,62 0,090,09

Maize for silageMaize for silage 4,674,67 1,401,40 0,070,07

Other fodder crops Other fodder crops except for alfalfa and except for alfalfa and

cloverclover

7,007,00 1,621,62 0,110,11

GrasslandsGrasslands 5,495,49 1,621,62 1,621,62

Housing of animals and production of liquid and solid Housing of animals and production of liquid and solid

manures in % (Brestenský et al., 1998)manures in % (Brestenský et al., 1998) Housing of animals and production of liquid and solid Housing of animals and production of liquid and solid

manures in % (Brestenský et al., 1998)manures in % (Brestenský et al., 1998) Category of domestic livestockCategory of domestic livestock Animal Waste Management SystemAnimal Waste Management System

Production of Production of slurriesslurries

Production of Production of manuremanure

PasturePasture

[%][%] [%][%] [%][%]

CattleCattle Dairy cattleDairy cattle 55 7575 2020

Non dairy cattleNon dairy cattle 55 8585 1010

PigsPigs MeanMean 7676 2424 00

Fattening pigsFattening pigs 9191 99 00

SowsSows 41,641,6 58,458,4 00

Sheep and goatsSheep and goats 44 4141 5555

PoultryPoultry MeanMean 55,455,4 44,644,6 00

Laying hensLaying hens 2,22,2 97,897,8 00

BroilersBroilers 98,298,2 1,81,8 00

Turkeys and Turkeys and ducksducks

100100 00 00

HorsesHorses 00 4545 5555

Emission factors for calculation NEmission factors for calculation N22O emissions from O emissions from

agriculture (IPCC, 1996)agriculture (IPCC, 1996) Emission factors for calculation NEmission factors for calculation N22O emissions from O emissions from

agriculture (IPCC, 1996)agriculture (IPCC, 1996)

EFEF11 0,0125 (0,0025-0,0225) kg N0,0125 (0,0025-0,0225) kg N22O-N/kgO-N/kg

EFEF33 Liquid Liquid storagestorage

0,001 (0,001) kg N0,001 (0,001) kg N22O-N/kgO-N/kg

Dry storageDry storage 0,02 (0,005-0,03) kg N0,02 (0,005-0,03) kg N22O-N/kgO-N/kg

PasturePasture 0,02 (0,005-0,03) kg N0,02 (0,005-0,03) kg N22O-N/kgO-N/kg

EFEF44 0,01 (0,002-0,02) kg N0,01 (0,002-0,02) kg N22O-na kg emitted NHO-na kg emitted NH33 and NO and NOXX

(per kg emitted NH(per kg emitted NH33 a NO a NOXX))

EFEF55 0,025 (0,002-0,12) kg N0,025 (0,002-0,12) kg N22O per kg of leaching NO per kg of leaching N

NN22O eO emissions in tons according to different sources during missions in tons according to different sources during

years 1990-200years 1990-20044 in Slovakia in Slovakia ( (**CORINAIR)**CORINAIR)

NN22O eO emissions in tons according to different sources during missions in tons according to different sources during

years 1990-200years 1990-20044 in Slovakia in Slovakia ( (**CORINAIR)**CORINAIR)Source 19901990 19951995 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004

Fertilizers 39293929 12301230 12841284 13441344 15601560 14371437 13511351

ExcretaPasture 668668 323323 323323 299299 293293 314314 283283

** 715715 343343 344344 319319 311311 332332 300300

Solid 14591459 675675 674674 648648 629629 620620 613613

** 15181518 695695 695695 663663 642642 629629 622622

Liquid 681681 407407 403403 420420 398398 400400 388388

** 525525 299299 311311 328328 316316 324324 316316

Crop residuals 35313531 34593459 35533553 34923492 34713471 35003500 35313531

Symbiotic fixation 120120 106106 7878 8282 6363 6969 7373

AMWS Dry 33343334 22152215 15431543 15391539 14821482 14371437 14181418

** 34713471 23122312 15891589 15891589 15161516 14681468 14381438

Liquid 7878 6262 4747 4646 4848 4545 4646

** 6060 4646 3434 3636 3838 3636 3737

Volatilization 905905 500500 394394 398398 413413 392392 385385

** 888888 480480 376376 384384 397397 378378 371371

Leaching 21952195 10661066 889889 906906 965965 909909 883883

** 21652165 10321032 857857 881881 938938 885885 860860

** 1692216922 1055410554 91079107 91569156 92939293 90449044 89458945

Changes in structure of N inputs into cultivated soil in SlovakiaChanges in structure of N inputs into cultivated soil in SlovakiaChanges in structure of N inputs into cultivated soil in SlovakiaChanges in structure of N inputs into cultivated soil in Slovakia

1990

synthetic fertilizers

38%

pasture4%

solid storage18%

liquid storage8%

crop residuals other24%

symbiotic f ixation1%

N-fix crop residuals

7%

2003

1%

synthetic fertilizers

24%

pasture3%

N-fix crop residuals

3%

crop residuals other48%

liquid storage7%

symbiotic f ixation1%

solid storage13%

www.inra.fr

Total NTotal N22O emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003O emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003Total NTotal N22O emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003O emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

N2O [t]

direct N inputs manure management indirect

CHCH44 e emissions missions areare defined defined asas::CHCH44 e emissions missions areare defined defined asas::

Enteric fermentationEnteric fermentation - - Methane producing by domestic Methane producing by domestic livestock with digestive tract due to activity of micro-organisms livestock with digestive tract due to activity of micro-organisms reducing cellulose on simple carbohydrates in process of enteric reducing cellulose on simple carbohydrates in process of enteric fermentationfermentation

Manure managementManure management - - In anaerobic conditions due to In anaerobic conditions due to decomposition of manure some methane is emitted too. These decomposition of manure some methane is emitted too. These conditions can be found especially in large-scale farms (farms for dairy conditions can be found especially in large-scale farms (farms for dairy cattle, fattening pigs, poultry)cattle, fattening pigs, poultry)

Enteric fermentationEnteric fermentation - - Methane producing by domestic Methane producing by domestic livestock with digestive tract due to activity of micro-organisms livestock with digestive tract due to activity of micro-organisms reducing cellulose on simple carbohydrates in process of enteric reducing cellulose on simple carbohydrates in process of enteric fermentationfermentation

Manure managementManure management - - In anaerobic conditions due to In anaerobic conditions due to decomposition of manure some methane is emitted too. These decomposition of manure some methane is emitted too. These conditions can be found especially in large-scale farms (farms for dairy conditions can be found especially in large-scale farms (farms for dairy cattle, fattening pigs, poultry)cattle, fattening pigs, poultry)

MethaneMethane - methods of estimation:- methods of estimation:MethaneMethane - methods of estimation:- methods of estimation:Total methane emissions - CH4TOTAL are are calculated calculated

according to equation:according to equation:

CH4(TOTAL) = CH4(ENTERIC) + CH4(MANURE) [t.year-1]

Where:CH4(ENTERIC) = emissions from enteric fermentationCH4(MANURE) = emissions from animal ecreta

CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation ::

CH4(ENTERIC) = N(T) x EF1(T) [t.year-1]

Where:CH4(ENTERIC) = emissions for category of domestic livestock [t.year-1]

N(T) = number of animals in category T in thousands

EF1(T) = emission coefficient per animal in category T [kg.year-1]

Total methane emissions - CH4TOTAL are are calculated calculated

according to equation:according to equation:

CH4(TOTAL) = CH4(ENTERIC) + CH4(MANURE) [t.year-1]

Where:CH4(ENTERIC) = emissions from enteric fermentationCH4(MANURE) = emissions from animal ecreta

CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation ::

CH4(ENTERIC) = N(T) x EF1(T) [t.year-1]

Where:CH4(ENTERIC) = emissions for category of domestic livestock [t.year-1]



MethaneMethane - methods of estimation:- methods of estimation:MethaneMethane - methods of estimation:- methods of estimation:

CH4 emissions from animal wastes according to according to

categories of domestic livestock were calculated (IPCC, categories of domestic livestock were calculated (IPCC, 1996):1996):

CH4MANURE = N(T) x EF2(T) [t.year-1]

Where:CH4MANURE = methane emission for category of domestic livestock [t.year-1]



CH4 emissions from animal wastes according to according to

categories of domestic livestock were calculated (IPCC, categories of domestic livestock were calculated (IPCC, 1996):1996):

CH4MANURE = N(T) x EF2(T) [t.year-1]

Where:CH4MANURE = methane emission for category of domestic livestock [t.year-1]



Milk productivity scenario up to year 20Milk productivity scenario up to year 201515 in Slovakia in Slovakia Milk productivity scenario up to year 20Milk productivity scenario up to year 201515 in Slovakia in Slovakia

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

[kg

/yea

r]

Total CHTotal CH44 emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003 emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003

with estimation up to year 2005 in Slovakiawith estimation up to year 2005 in Slovakia Total CHTotal CH44 emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003 emissions from agriculture during years 1990 – 2003

with estimation up to year 2005 in Slovakiawith estimation up to year 2005 in Slovakia

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

CH4 [t]

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

EF MM

NHNH33 e emissions missions areare defined defined asas::NHNH33 e emissions missions areare defined defined asas::

Animal husbandryAnimal husbandry

housing, pasture, animal waste management system, landspreadinghousing, pasture, animal waste management system, landspreading

Crops with fertilizersCrops with fertilizersNHNH33 emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop

decompositiondecomposition

Animal husbandryAnimal husbandry

housing, pasture, animal waste management system, landspreadinghousing, pasture, animal waste management system, landspreading

Crops with fertilizersCrops with fertilizersNHNH33 emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop

decompositiondecomposition

Schedule for calculation of NHSchedule for calculation of NH33 emission coefficients from animal husbandry emission coefficients from animal husbandry Schedule for calculation of NHSchedule for calculation of NH33 emission coefficients from animal husbandry emission coefficients from animal husbandry Nitrogen released per head per year during

housing

% emitted nitrogen during

housing – Eu

Eu = %N

recalculation on emitted

NH3


NH3


NH3

Rest of nitrogen for next transformation - N1

N1 = N – Eu

% emited nitrogen during storage

Es = %N1

Rest of nitrogen for next transformation - N2

N2 = N1 – Es

% emited nitrogen during landspreading

Er = %NA

% of mineral nitrogen from N2 - NA

xTotal NH3

emissions

Values for estimation of emission coefficients to Values for estimation of emission coefficients to scheduleschedule

Values for estimation of emission coefficients to Values for estimation of emission coefficients to scheduleschedule

Livestock Livestock categoriescategories

% NH% NH33

emissions from emissions from housinghousing

% NH% NH33

emissions from emissions from AWMSAWMS

% N% NANAN

in excretain excreta% NH% NH33

emissions from emissions from land land

spreadingspreading

Dairy cows 12 6 50 40

Cattle 12 6 50 40

Horses 12 20 50

Fattening pigs 17 6 20 50

Sows including piglets

17 6 20 50

Sheeps, Goats 10 20 50

Laying hens 20 4 40 50

Broilers 20 3 40 50

Other poultry 20 3 40 50

NHNH33 emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop

decompositiondecomposition NHNH33 emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop emissions from volatilization, foliar emissions a crop

decompositiondecomposition NHNH3SOIL3SOIL = = N(T) x EF N(T) x EF22(T)(T) [t.year[t.year-1-1]]

WWherehere::

N(T)N(T) == N N input according to category of fertilizerinput according to category of fertilizer T T

EFEF22(T)(T) = emission coefficient NH= emission coefficient NH33 kg volatilized per 1 kg N- kg volatilized per 1 kg N-

fertilizer in category T [kg.yearfertilizer in category T [kg.year-1-1]]

Calcium ammonium nitrate25%

di-ammonium fosfate1%

other 11%

amonium nitrate25%

amonium sulfate10%

urea14%

NPK14%

NH3 emission default factors from cultures with fertilizers. Values are NH3 emission default factors from cultures with fertilizers. Values are in kg NH3-N volatilized per kg N-fertilizer applied in kg NH3-N volatilized per kg N-fertilizer applied

(Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1998)(Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1998)

NH3 emission default factors from cultures with fertilizers. Values are NH3 emission default factors from cultures with fertilizers. Values are in kg NH3-N volatilized per kg N-fertilizer applied in kg NH3-N volatilized per kg N-fertilizer applied

(Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1998)(Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1998) Fertilizer typeFertilizer type NHNH33-N emission -N emission

[kg] [kg]Asman (1992)Asman (1992) ECOTEC (1994)ECOTEC (1994) NHNH33-N emission -N emission

[kg] [kg]

(simpler (simpler methodology)methodology)

(Central Europe (Central Europe Group III) Group III)

Ammonium sulphate

0,08 0,08 0,1 0,05

Ammonium nitrate

0,02 0,02 0,02 0,01

Calcium ammonium nitrate

0,02 0,02 0,02 0,01

Urea 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15

Di-ammonium phosphate

0,04 0,05 0,05

NPK 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01

Nitrogen solution 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,08

Ammonia emissions from animal husbandry (1990-200Ammonia emissions from animal husbandry (1990-20033))Ammonia emissions from animal husbandry (1990-200Ammonia emissions from animal husbandry (1990-20033))

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

[t]

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

grazing

landspreading

manure managment

animal housing

Trends of NHTrends of NH33 emissions from cultures with fertilizers (1990-200 emissions from cultures with fertilizers (1990-20044))Trends of NHTrends of NH33 emissions from cultures with fertilizers (1990-200 emissions from cultures with fertilizers (1990-20044))

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

NH 3 [

t]

(simplermethodology)Asman(1992)

ECOTEC(1994)

(CentralEurope Group III)

Total ammonia emissions from agriculture of SR during years 1990–200Total ammonia emissions from agriculture of SR during years 1990–20033Total ammonia emissions from agriculture of SR during years 1990–200Total ammonia emissions from agriculture of SR during years 1990–20033

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

animal husbandry crop with fertilizers

Ammonia emissions according to sources in years 1990 and 200Ammonia emissions according to sources in years 1990 and 20033 Ammonia emissions according to sources in years 1990 and 200Ammonia emissions according to sources in years 1990 and 20033

1990

animals85%

fertilizer15%

2003

animals90%

fertilizers10%

NNotes on input data, methods in condition of Slovak otes on input data, methods in condition of Slovak republicrepublic

NNotes on input data, methods in condition of Slovak otes on input data, methods in condition of Slovak republicrepublic

Presented data on NPresented data on N22O, CHO, CH44 and NH and NH33 emissions are little bit different in dependence of used emissions are little bit different in dependence of used methodologz and source of datamethodologz and source of data

Important appendix of IPCC methodology (1996) in sense of Important appendix of IPCC methodology (1996) in sense of Good practice in GHGs inventory Good practice in GHGs inventory in agriculture in agriculture are direct measurements of GHGs emissions. Those kinds of measurements are direct measurements of GHGs emissions. Those kinds of measurements absent up to date in conditionabsent up to date in conditionss of SR. of SR.

Results of Research Institute of Plant Production were used for more detailed calculation of Results of Research Institute of Plant Production were used for more detailed calculation of nitrogen inputs from crop residuals (Jurčová, Torna, 1998) in condition of SR.nitrogen inputs from crop residuals (Jurčová, Torna, 1998) in condition of SR.

National value for calculation of symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops was used too (Bielek, National value for calculation of symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops was used too (Bielek, 1998)1998)

More precise methodology for evaluation of N-cycle was used when categories of domestic More precise methodology for evaluation of N-cycle was used when categories of domestic

livestock were taken account.livestock were taken account. Uncertainties are caused first of all by use of default factors. Calculated direct NUncertainties are caused first of all by use of default factors. Calculated direct N22O emissions O emissions

from cultivated soils can differ from reality in range 20- 200 %, direct Nfrom cultivated soils can differ from reality in range 20- 200 %, direct N22O emissions from O emissions from AMWS in range 25 – 150 %, indirect NAMWS in range 25 – 150 %, indirect N22O emissions from deposition of NHO emissions from deposition of NH33 and NOx in range and NOx in range 20- 200 %, indirect N20- 200 %, indirect N22O emissions from leaching and runoff in range 10- 500 %.O emissions from leaching and runoff in range 10- 500 %.

All emissions are evaluated on level business as usual because All emissions are evaluated on level business as usual because of of shortage of information on shortage of information on

some agricultural practices.some agricultural practices.

Presented data on NPresented data on N22O, CHO, CH44 and NH and NH33 emissions are little bit different in dependence of used emissions are little bit different in dependence of used methodologz and source of datamethodologz and source of data

Important appendix of IPCC methodology (1996) in sense of Important appendix of IPCC methodology (1996) in sense of Good practice in GHGs inventory Good practice in GHGs inventory in agriculture in agriculture are direct measurements of GHGs emissions. Those kinds of measurements are direct measurements of GHGs emissions. Those kinds of measurements absent up to date in conditionabsent up to date in conditionss of SR. of SR.

Results of Research Institute of Plant Production were used for more detailed calculation of Results of Research Institute of Plant Production were used for more detailed calculation of nitrogen inputs from crop residuals (Jurčová, Torna, 1998) in condition of SR.nitrogen inputs from crop residuals (Jurčová, Torna, 1998) in condition of SR.

National value for calculation of symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops was used too (Bielek, National value for calculation of symbiotic fixation of leguminous crops was used too (Bielek, 1998)1998)

More precise methodology for evaluation of N-cycle was used when categories of domestic More precise methodology for evaluation of N-cycle was used when categories of domestic

livestock were taken account.livestock were taken account. Uncertainties are caused first of all by use of default factors. Calculated direct NUncertainties are caused first of all by use of default factors. Calculated direct N22O emissions O emissions

from cultivated soils can differ from reality in range 20- 200 %, direct Nfrom cultivated soils can differ from reality in range 20- 200 %, direct N22O emissions from O emissions from AMWS in range 25 – 150 %, indirect NAMWS in range 25 – 150 %, indirect N22O emissions from deposition of NHO emissions from deposition of NH33 and NOx in range and NOx in range 20- 200 %, indirect N20- 200 %, indirect N22O emissions from leaching and runoff in range 10- 500 %.O emissions from leaching and runoff in range 10- 500 %.

All emissions are evaluated on level business as usual because All emissions are evaluated on level business as usual because of of shortage of information on shortage of information on

some agricultural practices.some agricultural practices.

Thank you for your attention,

Doc. RNDr. Bernard Šiška, [email protected]

Hospodárska 7, 949 01, Nitra

Slovak University of Agriculture in NitraFaculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering

Department of Biometeorology and Hydrology

Thank you for your attention,

Doc. RNDr. Bernard Šiška, [email protected]

Hospodárska 7, 949 01, Nitra

Slovak University of Agriculture in NitraFaculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering

Department of Biometeorology and Hydrology

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