emma dzialo julia gambardella nina poloukhine morgan salerno
TRANSCRIPT
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Emma Dzialo
Julia Gambardella
Nina Poloukhine
Morgan Salerno
NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sjyI4CmBOA0&safe=active
OVERVIEW The nervous system is a network of
nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body.
2 main types of nervous systemsCentral(CNS)- brain and spinal cordPeripheral(PNS)- nervous of brain and
spine Somatic- controls voluntary activity (ie.
Activation of muscles) Autonomic- controls involuntary activity (ie.
Heart contraction and homeostasis)
TERMS TO KNOW Neuroglia- support, insulate and
protect neurons Neurons- send electrical messages
throughout body Synapse- point of contact between
neurons Stimuli- Changes that effect nervous
system Neurotransmitters- chemicals that
stimulate neurons, muscles or glands
TER
MS
CO
NT.
Dendrite(s)- sends neurotransmitters toward body Axon(s)- sends neurotransmitters away from body Soma(Cell Body)- location of nucleolus in a
neuron End Terminal- a.k.a where Synapse occur
Neuron
MYELIN Surrounds the axon essential for proper functioning of the nervous
system Effect of a damaged myelin is Multiple Sclerosis
NOW GATHER ACTIVITY
MATERIALS
NEURON VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-
NgGKSNiNw
STEPS OF HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE
1. Neurotransmitters are released from pre-synaptic cell’s vesicle and travel down axon.
2. The chemicals are released out of the neuron’s terminal end and into the synapse.
3. The dendrites of post-synaptic neuron take the neurotransmitter molecules through receptor binding.
4. The excess chemicals in the synapse are taken back by the pre-synaptic neuron through the re-uptake inhibitor.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FX: takes in sensory
information and responds accordinglyMade up of brain and spinal
cord Spinal Cord- responsible for
transporting information (protected by vertebral column)
Brain- consciously and unconsciously coordinates bodily function in response to information it has received (protected by cranium)
CNS TERMS Tract- bundle of nerve
processes in CNS Efferent Neuron- conducts
impulses to muscle and glands (away from CNS)
Afferent Neuron- conducts impulses toward CNS from the body
Ganglia- collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS
TYPES OF TISSUE IN CNS Grey matter- areas dominated with
cell bodies, dendrites and synapsesFX: to process and generate signals
White matter- areas dominated by axonsConnects different areas of grey matter in
brain and spinal cordFX: transmit nerve signals
TYPES OF CELLS IN CNS Neurons- responsible for sending and receiving
nerve impulses Glial cells- non neuronal cells which provide
support, nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and facilitate signal transmission glial cells outnumber neurons in the brain 50:1
THE BRAIN Controls functions of all organs in the
body, thoughts, memory, speech, movement, stress responses, etc.
MENINGES Three layers of tissue to cover and
protect the brain and spinal cordDura MaterArachnoidPia Mater
LIMBIC SYSTEM Hypothalamus- contains nerve
connections to pituitary glandControls: eating, sexual behavior, regluates
sleeping, body temp, emotions Thalamus- pain sensation, attention,
and alertness Amygdala- controls feelings of fear and
aggressive behavior Hippocampus- ability to remember
new information
PITUITARY GLAND Gland located behind the nose Controls secretion of hormones which
regulates:growth/developmentFX: various body organs
kidneys, ovaries, testicles, ect.FX: other glands
thyroid, gonads, adrenal glands
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Produced in ventricles (hollow channels)
of brain Clear, watery substance that helps to
cushion the brain and spinal cord from injury
Circulates through channels of the brain and spinal cord
BRAIN LOBES Frontal Lobe- largest of four lobes found in the
front of the brain controls voluntary movements: speech,
intellectual and behavioral functions, concentration, temper and personality
Occipital Lobe- found in the back brain receives and processes images, depth perception,
colors and shapes
BRAIN LOBES (CONT.) Parietal Lobe- top of brain
a person’s memory and sensory info is received, vision, hearing, and meaning is given to objects
Temporal Lobes- found behind the left and right ears Right temporal lobe responsible for visual
memory, recognizing faces and objects Left temporal lobe responsible for verbal memory,
remembering and understanding language, interprets emotions and reactions
CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLUM Cerebrum- made up of
grey matter and is responsible for communication between different parts of the brain
Cerebellum- located at the back of the brain controls fine tunes in
motor movements, maintains posture, senses of balance and equilibrium
BRAINSTEM Lower extension of brain(attaches the brain to
spinal cord) Three parts of brainstem:
Midbrain- center for ocular motion Pons- involved in coordinating eye and facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, balance Medulla Oblongata- controls breathing, blood pressure, heart rhythms, and swallowing
CRANIAL NERVES Olfactory- smell Optic- visual fields; ability to see Oculomotor- eye movements,
eyelid openings Trochlear- eye movements Trigeminal- facial sensations Abducens- eye movements
CRANIAL NERVES CONT. Facial- eyelid closing, facial
expression, taste sensation Auditory- hearing, sense of
balance Glossopharyngeal- taste
sensation and swallowing Vagus- swallowing and taste
sensation Accessory- controls neck and
shoulder movements Hypoglossal- tongue movement
SPINAL CORD “highway to the brain” Length (average):
Men: 45 cmWomen: 43 cm
Sensory nerves detect touch and send the nerve impulses to spinal cord then to brain
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Part of nervous
system outside brain and spinal cordMade up of nerve
fibers that travel to different parts of body
FX: communicator between CNS (brain and spinal cord) to rest of the body
2 PARTS OF PNS Somatic- controls skeletal muscles and
external sensory organs (skin)Voluntary (can be consciously controlled)
Autonomic- controls involuntary muscles (smooth and cardiac muscles)Parasympathetic- controls activity that
increase energy (ex. Constricting pupils, contracting bladder)
Sympathetic- controls activity that conserve energy (ex. Speed of heart rate, dilating pupils, relaxing bladder)
PARASYMPATHETIC VS. SYMPATHETIC
CNS DISEASES & DISORDERS Meningitis: inflammation of the covering od brain
and spinal cord Causes: headaches and neck stiffness Deadly if not treated
Epilepsy: abnormal electrical impulses in the brain Can result in seizures
Paralysis: caused by damage to spinal cord
PNS DISEASES & DISORDERS Carpal tunnel syndrome: caused from
excessive pressure on median nerve (in wrist)Causes numbness, tingling and muscle
damage in handsCommon from typing on a computer
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progressive degeneration of motor neuronsCauses progressive weakness of limbs,
facial and respiratory muscles
WORK CITED http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html http://quizlet.com/36375426/the-nervous-system-flash-cards/ https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/spinal.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html http://learnzoology.wordpress.com/tag/neuron-tissue / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948687-overview https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html http://www.webmd.com/brain/default.htm?names-dropdown= http://uhealthsystem.com/health-library/neuro/disorder http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm http://www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/nervssys/unit10/division.htm