Emotion

f ti i ho e mdii idual, inu usal expressii e behax iors

e icr c (hapter I first discussesr t r er ies on erning the rela

o F o ip ncnts of emotion,r h the th bod s response to ac w )tl( n th t is felt and u hether

3 nu in st precede the experitc dis rib ng the physiology ofi 1 wpr 55 r c ess. it examines

dx i n detail particularly ast ns dx rar anger and happi

r d ngs and holdfaccs c ion rcikw ach

a id essay ftped eraluaterv s begin

t icr xtser 1 i ned

t r nokbehre

r es c d rsthatareums. ft ii do ot knon

r 1± f 1k ii ing exprestr d h’s tier ‘n

Objective 1: Identify the three components ot emotions and contrast the Jam s I ange Cannon Bard,and tn oftactor theories of emotion.

4. Ihe two factor theorn of en oti )n proposes that

enotKn has omp nut

Frutkrs e ;c r

i t L ‘ 1)aid isursscreral c ettronshi a r qup’imirl c rdst inch s raustimik n m cci ssmci I emuturen(tol rd ttFc c) iJ) cm

the tic

2. \r cording to the JamesLange theor emotional

states (precede follow)

bod1 arousal.

Describe two problems that Walter (annon idx ntifiedwith the Iamesk ange theorn

3. (annon proposed that emotional stimuli n thc

auses ti body s reactu r Bc i ne i ther c C

t’st c in r rrcntlv prop sed r ha idea , this t

cc Irotin

a Ld C motion pp. 3 F 523) 6. for tasks that are , peak

performance conies with relatix ely

t now the in mning ot ann ot the (high low) arousal. I or tasks that are

n Is phrases or expressions in tire optimal arousal isx hen appear in the text refer (higher lower)

4 b to an explanation: your terr£ 1 s o Ii ,gf cc thioms Objective 4: Name three emotions that ir x oh e simu

g is ii in ppv left hemisphere far pht siological arousal.1 i hue hic .1 lltalecign

i ‘ i o I ,‘ V\huh is the 7, lhe xarious emohons aie associated witho Ii i pg oh Ic he tests Inj ick

(similar dittercnt) torins‘a sob -t to he mmdof physiological arousal. In particular the emo

tions of

t 2 )es ibc the r he of the autonomic ncr and

un emotional arousal are ditficult to distinguish

physiologically.r t iajor phx siologk al changes that

t c i ow nt undergoes during emotion Objective 5: Descnhe some physiological and brain

al pattern indicators ot specific emotions,

a8. fhe emotions and

are accompanied by

differing teinpeiatuies andft secretions,

9. The emotions and

stimulate different facial

muscles,

10, The brain circuits underln ing different emotionse f arousal are actn ated by the (are are not) ddierent, F or

nerx ons system. In example, seeing a fearful face chcits greater actwe i s signal, the ity in the than seeing a(n)e e the hormones tace People who hare

which increase heart generally negatn e personalities and the se w hes iw and blood sugar. are prone to sh m r rore

a I rniisal F is passed. the body aetnitv in the

tn trnof the )f

ccx m sx stem the brain,

IT. When people exptnenec positi c me ids brai’ e at inst ip between arousal

scam rex cal more actir its i i tIre

e r m best when then feel 12 Indixiduals more actieirouse d right left

e 1 for e ptmal performance lobes tend to be more

ar es is the same) tor eheertul than those in w hom this patte rn ) br in

actixity is reversed Ibis mar F due t t e ri F

suppl of recer’c t

area ot the F ra n

Embodied F.motior 335

13. I lea. trical areas of the brain’s Objective 6: Explain how the spilkwer effect influcan trigger smiling and ences our ewerience ot emotions.

laughter.21. 11w spil&vt’i cth’ct refers to oca%jons i hen our

14. U hinking Critically I he technical name for the re%ponse to one e eat‘lie dttectoC i the carries o er into our re.pon’be to anothe’ esent

i king (iiti ) I xplun how lie detectors sup-. cj chter and Sinber oun I that physca Y

) y milk I c F tr person is lvmg. aroused collegc mcn old ‘tat an injccfc r wou dcaust. uousa did did

ot) bccome tmotionil ir tspon’.c o a accoir

phce s aroused bchavior Ply skally aro sect ‘ountcers not expectn arousal

(did did not) become emotional in response to anactomplice’s behai ior.

23. Arowal emotiorr cogni15. (Thinking Criticaih) Hois welL the lie detector tion emotion.

is orb depends on is hether a person e”hibitswhile lying. Objective 7: Distinguish the hi a alternatis e path

ways that sensory ‘timul na tra el is hen triggering16 rhinki.ig C’ ticJ Those ‘ho criticlie lie an emotic nal response1etcttors fec I iat the ksts are particularly hkelvtocr intht aeolthe 24. Robert/ajon:heliesecth1.&feeLg ‘if

(i ent utlty) becaust. different emot on

a register as (can cannot) precedc c u nwitii e iabel np ofthat emotion.

17. lIhinking crit;calh) B and large, experts Cite two pieces of ci idence that support lajonc’s

(agree ‘do not agree) that position.

lie cit tettor test are highly accurate.

18. ‘Thinking C riticaIl’ I 4 test that assesses a U’

ç’es t’s I. nowk’dgt. of details of a trime that onlythe tuilts penon ‘hould know is the

‘ti t . )inalc) sbh) av25. cit tc Ia e i r ck,t cr’cr it f

Ction’ t 15 I ic a csu’toe’c c t.

C 1 t ..upportriot a’ beton. .1o artheon of emotion.

complex emotions, senon input i routed20. te’t it’eartFer

through the fordkacrte, i ith Cannon and Bard’s po’.i

interpretation.j. . that emotion’ invoh i

a’. srl1 is .in’ua

36 nip 13 Lmotion

26 s irc her ii ho disagrees is ith Zajonc and

tr at inot emotions require cognitive pro-

0 is en emotii’iw arise when we

H ‘ratul to our i eli—home.

According to

an ci ent as heneth ial or

2’. t “OIe\ omonens arise trom our

and

r otional people tend to

cx cuts as being directed at

al ) tcnd to

cricnces )} blots ing them out ot propor

I s pios no general taint lusions that can he drawnt’w anon and emotion,

Exp essed Emotion P1 524 532)

u do not knots the meaning of any of the0 cx i ig is ords, phrases, or expressions in the

cm ft xt in whit thes appear in the text, refer/ tor an explanation: Qoad onozn/z atF ‘,ipotoi Ditto; utoor; Fake a bz gin!.

Objeotis e 8: 1 )esclibe some ot the factors that affectri t ‘dot ipher non s mba) cues,

I have Lou d nt people who

suppress express their

I s tc un , a distressmg film

red for

t u Him. t m )tions max be communicat(Is And 01 tI iph (sods’ expressions,

ft tO 4 to is

iii ‘uni, ation.

2. Hind p-npc are t’speciaih good at interpreting

i’ ito! Vie read fear

and happiness from the

3, Introverts are

(better/worse) at reading others’ emotions,

whereas extraverts are themselves

(easier harder) to read.

4. Experience can people to

particular emotions, as revealed by the fad that

children who have been physically ihused are

quicker than others at percch ing

Objective 9: Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions

5. Women are generally

(better /worse) than men at detecting nonverbal

signs of emotion and in spotting

Women possess greater

emotional than men, as

revealed by the tendency of men to describe their

emotions in - -- terms. This

gender difference may be a by-product of tradi

tional

and may contribute to women’s greater

emotional

6. Although women are

(more/less) likely than men to describe them

selves as empathic, physiological measures reveal

a much - (smaller/larger)

gender difference. Women are

(more/less) likely than men to express empaths.

7. Women are also better at cons et ing

tsvhich emotion?). x hereas

men surpas women in cons cx ing their

Objective 10, Discuss the rcsearch on rcading ardmisreadmg facial and behas toni indicatc rs of c motion.

8. Various emohons may he linked with hard-to-

controlMost people (are art’ not;

very accurate at detecting lx ing. Accuracy s aries,

hoives er, with a person’s

and training. For example.nxosth irom the

Experienced Emotion 337

pc s s h professions?) seem to bex g ) id at dt tectmg lying.

°. I In, ahsnce of lions erhal cues to emot;on is one

reason that con1mt;nIcaton sent as

are east to misread.

Objecti P L s ss I c ulture spec ih and cultural tini al asp c so; cii itional cxpression, andexpiam hon emotional expressions could enhanceson \ a;

10 best c has (the

i rc d ft t car i igs in dine ent cultures.

t1 hIndu of adu s indicate that in difterent cuPtures racial expreslnns has e

;rhe same difterent) mean

ings Studies c ‘hildren mdicctc that the mean

g ft cir t ciii cxpiessions

(naries does not rary)

across cultures. I he emotional racial expressionsof bhod ch;idren tare/arenot; tim s:me as those of sighted children.

12 \cca clii’ t ,humancmot c iii exp cssicns csoh’ed becausc thethelec our ancestors communicate before language des eloped- it has also been adaptrs e for usto taces 1” particular

13. o_ r sL, I’ no_ a

/ cmotlonal expressions areeften intense and prolooged. Cultures such asthat or iauan taiso shossnter sc not side stir emot’ons) this points

to r it cc ot a a ne that cmotrons areoot o hinlcpo a I ano si cho ogic al ha also

13. Darn H, Sties ed that tenen an emotion n accompao:cd 5: an outu ard (acial expression. the emetale s (intensified’

mi d;

15. In one studt students who were md uced to smitefou nd/did not hnd) car-

toons more humorous,

16. lhe

etfect occurs when expressions smplifv otir emotions by actis ating mus les associated is ith specitie ststcs.

17. Studies have tound that imitating another person’s racial expressions

(leads does nut lead; to greater empathx with

that persoSs ceihigs

18, aunilarh, inoxing our body as we would whenexperiencing a particular emotion causes us toted that emotion. I his is the

effect.

Experienced Emotion (pp 532 544)

If you do not know the meaning of ans of thefollowing words, phrases, or expressions in thecontext in which them appear in the text, referto pages 35 356 for an explanation: poisonous,Stone 4ge fears hostile cu(bnrsts; drain o,ff some ofthem tensmon, to ;tn;du tory n;arzms; rush oft uphofa: lot a i’o;;;f’sheli: r;m;; ac, itch: Off ;our Puffs,

cO;tcii )‘O(itoOs

Objective 13: Nair e several basic emotions anddecribc ‘wo dimanioosfc,5hologicts use to differentiate emotions

I, trard helievec that there are

basic cmotions, most o which

fart arc not rescnt i u fancy. Althc ugh othersclaim that emotions su h as pridc and lo’ cshouid he added to the li’y L’ard cantends that

thes are iv’ the basic

cnn itions,

2 Iii ipx uthe ni c i a c tcnson t dir c isions

is hich reters to u hether feeling i5

and high s ersus lose

Objective 14, State In c w ax s ix c c rn our fears.

3 1 ear kai s and lamgc he eer a Pu)P dantms e ‘maladaptix em

Objective 12: Di c as the Ic cdb he oa

ai fcedb ick and behavhis nat p P

response

338 Chapter 13 Emotion

Objective 16: 1dentif sonre common tngers andconsequences of anger, and asse thu atirarsih pothesis.

11. In studr mg xvh is c hecom has

found that most people I- r

times per week and espec a r p

son’s act seemed

e\pressions of anger are common

6. A key to fear learning lies in the

a neural center in the

system. Following damage

to this area, humans who have been conditioned

to tear a loud noise will

the conditioning but show no

ettect of it.

7. the amvgdala receives input from the

13. Psychologists has e found thot xx lien anger has

been pros oked retaliation n y Lax e a ring

effect under certain cirrun stance L he H

curnstances

a.

b.

C.

Identify some potential probi i xx itt cx rmsanger

processing emotion

a higher-level center for

8. People who have suffered damage to the

will shors the

renwmher why

(will/will not) he able to

9. Patiuntc who Lax e lost use of the

are unusually trusting of

10, F cars that fall outside the as erage range crrc

called Fearfulness is

shaped hr both our

our

and

but14. List tsr o suggestlo i offt r by p

handling anger.

a.

b.

15, Re-Searchers hax e und tha

mentafis rche xrscd tires

somr onc xi ro h d u t ti c

arousal than xx hen they tIn u

they did not.

Objective 17: Dei.crihe hun the tuU gx’h

phenomenon xx ork, r I dis u’ he imp a urresears h on subjm ti Lb

4. Most human fears are acquired through

5, En addition, sonic fears are acquired by

parents and friends.

Objective 15: Discuss some of the biological components of fear.

F\plaln why researchers think that some fears arebiologically predisposed.

and

12. The belief that uxpreshng nrnt—up emotion

adaptive is most commanix mind 10 c duru that

emphasize II hr

emphasize

of

Experienced Emotion 339

17. tiappo peonie are ako thannu’re less) n illlnp to help othew. This is called ii hen ther strive forthe

Objective 20: Describe how adaptation and relativedeprn ation affect our aporaisals ot our achie emeuts.

pnenort:emn. 1

18 \n indivional s lrceh ed happ ness or satis 26. the idea that happiness is relatir e to one s recer t

I tien cc ith a d his or her (Xperience is stated b the

phcnonrenon

I c t ib c t it s s s ft reality from I xplain hors this print ipk accounts for the fact thate con t h s. for somc people, material deires can never be sat’s

fred.Objective 18: 1)1st 5 r 0) the daih and longewtc rm \ a laden in tOt nation or sinotiens

19, Los tic e enotcons

irrse ta1) cane :o the dac and

rise. rail) dnring the later

hours

2O \lost people tend to

(nndereshrn c C tie c’timate) the tong term 27 the principle that one feels worse off than otherse r c honal ) is non es cf c cry bad news is known as

21 \f ‘xpc r e c r t a cdi c r dramatrc ally posr- . I his helps to explain is h

hr cots cc rals the midd1e and upper-income people who compare themselves rvith the relatively noor aregain, do’ am mr presi ns degree of

(slightly more/she’htlihappnic’ss.less equally) satisfied with hfe.

Objective 19: cmm, ‘Dc the tindmgs on the relation—chin t’etn ceO atnuerec and nanrmness. Objective 21: Snnminarize the w avs that we can influ

ence onr Oii n le\ els of happiness.

22. Rtwearthcrs hc e round that icc els of happiness28. List six factors that has e been shown to he poi

no do nor) mrror ditrertrveh correlated with teebnes of happinesv

untes )n stannar a sr iivnb.

23. ( nealic sp 5 cs ham e a

)nizer/we k r mc

21 cth c,sp c i mc

o niicc we thar o lcd pcr

n 1 0 ‘ppuws 29. list five fat torc that i cv dcntlm unrelated toteeft’s d ‘remwned almost happines.

23. iZeea a h h. s e:t nc ndated that people generally

empurenco a hioico onahtc of ilte and greater0 eD-ta V fle’ a strm o for

40 h te 13 Emotion

PROGRESS TEST i

Eiulti’1cCuzoice Questio;zs

c Ic in ansri s to the folloxi ing questions andlie ii i c ansir ers beginning on page 349.

c i ncorrect read the explanation fors hv i icorr a id then consult the appropriater’accs di tcs t (c’ parentheses tolloix ing the correct

1, \\hsdi tit th’ tolluwing is correct regarding theinshp Lit veen arousal and performance?

era pcrtormance is optimal whenisa I v

t icrall performane is optimal wheneua1 is legh(fri ca’n task’., pertormance is optimal when,.i’cji,;s lou

d. hi ea’. tasks, pertorniance is optimal whenI )usal I h gh.

2. ix th ncixous sxstem is especiallx cci r nging about emotional arousal?

a. uuriai:t n ens stemb. iauriliH4 ra] curt en. sx stemc. iuntht cmx our x stemd ‘. unu diet ncrx em si stem

itt or r d tht i mcompanx tug

h h the foil us ing appearsI iii’

a. L ci’ t’lfl’:’Jen has ts en. n buds response andundci]i mc hramn t’uuit.

h. friunieti. us mux clx e the same hodi responseics alt ci the same underlying brain

ui I,

c s’milar buds resporut itif r t undcrlE ng brain ir

ci. All emotions have the same underlx ing brad1circuits hut different body responses.

4. The C’annon-l3ard theory of emotion states tha t:

a. emotions has e txs o ingredients: phr sical arousal and a cognitis e label

b. the conscious expenencc of an emotion octur

at the same time as the bodi ‘s physkal reac(ion.

c. emotional experiences are hased on an axvareness ot the body’s responses to an emotion-’arousing stimulus.

ci. emotional ups and dots us tend to balance i i

the long run

5. 1’ lectrical stimulation of is his h hrain region ta 3

produce terror or rage in cats?

6. The body’s response to danger is triggered hv therelease of by the gland(s’

a. acetvlcholine; adrenalb. epinephrine and norepinephrine: adrenalC. acetvlcholine; pituitaryci. epinephrine and norepinephrine; pituita ri

7. Which of the following was ‘ait raised as a criti—cism of the lames-I ange theory ol emotion2

a. The body’s responses are too similar to triggc

the various emotions.b. Emotional reactions occur betore the body s

responses can take place.c. The cognitive actix its’ of the cortex plays a

role in the emotions we experience.ci. People with spinal cord injuries at the neck

typically experience less emotion,

9. In the Schachter-Singer expcrirr cnt, xxi ich colicmen reportcd teeling an cir tional c ii gc i tpresence of the cxpenmentcr’s higl cr otiut i

confederate?

a. those receiving epinephrine anti expecting tofeel phi sical arousal

b. those receix ing a placebo and expectmg to ted

physical arousal

c. those receis ing epmephrine but nut xpectir

to fed physical am us Id. those mcccix ing a placeb a d net hug

feel phi sical arouai

30. Ri -arcm’ tuues ot identical and traternal twins

ixa’ e ]cd to the estimate ti-tat

max ‘cent ci tile ariatiun hi people’s happiness rat

s herd ihi

1 scs cral “esc arch-based sugges

r in r i ig vc ir satisfaction with life.

a. limhic systemb. hypothalamus

c. cortexci, cerebellum

8. (1 hinkmg Critically)the pots graph is

of the tmme

a. three-fourthsb. one—half

Current estimates ire that

in accurate aripruxima tels

c. one-thirdci, in ,e—fc’urth

Progress Test 1 341

o Vt P 1 c f lo i r is rut regarding happino

a. Petir’Io u rn more edueuon tend to heha pier

I’. iLantirni oeople tend to he happier than plain(pit,

t I i chap rttanmtn.d. £ ie r re x aili outgoing or riho cxcre5e repuka Ir tend to he happier.

Ii, ( ,uharsc, ru ire most ettetLve in red uctng angertt’nad another person ii:

a. ra t r n xc i e n bnger rngip’ bcforea f ont ie ersan.

b. I target of our anger ts someone ion feelias flOwer OX or roe.

c. r our anger w dire5ted specitiealiv toward thepersen wno angered von.

d. t athc xrson aNt to retaliate hr also0€ sr ar0c

12. 1 mom ns sonsist of whkh ot the ml Ion ing corn-penents?

a. phi sioiogical reactonsN be n or I express onc. r isc’ou rcehngd. a P thc bore

13. i an enmoreeirrent officials sonretimes use a liedetector to assess a suspect’s responses to detailsof ihc crime belier ed to he known only to the perpt a r 1’hr is known as the:

a. ttit narniFb. dcduc tive rppmoaslc. uiltr know ledge test.d. s5ieeniiia examination.

I Pt’s £ i ci

e Ii

nr c I comrruir atron has re

a. r asr ide r o ir emoti ns hr ontmolling,etar’,,rmrrecs1Ons.

N fit i,t &xprts’’nns tend to ht th same tiea Ii wine g”stui e varx 1mm culture

hurtp icr Ic icer 7 ird

16 Research uggc ts that eopk gent ally experiencc thc grcatest ucil being wtc i IN strire I ra. ealth.b. modest income increases irom r ear to r ear.c. slightl \‘ higher status than tneir iriends neigh

ho and so nor1 cisd. rtrrrrcv i dpcisanr cut’s

17. Research indicates that a per’c is inn

he helpful to others it he or she,bkelr to

a. is teeling guliti about something.N istiappv

c. rect ntlv mccci ‘ed help ti o n nother person.d. re enth c ffercd help to r other p

iS. It ith regard to emotions, Dari in belier ed that:

a. the expression et emotions helped our an:cestors to survive.

b. all humans express asic u rotions r sing s’fl i

tar facial expressior sc. human f cia] expression of enrol on retain

elements of animals emotional d isplar s.

d. all of the above are true.

19. A gmph depcting the course o positive emotio sover the hours c t the lay inca rx akir xi ould’a. start low and misc steadily u UI bedtime.b. start high and decrease smeadlr until bedtime.c. rerrrain at a stable, moderate level throughout

the day.d. rise over the early hours and dissipate dur’ng

the day s last sex emal hon s.

20. Evidence that changes in tacial expression c ndirectly affect people’s feelings and body stateshas coat inced Robert Zajc’nc that:

a. tIre heart is aPt at s subject ro tire mind.N t mc tronal reactic ns ux oh I ‘hhcrate ratio

thinkingc. c rgmhon P not nccessair I - c motit i

d. the interpretatron ot facial exomesions P alearned kdr.

d. v. ‘-1 14’ rcres hare uniX er3’ meanings: facialex’rrecsrons amy from culture to culture.

1 In Pb ma1 r ‘rr per :ine its, fear and joy:

a. v ‘ ure sc ‘r hcart rateat I tmer t asal a i des.

c. in a N nt rah and stnrulatc difterc xrVt nruae,

d n’’rH r:, .. d’ crease 1’ heart rate,

342 Ic 13 riot on

xItrcIzr;zg Itenis

Ia each detinitnan or description xi ith the approtern

I) ens o ksc’ iptions

1. die tendency to react to changes on thebasi 01 recent esperience

2. an ndh d ea l’s self-perceived happinessniot al red weh tei cefl x to evaluate our situationegat xc r against that of other people

3. etuotien- consist of phi sical arousal andcog’utir e label

It. an emotion-arousing stimulus triggersco8nitn and body responses simultar eouslyL dix sum of the nen ous sy stem that

calms the bodx follori ing arousal8. tIm dir ision of the nervous system that

activates arousali dcx ice that measures the physiologicalorrelatcs of emotion

10 he tendency of people to be helpfulxx hen thcx ate in a good mood

ii. ii e are sad because we cry

PROGRESS TEST 2

Pregress lest 2 should be completed during a finalc”cpter review Answer the following questions atter‘o horonc lx onderstand the correct answers for1 c io us and Progress Test 1.

Ii pie—C ii ice Questions

I. X\ huh o- ‘in tohoxi ing most accurately describest-’ineiit n-I r,mnsai?

liii as prepare tht oodx to hght or flee.a c ‘urn ta i’ reachons to emohon

in rgthe e all e1rctIin— hare toe same phi sio

a I ha—i- t-’nrntiens are primarily psycho-J e eiits

d Liii onal ar ausal is iPx ax s accompanied byr i.

2. S ii is htc s in o odor theort emphasizes that‘—in tm-t nvnves both.

a. dv ‘-x nipath.ete and parasi mpathetic divistilt If the 0 ryons ‘V stetu

xc d in ‘ib e pre’si n

Terms

a. adaptation-level phenomenonb. two-factor theoryc. catharsisd. sympathetic nervous sy stem

a James-I ange theoryf. polygraph

g. Cannon-Bard theoryIt parasympathetic nervous systemi. relatix e deprivation principle

j. feel—good, do—good phenomenon

k. subjective well-being

a physical arousal and a cognitive labeld. universal and culture-specific aspects.

3. When students studied others who were worseoff than themselves, they felt greater satisfactionwith their own lix es. This is an example of theprinciple of:

a. relatix e deprivation.b. adaptation lex el.c. behavioral contrast.d. opponent processes.

4. which theorx of emotion emphasi cs the sin ilta

neous experience of body responsc and cut itmonalfeeling?

a. James-Lange theoriIt Cannon-Bard theorya txvo-factor theortd. valence theory

5. izard believes that there arelions.

a. 5

b3c.

basic emo

d. lml

Pr icss lrt2 343

l\ tog.

brain rIo thrum‘henical cha sges n he b sthbars of sgnal cx s of aroaa

transn itt r

a, right frontal lobe: dopa mineb. left frontal lobe: depaminec. ancvgdala: .eroroninci, thalarr us; sc g0ni S

a. Cestures are urns ersal; facial exnressions,u1turc sperifi’.

b. I acial c xpi essien a ‘e unn ersal gesturesculture specific.

c. l3oth gestures and facial expressions areuni venal.

ci, f3oth gesturc and facial expressions areculturc specific

a. J irnes I ange heorsb C annon-l3aid theoryc. tivo4actor theorsci, s aience theers

a. Seosc e thenioti trc

r a ncb Lmot c sal tier ate )met sos picker

than our interurc tanenc of a situation.c. People ran he’ elop an emotional preference

for sisual st muli t u hick theg have beenunknrningf cxp )scd

d. Arm’ I of h stiff ath’ nc ri ens systemmci I triggel an chit)tiisna. I rear tic in o en hensrtcti, calls iurlut ee hr en mi’s. floe of ‘-‘pinephrine

ous.b. Pc accusal tI at accoo’pa a n u ‘xp’c

anger never dis,nate’..c. Fxpre-.ing ene’ anger a1’r an 3cm-

dots is

d.P03l 4 e .tstances i catharsis he bce

14. k refatn ely h gh I c’llikeh to faciitate:a. remembering the lcnes of a pinb. shooting free throw in bask ti all.c. sprmti p 1)0 n tenci. a iii eta c it Ou

chelogs.

a. cegnitvc abc f a )isexperien s. of c r tie r

h. a nscninsum let el 01 art tm-al 10

honal exper[ene’.c. the simuitanc ru’ e curren c

r s rd if P

ci. all cit the a°o’

b. there arc ettet seric c ci’ pai w air

the taieus ii acr u s

r d hoc rf rate

C int rapes cannel ‘V nligc;p’’csihle ca:ist s cr

ci. th s arc ecu. ci’ lx 0 30 e 0

6. (Thsnkirghriti 1k) Ic pohgraph measures:a.b.C,

ci,

7. f’eople is ho are exuberant and per’-istenth cheerwl shots inc teaced actvitv in the brains

s hid if nc n is re epters for the neuro

12 Concerning the ca harsis i pet Ps, is sich c .sefollowing is true’

a. Expressing anger ao he tempo’ ar-1s caimng‘fhdcn ietlc ieO Ic p m- x

8. \hhich of the loUc win is true regarding gesturesand facial expressions?

13. in an emergenes sItuation, eniotIOfl 5 i0’1is 1 it!

result in:

a. mcreasc d at o op r Stir r

b. increaccd blood sugarc. a slots ing of digestcenci. all ot the abet e

0 xcu he st

9. if hich theont ot emoten implies that every emotion is associated with a nniue physiologicalreaction’

10. I or ishi h of t o fo citing tears do humansappear to be hiol )gica prc p trod?a. fear or electridts6. tear ot clclfs

iS, Set oral stud4es hate ‘ho” n tPt ‘hrs’ai aous,ilcan intensify just about r r icr i

pie when geopi vfc sat e its sarou’ecl hr exercise are c’ssuitcd thet -sit”:’ r’c

attribute thecr arousal ro the Insulh this [incite,,,id ustrates toe inpc’rtance ut

trgeorIoa r’i”iOc. tear of host ersci. tear of truing

11, PEels if f ho sir a i pr nnted is thefc ‘5 - ocni c Ca rotc oh icc reicoens

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Psxchologv Applied 345

prhwir i of’

a. adaptation level.h. our soIogical .iroualc. reiat’s e depr’r ation.d. cathr’ds.

Jaincs 1 ange thtorv.(annon Sara theory.

V) tartar thcorx.adaptationdexel theory

a. pituitary gland.b adrenal glandsc. limbir sssteni.d. right hemisphere.

6. Jane is i so mad at her brother that she explodedat h ix is hen he entc red her room. That she feltlcss r 0rt aft r sard is best explained by the

c. the two4actor theory is cone ‘t.d. facial expressions of cnn tn re ur i al

and biologically determincd

12. Who is the icast likeh to diNpla negative enuitions openlv

a. Paul. a game warden in Au’traIiab. \iles, a stockbroker in Belgiumc. Deborah, a phx siust in I oror td. Yoko, a denhst in lapai

13. Ninemonth old Nicolc s left tr n a lobe i rt

acEs e than her right trontal lobe ‘A e Lan cxpect

that, all other things being equal \icoit’:a. max suffer from mild depresuon t4 a most

her lite.b. may has e trouble turning dl ipsetting Ic 4-

ings later in her hfe.c. mat be more cheerful than t lost s i h nrc

active nght frontal lobes.d. max has e trouble expressing, reciing later n

her lite.

14. Julio was extremely angry is hen he came in tor aroutine El (, ot his brain actis ity When h latertold this to the doctor she is ton ix co

cerned about the:

a. increased electrical adA its in Julio s ighthemisphere.

b. increased electrical activits in Jidie’s iet henusphere

c. decreased electrical actis its’ it Julio’s amsgdala.

d. increased electrical act ‘its r ix imdala.

15. When the scientist electricalix stiniutated oncarea of a monkex ‘s brain, the olonsa x oecameenraged. When another electrode si a’ at tis ated,the monkex c ‘wered ill tear. Flu let tn idc nomot likely implantcd ‘a th’:

7, Plter hi t g a grand-slam home run, Mikenoticcd h t hi heart is as pounding. I ater thatcx cuing atter nearlx has ing a collision whiledris mg on the freeu as \like again noticed thathis heart was pounding. Fhat he interpreted thisreaction as tear. rather than as ecstass, can best heexplained hr the:

a.b.c.d.

8. ‘A part ot her job intens iexs, lan is asked to take alie-detector test. Jan politelx refuses and pomtsout that’

a a guilty person c in be tound innocent hi the

r oh graph.b a nuiocent person can be found guilty.c. these tests err one-third ot the time.d. all of the ahox e are true.

9. \ student participating in an experiment concerned is ith phi sical responses that accompanyemotions Ieports that her mouth is drt, her heartis raci ig and she feels Hushed. Can the emotionshe is experient ing be determined?a. es. it is anger.

b. les, it is tear.a cix it is ecstassd. No. it cannot h0 determined from the informa

tion iven.

TO. v n ii F Ilybt tin crltcrgetting apark

‘A ti Pet

a. Bob. is no has lust ass akencd from a nanb. \er’ ‘nit a.. who has lust rinmshed eating a big

nchc. Dan, tx ho has ut completed a tennis matchd. . \i ‘c a is ho ha been reading a romanhc nor et

11. C imldrcn in \cu Ycrk, Nigeria and New /eaI md smde when hr s are happy and frown whenthex art cad, thm— s:iggt’sts that:a. 1h0 (innon Bard theory is t orrect.b. 5”no (flit,tjt’5’ai expression-. are learned at a

16. Ac elderli Mr. Hooper ero-.os the boss intc:st

tion, he stumbles and diops th package ie iscarrying. Which passcrby is rr ost ixex t lixMr. Hooper?

a. Drexv, who has bccn aid I fr ‘m is f ix

three mn on thb. I eon, ss ho i on bi v. as to uc. tk’nnie. is ho gradoeted ti “ii’ Ltd l,t

s OiS xrlx age before

346 (‘haptcr 13 Emotion

d. \ancv, whose father recently passed awar Essay Question

— Discuss hioloaical and cultural influences on emo—Ii. n\pressin& anger can be adaptive when you: 0 ,

tion’. (L se the space below to list the points von wanta. retaiate nnmeoateh to make, and onzantze them, Fhen write the essax onb In r e im ntah rehearsed all th reasons for a separate sheet of papcr)

i an r.c cu it to tcr hen blon off stram,d Inst is aft until the anger uhsides, then deal

with the situation in a civil manner.

18. Cinch was happi is ith her promotion until shefound out that janke siho has the same amountd exoerience retch cs r higher salary. Crnd s1° hi s trc L ft explained according to the’

a. adaptation 1ev ci pher omenonIn alence thcorxc. catharsis hspotheNls.d. principle of rulath e deprivation.

19. 1 am an emotionally literate person who is serv KEY TERMSaccurate at reading othcrs’ nons erbal behav or,detecting lies nd desc rEf ing my fcchngs Who Writing Definitions

am L Using your onn words, on a separate piece of papera. an introvert write a hrief definition or explanation of each of theIn an extrax cr1 following terms.c. a womand. a nian 1. emotion

2. James-Lange theor20. Maraaret is a finalist in the US. Ice Skating

Championship She is s cry excited about the 3. Camion Bard theory

competition a rd is teehnh energiied. More than 4 two-factor theorylikeh, the tis o dunensions of her current emotion 5. polygraphwould he a and

6. catharsisa. positive s alence; iow arousal

h. negatn e s alence; low arousal 7. feel-good, do-good phenomenon

c. positive salence: high rousal 8. subjective well-beingd negatise salence; high arousal

9. adaptation-Icr ci phenomenon

10. relatn e depart ation

Ansiers 347

Cross-Check HAs ou learned in the Prologue, reviewing and

L fiOi erlearning of material are important to the

— -fkarnmg process. After you have written thedefinitions of the Rev terms in this chapter, s oushould complete the crossword puzzle toensure that von can reverse the process—recogni/e the term, gi en the definition. -

ACROSS —

1. Device that measures se cml of the phvsio-logical responses accompanying emotion.

6. Phenomenon in which people tend to hehelptul when they are in a good mood.

8. Theory that the subjective experience of anemotion occurs at the same time as thebody’s physical reaction.

DOWN2. Principle that n e are worse off relative to

those with whom we compare ourselv es.3 1 heorv that emotions hay e two ingredients:

phv sical arousal and a cognitive label,4. response of the whole organism involx

ing physical arousal, expressive behax mrs,and consdous experience.

5. Phenomenon referring to our tendency tojudge things relative to our prior experience. c. The liver pour extra sugar into the blood-

7. Theory that emotional experiences are based on stream,an awareness of the body’s responses to emotion- d. l3reathingarousing stimuli, e. Diestion sioxvs,

8, 1 motional release.f. Pupils dilate

ANSWERS g. Blood tends to ci t more rapidly,

h. Skin perspires.

Chapter Review 2. sympathetic; adrenal; epinephrine (adrenaline);norepinephrine noradrena line

Theories of Emotion3. parasvmpathetc

1. ph siological arousal; expressh e heha iors; con- iiueratelvscions experience

. \Yis

6. easy; high; ditficult; lv ‘aCannon argued that the body’s responses were not 7. similar tear; an’mr; —e uiai arousalc distinct to rigcr the c1terent cmotioncand furthermore, that physiological chane occur 8. tear; rage’ finger’ hormone

too cio’a iv to trigger sudden emotion, joy

3, cortex; sympathetic; Cannon-Bard 10. are; ani gdaia: angr: depre’sion; right pretrontal

4. phi siological: cognitive; Schachter cortex

11. left frontal lobe

I rnbodied Emotion 12. left; frontal; doparri ie

13. nucleus acci ibm rI a. He i t rate increases,

14. polygrip

18 a e otor

the p0; raph measures sex eral of the physiologicalresponses mat accompan emotion, such as changesin breathing. pude rate, blood pressure, and perspirmPot’i Pit a5tifl)Pt;’ WI W tiiat IX iig is stresWInl, sO a

ierii ho is N hi xcome phy siologi ally‘I

16. WItH nt cnn is; arous

17. m’i’ataret

18. uiii”, isino lodge test

19. rio r mi Lox I ange

20. )gnt r

22. di P did

23. teen; channels

ran

25. eye or t’ai; thalamos; amvgdaia; cognition; cortex

26. l azerm; appraPe

27. nt etatio cxpect ti ns; personalize; gencr

St t so nc r iotior al rcsponsew especiallysimplt kes, dislikes and cars—inxoh e no coneioes trinisrog. (irher emot’ons are greatly affected

Oi ore iiiterpr etations and expeetaticus.

Lxpres I Finof rot

sr us n x rbal

is r e cngc s,ni uth

3, hoP r mior

4. s.’ie7e.in’Y,’r

5. ‘ho-; iirern.n’ ttIl icr vendor roles respon

6. inih

15. toond

lb. facial feedback

17. leads

18. hehax io’ feedback

Ixp ‘a ii dlmotic z

1 10; are; combinations

2. x alence; plea—ant iposith e x alence); unpleasant

inegatu e ah’ncei; arousal

3. adaptixe

4. learning )nditining)

5 )se

lhc fact that huir ans qnickls learn and sloxi lxunlearn to foar snakes, spiders. anti cliffs—fears thatwere preuinah x en useful to our ancestors—sugnests that these are biologically predisno5edfears that

dcx elop with little or no learning.

ami gdala’ hruhic’ remember emotional

a xterior cmgulat cortex

hippc car xpus; eniohonal reaction’ will not

9 amrgdala

10, phobias; experience; genes

11. willful; unjustified; a’ oidahle

1.2. indh idualirx ; catharsis; interdependence; fahiti;Japan

13 a. Retaliation mnst be direc ted against the perstunt ap oxokedtheanger.

b. Retaliation must be justifiable.

c. Th,e target of the retaliation must not heson-leone ‘a hi) 0- ntunidating.

One problem with expressing anger is that it breeds

more ange n part because it max trigger retaliation,

Lxpr’ Sit g anger can ilso magnify anger and reinfire’ sccc e ice.

14. a. list itt calm dcnn.

b. DeL with, anger in a ‘a a” that mx on es neither chronir .Ingor nor passive sulking.

‘K, fo”pix

16 net

17 r ft ‘a c d

owl no rioncc a ci for

moo P 5. or r Sen lie agents and fcderai law,-r,,. ‘, ‘n’’s”l’ I I-k acn’nt—;

9, e n

1(5 Ottr0 0’

1. th van

)t

18. s bje 1 514cr s19 iso’ tail

20. ‘n c’ectin’iate’

21.. regain

22, do no’

23 hong

24 u I god

fIrst, t’ pernuents on stihhn’iinal perception indicate

that ci ugh sti ‘a are r ot conscio mIx perccrx 4op pr f those st muir to thers they hax e

cx c xl cd a S ond there s some separahon o I ic neora pathxvax mx olved 4 emotion andtOOnitien.

6.

7,

8

e

3. n ‘a ‘it thci ains i rd r Wn ‘n or on th ar d oat i on I

14. “h’ the nom unit’ , xxn th

Progress Test i

Multiple-Choice Quesrzons

4. b. Is tile aI’’-U ci’. p 1

a. his e\prese5 the two-tact’u theorx

c. Ibis exprese tile James-I .ege theorxd. This them x v is no’ 0 is u—sed.

5. a. is tIlt ailsut r (p 8b. I lit hi poth lamesand se’ual mohv

c. lie ortex i

fuwt Oil, suiJ rd. Ih ccrc[clluxhon.

r t of highen and hnnkin

lix ed m motor c

i ho expesh Ihe diup ane

(tell to tit 0

xeo

phx sicletionai ci

in le. ci, pa

stir artms seem u

26. ad iptalion-Ic x ci

if n e acquire nexi possessior s we feel in Initial surgeof pleasure. hut we then idapt to having these newpossessions, come to ste them as n irmal, and requireother things to give u ant ti er surf c of happiness.

27. relative deprix ation: shghtl more

28. high self-esteem: satisti ing marriage or closetriendships; nleani ngru l religous faith; optimisticoutgoing persona II tv good sleeping habits and

regular exercise, has ing xx ork and leisure thatengage our sktlts

29. age; gender: education; parenthood; physicalattractix eies

30. o31. Realize that happiness doesn t tome from fhian

cial success. lake control of your time. Acthappy. Seek xxoris Grid teisure that engages yourskills, t’ngage in regular aenhic exercise. Getplenty of sleep. Give priorits to close relationships. Focus beyond stif & gratetul. \urturex our spiritual self.

6. b.istheancxx r.

161

a. & c. A5ety hoone a oeoi ‘urn .smith i mx eli t dhr motor ie’oonses, is not a !loloont and thenfore is nit —eceted hr a aland.

7. d. s tie ann er. The t:nding tO I neopie ‘x ;rost

brams can t sense tire body s ix sponse. r\t 1

ence sonsidei ahlx less emotion in tn t sup. ‘its

the lames I .‘nge theorx ix Il:sn J Inns that exeenouted curer in 6 lIon s lrom both ri’sp’ ‘nses, (p0

5it’-3lO

a., b., & t. .ll these sn temerits go coun tert’’ tuetheory’s tlatm that experiented emotion s

tiallv just on axvaieness of the both’s resp’Itise

8. c. is the ansxxer. p 2i)

9. c. is the ansxx’er. Ihe men who ret ci’ ed epo’opirrhe without air explanation teit arousel and e orienced thi a ous ii as xx ha tever emotion Fexperimcnta c r fcderate in the room xx uh Fwas displax na pp i19 2Wa. ipinephri e to ipicr sattributcd the aion Ino emotional hantre e edah shehaxisb.&d lnadditt I ti

the text, the exp xi vs it i

ent these ubects xxand did not e pericn c a

10 d. i he mswer rgender ndp c ated to happint s

11. c,istheansx,xcr (p. 30a. I’his xx cold nr t hc an t unpie of cathay s,s

since tatharsc ‘ox oh es it ieesing. r,dhc, thai’

suppiessi’rr a,,gres-.ix e energ,\

b. I- \pres..a ‘n ol anoer m —n’ ito’’ciau—.t’ the e’—on anxiet. and tnu ‘nJ not It’ m

Otteetx t.

d. O°e danmr of tsne’ssi’p ‘in xi ant ‘

lead to retal hen an’ I an 0—c ii,t1 i; of

12. d. xi the an-a,er These a rh Oat ‘i-rn

of emotions ;den,tiheo in fn,’ iexr p 1

13. c. is the a-i—s ci it the supecr bn on’t t ii’. s:. a’1’

aroused xx hdt ansx ering one—f’ a’— ai’ ‘n’ dot ‘isonly the perpeti atm ‘“ the rmi’ n’ ‘li “t - t

presumed that be 01 -he a nxrn ftc.’ ‘0° t “II’S

-lii

eltia, t t i in

1, d. is the ansxx or Gonerallx speaking, perforiv ance is optimal who r arousal is moderate, toreasy tasks h rim v or perhirmanc e is ophmat

when arousal is hip r For ddhcult tasks performance is ophnial xhen arousal ‘s low. (p. 317)

2. e, is the ansxx c r (p 316a. The sonxatic dix ism r c I t re oripheral nervoussostem carries se ,r ory a id moto signals to antifrom the centIal ncrx t tis systemb. The peripheral ne rx otis sx tom is too generalan arsxver, smce it intludes thc sympathetic andpara—x’mpatlietie dyisions es well as the souaticdivision,

d. The para—xanpatbt to nerx ens si stem restores

tilt’ bodx to its una.re’setl —rate.

3, c. I— the ansxx ci’. ,Utho’ieh n anx emotions has eth5 same neneral hod.x arou—ah rsultng H mu

attn ation of the cx moarhe c ners ous x stein,

tiex appea’ to he ‘55’ ic;ute, .x ith different brainc:rtut 1, mIS;

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nswers 351

c. Catharsis often magnifies anger. escalates argoments, and leads to retaliation.d. When counterattack is justified and can bedirected at the offender, catharsis may be helpful.

13. d. is the answer. (p. 516)

14. c. is the answer. Easy or well-rehearsed tasks,such as sprinting, are best performed whenarousal is high; more difficult tasks are best performed when arousal is lower. tp. 517)

15. a. is tIre answer. That physical arousal can be mis-attributed demonstrates that it is the cognitiveinterpretation of arousal, rather than the intensityor specific nature of the body’s arousal, thatdetermines the conscious experience of emotions.(p. 520)b & c The findings of these studies do not indicate that a minimum level of arousal is necessaryfor an emotional experience nor that applying acognitive label must he simultaneous with thearousal.

16. c. is the answer. As heightened arousal mayreflect feelings of anxiety or irritation rather thanof guilt, the polygraph, which simply measuresarousal, may easily err. (p. 520)a. Misuse and invasion of privacy are validissues, but Lykken primarily objects to the use oflie detectors because of their inaccuracy.b. Although there are discrepancies among thevarious measures of arousal, this was not whatLvkken objected to.d. The lie detector errs about one-third of thetime.

17 d. is the answer. (p. 533)a. Because most fears are acquired through learning, people acquire highly indhiidual fears,

b. & c. Only a few basic fears are biologicallydetermined and present at birth.

18. c. i5 the answer. (p535)

19. d. the answer. Ia. 534)

20. c. is the answer. (p. 5291a. & b. These are true of cultures that emphasizeinun’cmuaht rather than hrterdependence.

True—Tim Ire items

Psychology Applied

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. B. is the answer. The James-Lange theory proposes that the experienced emohon is an awarenessof a prior body response: Your pulse races, and soyou feel nervous. (p. 514)a. According to the Cannomm-bard theorm . s ourbode’s reaction would occur simultaneouslywith, rather thao before, your experience of theemotion.

c. Relative deprivation refers to our sense that weare worse off than others with whom we compareourselves.d. The adaptation-level phenomenon concernsour tendency to judge stimuli on the basis ofrecent experience.

2. b. is the answer. Professor Sinmon’s judgment cmfhis office is affected by his. recent experience:When that experience was of a smaller offmce, hisnew office seemed terrific: now. ho.rye\’er, it isconrmonplace. (p. 542)a. Relative deprivation is the sense that one isworse off than those with whom one conmparesoneself.c. There is no such theory, although valence isone dimension of emohon.d. This is the prhmciple that tlmere is an inverserelationship between the difficulty of a task andthe optimum level of arousa.l.

3. b. is the answer. The parasvnmpathetic division isinvolved in calming arousal. (p. 5l61a. The sympathetic division is active during statesof arousal and hence would not be active in thesituahon described.c. The somahc division is involved in transmitting sensory informahon and controlling skeletalmuscles; it is not involved in arousing and calming the bode.

d 1nanmrr nu c - arnervous system includes n.ot only the ‘arasrmryathetic dix’ision but also the svnmpatlretc dir isionand the sonmatic division.

4, a. is the answer. According to the James-Langetheory, Maria’s emotions should be greatly diminished since her brain is unable to sense physical arousal. (p. 5i9)b. Cannon and Bard would have expected Mariato experience emotions mmormallv heca.use tlmev

1. T(p.5i7)2. F (p. 525)3. T(p.5l6)4. Tmp. 516)5 [

6. F (p. 519)7, F (pp. 539—540)8. TQp. 519—520)9. FuxS2l)

10. Pip. 5141

352 Chapter 13 Emotion

dala.

of these brain areas

believed that the experit ncing of emotions occursseparateh from the body’s responses.c. & d. these theories and principles make noparticular prediction regarding the importance ofphysical arousal in the conscious e\perience ofemotion.

5. b. is tt e ansu er. lAp essions may amplity theassociated cn ohons. (pp 530 531)a. Laboratory studics hare shown that tacialcxpressions itcnsifi’ emotions.c. \rousal ot the svnipathetie ners ous system,such as occur-. when one is afiaid, slows digestivetunction.d. increased body temperature accompanies anger but not tear.

6. d. is the answer. h keeping with the catharsishypothesis lane teds les, angr atter releasingf er aggression (p. 536)a. Adaptation level is our tendency to judgethings relative to our experiences.b. [his is not a specifk theory.c. Relatix e depris ation is the sense that one isworse off relatix e to those with whom one compares oneself,

7. c. is the answer. According to the two-factortheory, it is cognitive interpretation of tile samegeneral phy siological arousal that distinguishesthe two emotions (p. 514)a. Aaording to the )ames-fange theory, if thesame physical arousal occurred in the twoinstances, the same emotions should result.b. [he Cannon-Bard theory argues that consciousawareness of an emotion and body reaction occurat the same time.d. Adaptahon. let ci concerns our tendency tojudge things relatir e to our experiences

8. d. is the answer (pp. 52t 521)9. d.istfeansw p.a 7

10 _. ic tl c rc Beca’ c r hycical arnucil tends titensify c c ons, D i r h i is iikclv o bc phr s

callx aroti e I after play ig tennis) will probablyh angrier tha Bob or \ eronica, it ho are in morerelased st,,tcs, :p. 521)3

11. d. A the answer (p. 2ha. & c. l he frannon-Bard and two-factor theoriesot emotio do not addrcss Oie universality ofcmotiona expressionsb. F t ci I it is true tha en otional expressions areacquircd it an carli age? this would not necessarily acct ur r the cc mn )n facial expressions ofhildren f in around tL inrld, It anythmg, thedrtertnt cultural esu’rAncec ot tIn ehldren

might lead theni to express their feelings in verydifferent wax’s.

12. d. is the answer. In Japan and other Asian cut—tures that emphasi7e human connections andinterdependence, negative emotional d isplavs arerare and typically’ brief. (p. 529)a., b., & c. In cultures that encourage mdix idualitx, as in X’% estern Europe, Austratia, and NorthAmerica emotional displays often are intenseand prolonged.

13. c. is the answer. (p. 518)a. Indix iduals with more active right frontal lobestend to be less cheerful and are more likely to hedepressed.b. In fact, just the opposite is trite: people withgreater left frontal activity’ tend to be better ableto turn off upsetting feelings.d. The text does not suggest that greater left ortight frontal actix ity influences a person’s abilityto express his or her feelings.

14. a. i- the answer. As people experience negatix eemotions, such as anger. the right hemispherebecomes more electrically’ active. (p. 518)c. & d. The EEC measures electrical activity’ onthe surface of the cortex, not at the level of structures deep within the brain, such as the amvg

15. c. is the answer. (p 518)a., b., & d. Direct stimnlationwill not trigger fear or rage

16. c. is the answer. People ‘a ho are in a good nioodare more likely’ to help others. l3onnie, who isprohabli pleased with herself follow trig her graduation from college, is likely’ to he in a bettermood than Drew. Leon, or Nancy. (p. 537

17, d. is the answer, (p. 536)a. Venting anger immediately may lead you tosax things you later regret and or may lead toretaliation by the other personb. Cc tug oVel the reasons for x air angc’r mc relyprolong the emotionc. ( ounhng to ten may give x ou a chance to calmdoxi n, but “bloci lug oft team” max rekindlex our anger.

18. d. 6- the ansx ci’. C’indx is unhappy with her promotion because she feels duprix ed relative toJanice, (p. 543)a. the adaptation level phenomenon would predid that (indy’s raise would cause an increase inher happiness, since her most recent experiencerx as ttt earn a lower salaryb. I here i5 no such theon, although valence is

one dinicuhon c’t emotion,

Answers 353

c. [he catharsis h pothesis maintains that ventingone’s anger may relieve aggressive urges

19 c is the answer, (p. 525)

20. c. is the answer. (p. 33)

Essn Qzu’stion

All emotions involve some degree of physiologicalarousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Althoughthe arou’ai that occurs with different emotions is inmost wax s undifferentiated, there may be subtle diiterences in the brain pathways and hormones associated xvi th different emotions

Other examples of the influence of biological fantor on emotion are the universalitx of facial expresions of emotion and the fact that humans seem hiologicallx predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others,

Unlike facial e\.pressions of emotion, the meaningof many gestures is culturally determined, Culturealso influences how people express their feelings. Incultures that encourage individuality, for example,emotional displays often are intense and prolonged.In cultures that emphasize human interdependence,negative emotions that might disrupt group harmornare rarely expressed, while displays of “othersensitiv e” emotions such as sympathy, respect, andshame are more common than in the West,

KEY TERMS

time as the body s physical rear tion. (p. 514)

4. The two-factor theo of emc tion proposes thatemotions hay e txv o ingredients: phx sical arousaland a cognitive label lhus physical arousal is anecessarx , but not a utficient, ompoIent ofemotional change. for an emotion to he experienced, arousal must he attributed to an emotionalcause. (p. 514)

5. the polygraph. or lie detector, is a dcx ice thatmeasures sCi eral of the phx siological responsesaccompanying emotion. p. 320)

6. Catharsis is emotional release: according to thecatharsis hi pothesis, hx exprecsing our anger, xx ecan reduce it. p. 53o1

7. [he feel-good, do-good phenomenon is the tendenc) of people to he helpful when thex are in agood mood. (p. 5)7)

8. Subjective well-being refers to a person’s senseof satisfaction with his or in r life. (p. 338)

9. [he adaptation-level phenomenon refers to ourtendency to judge things relative to our priorexperience. (p 542)

10. The principle of relative deprivation is the perception that xv e arc worse off relative to thosewith whom xv e compare ourseli es. (p. 543)

Cross-Check

ACROSS

Writing I)efinitions

1. Emotion is a response of the whole organisminvolving three components: (1) phx sical arousal,(2) expressive hehaviorc, and (3) conscious experience. (p. 513)

2. The James-Eange theory states that emotionalexperiences are based on an awareness of thebodx ‘s responses to emotion-arousing stimuli: astimulu’ triggers the both ‘s responses that inturn trigger the experienced emotion. (p. 13)

3. 1 he Cannon-Bard theory states that the cubjectii e experierke of an emotion occurs at the same

1. poix graph6. feel-good-do-good8. Cannon-Bard

2. rclativ e deprivation3. two-factor4, emotion5. adaptation level7. James-i ange8. catharsis

3r4 C 1 1 rct’or

I iF T0C413L11 ARt AND LANGUAGE

/‘, qt’ ‘: \o r no needs to teli you that feelings addt our hie. Vt itheut emotions we ‘a cold

e\t’i ewe a itt, dull and uninteresting e\istence;it o ‘a nuid nat e no toelngs ot tntense happiness or5’ L1tOLuIfl nor ‘a ould ‘a e e\perience dopresion andadi’a —. Thus, :moti ‘n3 add a arietv of interestingqua :itio 1 a to our ut e.

do In an in’,tan ‘ voiu,i/ drea’/ m’ 1edt Ft leo cci in Ate i Dr. \Iyer (mill

e i c’t r hilt the store his a prcI or ( us triad; Ira i It rr red

I h r d a A ten3e feeling of happinessstout) ii I e r, s )t ercomc t ith poe

o is (no as/i i a I his stor; illustrate,the x i ‘a s components of cmotion—phvsologicalarm s ii ‘vpi essit e debar it r, and conscrous expc rionce

1/worus of Emotion

Conunon sense tell’, most of u- that we crxhetau—t-’ ‘ao are sad, ;ac/r ‘or because we are angry.

hecau3e we are atraid. lhe James-lange theore that phi sioIo& arousal precede3 thetsp t of enretion thus icr crc first, then fee

c r some r c is i o it then expenen cI shisci and shak’ (treoibl’) then fed

fear or r i Ba d th ory proposes that physicI and the ext rieirce of emotion occur

s n ime hut scparat ly. One does not causetI

I ;;ihodic if Enotion

‘a , ‘ens stn!o,’. ,fcr’e/os L’ztttcrf/i’al\ hen ‘ou rrc apprehen’ii a, fearful, and nervous,mci hat e t i’ceral i internal i sensations that mat feel‘a 11 ouqh 3maii fit ing imect— i’ttttcrt/csf are flutter-

I to’ otu stomach fi dei’c/t’r- /‘tttt€’rdk

it ‘ B sArA plot siiec’tnig Ccc oirtc i

P ski C n o rlorm qu’tc s cIfaa in u’rr,o ‘a S kil

h4 cask tb-all Flayer st cc th e the F B

i f t . I qurhom1 b c I is not a usual t art o

11 the plm e nxiou and ‘s or ‘a

,ro’ i it ‘a’ , n’ /; he use of the attention of a‘ort :n’\ I ‘ai tnt ‘ic,’if/; ni, h.e i more liked, toio.oke nr:-taI”. \ lmigh, let ci ot arousal is heneticial

• u a ba: rtorn,tnn’ it eat routine tasks.

1’, , I Li . Pm d iou twit feel a c/ut’ !i/O0 ta tti’

a a, mr cl’e—t .mn a Ln,/ 01 ccl,?1 eiic ‘‘a’ a otters tancre’ u-ar s,mdn’ssi mel and

look d’ffc rent. someone who is extremely afraidmar have certain visceral (inteinal) reactions such astigimtness n the upper abdomen hi c/etching. silzki;i\’

c;iatr’c’i a_rd a feeling ot a lump (Feat) in the stont—aclm. An angri person nra’s experience an increase intenmperaturt and sweating (nmar feel “hot toi/’, thea/ttr c Fire—c is comne evidence of different phi ‘do-logical or brain patterns corresponding to each emotion.

I’.iq 31? Vt left trontal Iche s rich supply ofdopanur c receptors nrai help explain why a pcppy

Cd h ii ‘a ‘a pred’cts a p i m disposition. For somepeople Ac taft rontal lobe has more lie dc electricalactn itv i r poy) conrpared to the right, and thesepartmcul i i dii ‘duals tend to have more eheertuland lrapp cr p sonalifies (perky dispositions).

Page if ii Ala cam /tu’tc): Cii en the physical indicators ot enmotron might ‘a’e, like Pmocchio, give somete//ta/c sugo whenever we lit-? Pinocchio is a fictionalcharacter hr a children C story whose nose growslonger everr time he tells a lie. The pole graph. or liedetector. does not detect lies; rather, it measures anumber of phi siologieal reactions (heart rate, bloodpressure and perspiration) (ta//taP Ages) which indicate a at ange n enrotional state. V nlike Pinocchio,peopit ii’plar no reliable or valid irrdicators ofwhetf r thee are lying or telling the truth,

Pug 5 3 k rtualle all the men tiohmann intervien ed eportc d ncreasc s in weeping turnps in thethreat and getting c/ui/w,f up when say ing good-brierrerAtt /‘ifl, - utchi;mg a ton h ng rnoc’ie. For enrotmon exp’es ad mostiv imr body areas above theneck, peop’le with high spinal cord injuries reportedmore intense reactions, such as erring (u’cc3t’ing),

becoming inarticulate i/eel/ic ct the tforut), aird being(it e’reonre’ emotionald it hoknf lIi it hen parting,courpanu ‘au/;:c aa,m,f-/’urg participating in religiouscerenmon ie ‘ ‘v Plumb? Ii. or i ierm ing a sentimentalfilm ‘;‘ .it C tcuc ‘i”iit ino:’fei, On time other handemotiona C msitr tor most other teehngsdecreas F r tialh, esp cmallv it thei involvedhodi c fire nick I s provides pait a’npp rt f e r -Ia rge t rco tint wf ‘a

Pt i f ‘as ttat pF ‘a cal reactions arcimport r i t xpeneiree of cwotmc us

I / W the /‘3-4,’;, m 3 m to h the A? lhold riddle asks Winch canne first, the chicken or tIreegg?” iCr tr 3As tvlmich tome’ tir’t, our cognitionsor our oimrottons? Time two-factor theorr suggeststhat ph t siolc git a ,mrousai has It’ he cognitivelshmterpr;’ted mr order for “no to experience ditfererrtcurt ,uvms u-aoiei wimaclmterc re’earch ‘hon ed thattime sammr” .,rousai 1-to rot u’ -tate, can he experienced

as t seat different cmot ii ii s ates (e.g. euphoriaUI ifl I cItiOil depe d ii i i lnnv we uitt ipret andlabel it thus t r nk ng )m brie e iceling.

Pan’ 2 z t h’ isc tellaritherharmlcs, )r a g tal’chood i I: P we aretailing to re c i I c tr a Ci ant something relaha elytnr ial I hc p0 a

, p a i detcc the pha siologi alarousal t n so ts srr f lseh ar sit ering controlqrietion it I it ir ic 4 ‘o’ ared o tea..tions to th it ti quc stior . Mrers makes it clearthat inferring t ul r n iocei c on the asis of thesecomparrsc ns ar gjrt dir prc blems, I he innocentarc it c rc ftc lab 1 p a than ttie gudty amocent as \la c r srig ,cs on s aould ncr er takc a liedetcctor test if’ OL are nnot nt

Paq PU: . I I this means to be ill- temperedor rrrrtable I rosc subjects it ho it crc phr siologicallyaroused hot did nc t knoit as hr it err affected hr( cauh’ ) the apparent enrotional state of the personthet wc re it ith I he madc different attributronsabout their aroused (at in’ I-au) state ( I’m happy or‘I m tecting tests ) or thc basis of it hether theaccomplrcc acted n a enphonc or irritated it as.

Pag a.) I his makes it easic r f )r our fec tings tohija k our thinking her f r ur thinking to talc ourfeelings So r ncur d pathit ass go from the caror et e a ia thu t aal ir iu to the ama gdata, an emotional cent ol center and detour around (lypas’) thecortical areas rum fred rn tiur king. Ihis makes itpossible to has e catreme v rapid greased lightaing)einnt’nnal respnnso h tnr c wnihve tatnrs becameinvoked It us our tc hugs car take orer (h ‘irk)our thinking ir stea I f our thhrkrug controlling(raliag) our cmotio a

Page P Ihe ‘ r i i ot it vs subject t the n3dRobert Zajonc p (p )sed that somc emotional statesarc not prc c’ dc d by ‘mt )ns I he ‘met ens (he itt)

arc iotdctcrrr c cu hou h ti i WccarrISatO fc ings c th uk r p tirst.

I xpressed I riotio i

P kitcli uc ted let mtins i ld’r

ide ki arru ac fe rn it r words (rerhal a) and t are u,[ od an page nor aerballr).Ikitirout tcerng s igt a ret is iii a rroaic it thno seundtriek arc can discern muchabout omc )r c’s c atrc r a st ate I v obsera ing (readii ) his her it ti s ird taci xlrcssionsAskinc ot hi a I I ,egroupffee a I at )tec

able (it wit pip i nI it

quirkiy diau a su 1 IL P c

Pig’ 2 di’ p aorbai dci Mur r rwhat t look e r ira iews busin as r ac ific mterpre r ti ii 5

made accurate y arncs-,, at c urpar(htjçet ig) mar hr(bercdom or extrenre

Page ‘83 tafe e rdtothc r basic expre a icn I Iasistenca a rass a m r Ic ntferc nt emotional exprcs o Iworld star cm Id airaH r chappness thr, r ut a ta dagain (PIta) and P rrlar resu aother fundament cxpre’ io a (e

Pagca’9 ksa’e far x at r aanimal s baring its e th inthat all hunrans has e art err I Femotion through re sr ru ticIhus a pcrsoa cer ful or ri r(slit r) has m mv pc t

teeth show mg a it tvp I dmals. kmotm ‘nal e pre s o s a ae ommunk atror

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