empires and the age of imperialism: 1750-1914 egypt, the ottoman empire, and russia
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Empires and the Age of Empires and the Age of Imperialism: 1750-1914Imperialism: 1750-1914
Egypt, The Ottoman Empire, and Russia
The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireEgypt
◦ Napoleon's Withdraws (1789)
◦ Muhammad Ali comes to power Modernizes Egypt
◦ Khedives◦ Responses to the
West
Ottoman Reforms and the Ottoman Reforms and the European ModelEuropean ModelEnd of 18th c. Sultan Selmi III
◦Reforms : military, government, taxes, land◦Not popular with certain groups
Janissary revolt in Serbia (1805)(1806) Selim suspends reform program
◦Too late -> massive uprising -> Selim executed
Greek independence (1829)Serbian independence (1867)
Ottoman Reforms and the Ottoman Reforms and the European ModelEuropean ModelSultan Mahumud II – further
reformsAbdul Mejid introduces Tanzimat
(restructuring) reforms in 1839◦Military◦Education◦Language◦Clothing◦Public rights (men vs. women)
Crimean WarCrimean WarRussia expands southwardAlliance between GB, Fr,
Ottoman Empire defeat RussiaC. War leads to military reform
for all combatants – traditional to modern warfare
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire CompromisedCompromisedOttoman continue to follow European
modelOttoman face economic problemsConcerns that Ottoman is no longer
IslamicYoung Ottoman/Young Turks take
power ◦Work to make Turkish national state in
place to Ottoman empire◦1876 Constitution adopted◦1908 coup◦Ottoman continues its slow decline until
1922 (after WWI)
RussiaRussia
The Russian EmpireThe Russian EmpireRussia and Europe
◦1700 – 3% of population lived in cities
◦Slow to modernize◦Closer to Europe than Ottoman◦Debate about future of Russia◦Diplomatic relations with the West
Problems with Problems with modernizationmodernization
Autocratic ruleFailure to solve
problemsSerfdom
Russia and AsiaRussia and AsiaExpanded to ChinaConflictsBritish interventions
Cultural TrendsCultural TrendsCultural contact
with Europe since 17th c.
Opposition to reforms from Alexander I
Decembrist Revolt
Penalties from end of Crimean War
Alexander II◦ Law codes◦ Zemstoves◦ Military◦ Education◦ Women
Limits of ReformLimits of ReformLimits
◦ Autocracy◦ Peasant hardships◦ Education
1904 Defeat in Russo-Japanese War
1904 Revolution