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  DRAFT ÖNORM 

EN 14531-1

Edition: 2012-10-01

Railway applications — Methods for calculation ofstopping and slowing distances and immobilisationbraking

Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation fortrain sets or single vehicles

Bahnanwendungen — Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- undVerzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung — Teil 1: Grundlagen

Applications ferroviaires — Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, deralentissement et d'immobilisation — Partie 1: Algorithmes généraux utilisant desvaleurs moyennes pour des compositions de trains ou véhicules isolés

ICS  45.060.01

Identical (IDT) wit h  prEN 14531-1:2012-07

Supersedes  ÖNORM EN 14531-1:2006-01

responsible  Committee 213Railway applications

Publisher and printingAustrian Standards Institute/Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ON)Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien

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Note: Because of possible comments, the final version of this ÖNORM candiffer from the present Draft.

Please send your comments (in writing) by 2012-11-15 to AustrianStandards Institute.

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DRAFT ÖNORM EN 14531-1:2012

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Explanations concerning Draft

The present Draft European Standard EN 14531-1 has been submitted to CEN members for voting. In case ofa positive result of the voting as required by CEN/CENELEC regulations, this Draft will be published as EN.

Like all member organizations of CEN, Austrian Standards Institute is basically obliged to implement Euro-pean Standards in Austria and to withdraw conflicting standards.

 Austrian Standards Insti tu te herewith submits this Draf t of a European Standard as Draft ÖNORM topublic enquiry and information.

Since a German translation is not yet available, the English version of prEN 14531-1 is submitted to publicenquiry and information, in order to observe the deadline fixed by CEN.

Comments on this Draft

Please find below some practical instructions intended to offer you and the responsible committee assistancefor the processing of comments and proposals for modification:

Form  For your comments/proposals for change, please use the relevant formavailable from Internet. Download underhttp://www.as-institute.at/en/standards/developing-standards/offer-solutions/comments/or use the Draft Standard Portalhttp://www.as-institute.at/en/standards/draft-standard-portal/ 

Structure  Please use a new line for each comment. This facilitates the attributionof the comments received to the different clauses and chapters of the re-

spective Draft.

Language  Please formulate technical comments on European Standards if possi-ble in  English, since English is the common working language ofthe most European standardizing bodies.Editorial and/or linguistic proposals for change/improvement of Ger-man versions of European Standards shall (certainly) be submitted inGerman.

Script/Format   Please use the script „ Ar ial“ with 9 pt font size.Please do not change the formats.

Dispatch  Please send your comments by E-Mail to the responsible Committee

Manager (andreas.rischanek@as-institute.at)

 Aspects concerning patent law The recipients of this Draft ÖNORM are requested to add information onany patent rights known to their comments and to provide supportingdocumentation, if available.

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Contents Page 

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4 

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5 

1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6 

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6 

3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ..............................................................................................6 

3.1 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6 

3.2 Symbols and indices .............................................................................................................................8 

4 Stopping and slowing distances calculation ................................................................................... 10 

4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 10 

4.2 Accuracy of input values ................................................................................................................... 10 

4.3 General characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 10 

4.3.1 Train formation .................................................................................................................................... 10 

4.3.2 Characteristics of a train .................................................................................................................... 11 

4.4 Brake equipment type characteristics .............................................................................................. 13 

4.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 13 

4.4.2 Forces of friction brake/tread brake equipment .............................................................................. 14 

4.4.3 Forces of friction brake (disc brake) equipment ............................................................................. 20 

4.4.4 Mean dynamic coefficient of friction (  µ m ) ........................................................................................ 25 

4.4.5 Brake forces of other brake equipment types ................................................................................. 25 

4.4.6 Time characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 34 

4.4.7 Blending concept ................................................................................................................................ 37 

4.4.8 Sharing, proportioning of the brake forces - achieved forces ....................................................... 39 

4.5 Initial and operating characteristics ................................................................................................. 39 

4.5.1 Gradient of the track ........................................................................................................................... 39 

4.5.2 Initial speed ......................................................................................................................................... 40 

4.5.3 Coefficient of adhesion ...................................................................................................................... 40 

4.5.4 Level of the brake demand ................................................................................................................ 41 

4.5.5 Quantity of each brake equipment type available ........................................................................... 41 

4.5.6 Calculation in degraded conditions .................................................................................................. 41 

4.6 Total retarding force at train level ..................................................................................................... 41 

4.7 External forces .................................................................................................................................... 42 

4.7.1 Gradient ............................................................................................................................................... 42 

4.7.2 Wind force on the train ....................................................................................................................... 42 

4.7.3 Train resistance .................................................................................................................................. 42 

4.8 Stopping and slowing calculation based on mean values ............................................................. 42 

4.8.1 Mean braking force with respect to the distance ............................................................................ 42 

4.8.2 Equivalent deceleration (ae) based on mean forces ....................................................................... 43 

4.8.3 Mean decelerations supplied by each braking force (i

a   ) .............................................................. 43 

4.8.4 Equivalent free run distance ( s0) ....................................................................................................... 44 

4.8.5 Stopping and slowing distance (s) ................................................................................................... 44 

4.8.6 Stopping distance on a gradient ( sgrad) ........................................................................................... 45 

4.8.7 Other specific formulae for the calculation of stopping distance ................................................. 46 

4.9 Supplementary dynamic calculations .............................................................................................. 46 

4.9.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 46 

4.9.2 Mass to be braked (mB) ...................................................................................................................... 46 

4.9.3 Braking energy .................................................................................................................................... 46 

4.9.4 Braking power ..................................................................................................................................... 48 

4.9.5 Maximum specific power flux for each type of friction brake ........................................................ 49 

4.10 Specific expressions of performance ............................................................................................... 49 

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4.10.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 49 

4.10.2 Braked weight percentage (λ ) ............................................................................................................ 49 

4.10.3 Braked weight ...................................................................................................................................... 50 

4.10.4 Braking ratio ........................................................................................................................................ 50 

4.10.5 Equivalent brake force ........................................................................................................................ 50 

5 Immobilization brake calculation ....................................................................................................... 50 

5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 50 

5.2 General characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 50 

5.3 Static coefficient of friction ................................................................................................................ 51 

5.4 Train and operating characteristics .................................................................................................. 51 

5.5 Immobilization force provided by equipment type .......................................................................... 51 

5.5.1 Force of a screw hand brake (Tread brake) ...................................................................................... 51 

5.5.2 Force of a screw hand brake (Disc brake) ........................................................................................ 51 

5.5.3 Force of a tread brake unit ................................................................................................................. 51 

5.5.4 Force of a disc brake unit ................................................................................................................... 52 

5.5.5 Force of a permanent magnetic track brake ..................................................................................... 53 

5.6 Immobilization force for each axle .................................................................................................... 53 

5.7 Total immobilization force per train .................................................................................................. 54 

5.8 Immobilization safety factor ............................................................................................................... 54 

5.9 Coefficient of adhesion required by each braked axle .................................................................... 54 

5.10 Maximum achievable gradient ........................................................................................................... 55 

Annex A (informative) Workflow of stopping and slowing distance calculation method ......................... 56 

Annex B (informative)  Workflow of immobilization calculations ................................................................. 58 

Annex C (informative) Brake equipment type example calculations ........................................................... 59 

Annex D (informative) Train stopping distance and immobilization brake calculation example ............. 73 

D.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 73 

D.2 Train stopping calculations ................................................................................................................ 75 

D.3 Train stopping calculations on a gradient ........................................................................................ 76 

D.4 Train immobilization (parking) brake calculations .......................................................................... 77 

Annex E (informative) Development of the formula for the mean brake force with respect to thebraking distance .................................................................................................................................. 78 

Annex F (informative) Slowing or stopping distance calculation using alternative method ofequivalent response time calculation as French Railway requirements for train operatingin “G” position ..................................................................................................................................... 80 

Annex G (informative) Requirements and example calculation of brake force data required for UKrolling stock library ............................................................................................................................. 82 

G.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 82 

G.2 Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 82 

G.3 General ................................................................................................................................................. 82 

G.4 Calculation of brake force data .......................................................................................................... 82 

G.4.1 Vehicles with either a single value of brake force, or values fixed for the tare and ladenconditions............................................................................................................................................. 82 

G.4.2 Vehicles with a value of brake force that varies in proportion to the load .................................... 83 

G.4.3 Factors to be considered in the derivation of brake force .............................................................. 84 

G.5 References (UK Standards) ................................................................................................................ 85 

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the EssentialRequirements of EC Directive 2008/27/EC ....................................................................................... 87 

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 88 

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Foreword

This document (prEN 14531-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railwayapplications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.

This document will supersede EN 14531-1:2005.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and theEuropean Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.

This series of European Standards EN 14531, Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping andslowing distances and immobilization braking consists of:

    Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles;

    Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles.

The two Parts are interrelated and should be considered together when conducting the step by stepcalculation of stopping and slowing distances.

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Introduction

The objective of this European Standard is to enable the railway industries and operators to work with a

common calculation method.

It describes the general algorithms utilizing mean value calculation in the design and validation of brakeequipment and braking performance for all types of train sets and single vehicles. In addition the algorithmsprovide a means of comparing the results of other performance calculation methods.

To assist in the understanding of a standard it may be appropriate to include information in the form ofnormative annexes, and/or informative annexes and/or notes and examples.

Normative annexes give provisions that are mandatory and additional to those in the body of the document.The inclusion of normative annexes is optional. An annex’s normative status is made clear by the way inwhich it is referred to in the text, by an indication in the table of contents and under the heading of the annex.

Informative annexes give additional information that is not mandatory but intended to assist the understandingor use of the document. They do not contain mandatory requirements, except in the case of optionalrequirements. The inclusion of Informative annexes is optional. An annex’s informative status is made clear bythe way in which it is referred to in the text, by an indication in the table of contents and under the heading ofthe annex. Informative annexes may contain optional requirements. For example, a test method that isoptional may contain requirements but there is no need to comply with these requirements to claimcompliance with the document.

Notes and examples integrated in the text of a document are only used for giving additional information that isnot mandatory, but are intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. These elements do notcontain requirements or any information considered indispensable for the use of the document.

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1 Scope

This European Standard describes general algorithms which may be used for all types of train sets, units orsingle vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons.

This standard does not specify the performance requirements. It enables the estimation and,/or comparisonby calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy,power, force calculations and immobilization braking.

If it is required to validate, verify or assess braking performance it is recommended that a more detailedcalculation is performed in accordance with prEN 14531-2, i. e. a step by step calculation.

This European Standard contains generic examples of the calculation of brake forces for individual brakeequipment types and calculation of stopping distance and immobilisation braking relevant to a train (see

 Annex C and D).

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and areindispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 14067-2, Railway applications — Aerodynamics — Part 2: Aerodynamics on open track  

EN 14478, Railway applications — Braking — Generic vocabulary

prEN 14531-2,  Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances andimmobilisation braking — Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles

ISO 80000-3, Quantities and units Part 3: Space and time.

ISO 80000-4, Quantities and units Part 4: Mechanics

3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in EN 14478, prEN 14531-2, ISO 80000-3 andISO 80000-4, and the following apply.

3.1.1static mass per axle

mass measured by weighing at the wheel-rail interface, or estimated from design evaluation, of each axle in astationary condition for each operating condition required e. g. operational mass in working order, as definedin EN 15563

3.1.2static mass of the trainsummation of all the static mass values per entity e. g. per axle, for each operating condition

3.1.3equivalent rotating masslinear conversion of the moment of inertia due to rotating parts coupled to the wheelsets during braking e.g.brake disc, gear wheel etc.

3.1.4brake equipment type (i )group of equipment the purpose of which is to provide braking force

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