en l an 2000 100 ans d expérience sur la vapeur armstrong international 100 years of experience in...
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en l ’an 2000 100 ans d ’expérience sur la vapeur
Armstrong International 100 years of experience in
Steam applications
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The purpose of a condensate steam trap.
To obtain a maximum efficiency and productivity from an installations, a steam trap should not only provide the separation of water and steam. A number of criteria, grouped in four categories must be satisfied.
• Operation and output• Energy conservation• Maintenance and life span• Installation/investment
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Operating criteria
• Instant condensate evacuation • Adapt to flow variations• Adapt to upstream pressure variations • Functioning in presence of back pressure • Venting of non-condensables on start-up• Venting of non-condensables at steam temperature • Insensitive to climatic changes• Pressure/flow operating range• Follow the saturation curve. • Check valve fonction
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Energy conservation criteria
• Tight shut off valve and seat arrangement• No leaks at body joints• Tight shut-off at closure or no delay at closure• Efficient at low flow• Possibility of trap insulation• Sub-cooling energy conservation
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Maintenance and life span criteria
• Ability to handle dirt• Resistance to wear• Internal and external corrosion resistance• Resistance to superheat• Water hammer resistance• Resistance to damage from freezing• Easy maintenance • Easy and fast trap testing diagnostic
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Assembly and investment Criteria
• Capacity / size ratio
• Price
• Ease of installation
• Application versatility
• Spare parts prices
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Steam straps various technology
Type Method of operation Family
Mechanical Density differencial I.B. F.&.T
Temperature Temperature differencial B.M Capsule
Thermodynamics Speed differencial T.D
Venturi Pressure loss Orifice
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Inverted bucket steam trap.Principal of operation
(I.B.)
sortie
entrée
Inlet
Outlet
Valve and seat
Bucket
Lever
Inlet Tube
Start up mode
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Steam + Air
Condensate
Presence of steam = Steam trap closing
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Condensation phase and incoming condensate
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Steam trap opening – elimination of condensate
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Operational Forces
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IB Steam trap Avantages
• No loss of live steam : the steam trap water seal prevent the loss of steam.
• Continuous condensate discharge
• Long life expectancy
• Water hammer resistance
• Remove air and CO2 at saturated steam temperature
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IB Steam trap Advantages
• Adapt to upstream pressure variations
• Instant response to condensate load variations
• Not affected by dirt because of its discharge orifice at the top of the trap and the syphon effect when the orifice is completely open
• Fail open steam trap
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Important details of conception
The mechanism is free-floating
Valve continues to seat itself deeper with wear, preserving a tight seal.
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IB Steam trap inconveniencies
• For all the models , except the models with connector, the IB should be installed only on horizontal or vertical lines.
• Some model have a tendency to pass live steam on superheated steam application, if proper piping installation is not done .
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Operation principals of Float & Thermostatic steam trap
FloatWater seal valve
Thermostatic air vent
levier
Start up mode
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Presence of steam - Thermostatic air vent closing
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F & T steam trap advantages
• Can vent a large quantity of non-condensables because the air vent mechanism is distinct from the steam trap condensate mechanism.
• Continuous condensate discharge without retaining water upstream of the steam trap
• The discharge orifice is surrounded by a water seal, preventing live steam loss.
• Capable of handling large capacity of condensate
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F & T steam trap inconveniences
• Because the orifice is at the bottom of the trap and the continuous discharge principle this steam trap is sensitive to dirt.
• When steam is shut off, water stays in the steam trap body becoming sensitive to frost damage.
• Water hammer can damage the float by implosion and destroy the thermostatic element.
• Can’t be used in superheated steam because of thermostatic element limitations.
• Fail close position.
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Operation principals of thermodynamics steam traps
Discharge orifice
Disc
Pressure chamber
Seat
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Steam
CondensateFlash Steam
The steam penetrates inside the steam trap
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The steam occupies the chamber capacity – Steam trap closing
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Condensation of steam in the steam trap chamber
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The steam trap air binds in presence of non-condensable
Air
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This problem appears frequently at start-up.
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Operational Forces
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Features of a thermodynamic steam trap
• Small, light weight, easy to install.
• One size orifice for all pressure ranges,
• Stock reduction.
• Large capacity in proportion to it’s size.
• It’s one mobile part make it resistant to ‘’water hammer’’.
• Competitive pricing
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Inconveniences of the thermodynamic steam trap
• The disc opening cycle depends on the pressure over the disc. The climatic conditions therefore influence the operation of each cycle, by cooling the body of the trap, where a rapid condensation of the steam and a pressure drop occur over the disc.
• Operation cycle, fast at low loads, cause a premature wear and tear.
• The operation cycle speeds up when seat wear appears, this accelerates the wearing process and reduces the service life of the steam trap.
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Inconveniences of the thermodynamic steam trap
• Does not close if back pressure reaches 50 % of upstream pressure.
• A steam trap leak could drive other steam traps that are connected to the same line system to leak.
• Does not close if a pressure drops under 5 psi.
• The requirements specified for the surface conditions, makes it very sensitive to dirt.
• No instant reaction to condensate loads variations. Retains the condensate between cycles.
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2 main reasons why the TD steam trap wear and tear rapidly
Snap closure of the discagainst the seat at each cycle.
High velocity outlet = prematureerosion of disc and lost, of seat tightness.
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Operation principals of thermostatic bellow steam strap
Bellow
Valve
Alcohol
Seat
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Operation principal of thermostatic bellow steam strap
Condensatecooling
Steam
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Operation principal of thermostatic wafer steam trap
Diaphragm
Distilled water+ alcohol
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Wafer steam trap opening curve
Delta T
Pressure (psig)
tem
pera
tue Steam
Water
Saturation curve
Open Steam trap
Close Steam trap
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Operational Forces
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Advantages of Wafer Steam trap and Bellow Steam strap
• In general sizes are small and light
• Reduces the amount of flash steam
• Allows sensible heat recuperation
• Will adapt to pressure and discharge variations
• At start-up, it will remove the non-condensables
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Inconveniences of bellow steam trap
• Sensitive to dirt• Upstream condensate retention (sub cooling)
causes a reduction in Ph which develops corrosion and premature wear
• Sensitive to water hammer• Not adapted for superheated steam• Can fail close
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Bimetallic Steam Trap
Bimetallic strips
Inverted valve
Adjusting screw
Valve stem
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Air at Start-Up
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Condensateat start-up
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Steam
Condensate
Flash Steam
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Steam+air
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Operational Forces
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Opening curve of a Bimetallic Steam Trap
Delta T
pressure
tem
pera
ture steam
water
Saturated curved
Close steam trap
Open steam trap
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Bimetallic Steam Trap Advantages
• Ability to handle start-up air loads
• Recuperation of sensible heat
• Reduces the amount of flash steam
• Resistance to water hammer
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Bimetallic Steam Trap inconveniences
• Sensitive to dirt
• Sensitive to back pressure
• Sensible to upstream pressure variation
• Improper continuous air venting
• Not adapted for process applications
• Valid capacity curves for a given temperature
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Selection methodology for condensate steam trap
Steam Main Boiler Header Unit Heather Exchanger Tracing Drum dryer
Q=L.M.Cs.t.60 Q=V..Cs.t Q=<1 kg/h.m r.temps r
Q= Cap. Boiler Q=V..Cs.t Q=L.Ø..35 kg/h.m²0,1 r
Qx1,5 QX2 QX2 QX2 Aucun Q x3 à 5 QX3 QX3Application
Calculation of flow in kg/hSafety margin