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58
End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We Learn About Aging in Place? Assisted Housing Research Cadre Report U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development  |  Office of Policy Development and Research

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Page 1: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing What Can We Learn About Aging in Place

Assisted Housing Research Cadre Report

US Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research

End of Participation in Assisted Housing What Can We Learn About Aging in Place

Prepared for US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research

Authors Gretchen Locke Ken Lam Meghan Henry Scott Brown Abt Associates Inc

February 2011

Assisted Housing Research Cadre Report

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development or the US Government

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Preface

Approximately 37 percent of households that receive HUD housing assistance are headed by an elderly person This report is about the demographics of the elderly residents who receive assistance from HUD It presents the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and discusses the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible avoiding costly moves to nursing homes and other long-term care

In recent years elderly tenants left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit Some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing Key findings include the following bull Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the assisted multifamily housing programs (30 percent) and lowest in the Housing Choice Voucher program (21 percent) bull Housing occupied primarily by elderly persons seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages than housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high-poverty neighborhoods

The report contains a review of recent literature on lsquoaging in placersquo that finds that the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services but that costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases In fact assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs

The reportrsquos review of the literature also notes that to age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated these elements of universal design programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by Housing Choice Voucher holders may not have these accessibility features The report concludes with recommendations for future research

iii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi CHAPTER 1 DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 1

11 Data Sources 1 12 Methodology 1

diams Identifying Program Exits 2 diams Identifying Housing Type 4

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File 4 CHAPTER 2 FINDINGS 10

21 EOP for All Program Types 10 22 Regional Differences in EOP 10 23 EOP and Household Characteristics 13

diams Gender Disability Status and Race 13 diams Household Size and EOP 15

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP 16 diams Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP 17 diams EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics 18

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW RESULTS 19 31 Identifying At-Risk Households 19 32 Promoting Aging in Place 20 33 Lessons from Promising Program Models 22 34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators 24

CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON AGING IN PLACE IN ASSISTED HOUSING 26

diams Extending the EOP Analysis 26 diams Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place 26 diams Adapting Promising Program Models 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TABLES 30

iv

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method 3 Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type

5 Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 6 Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 7 Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8 Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8

2000-2008 9 Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types 10 Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008 11 Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008 12 Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household 13 Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More 14 Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP 16 Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates 17 Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type 18

v

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 2: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing What Can We Learn About Aging in Place

Prepared for US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research

Authors Gretchen Locke Ken Lam Meghan Henry Scott Brown Abt Associates Inc

February 2011

Assisted Housing Research Cadre Report

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development or the US Government

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Preface

Approximately 37 percent of households that receive HUD housing assistance are headed by an elderly person This report is about the demographics of the elderly residents who receive assistance from HUD It presents the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and discusses the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible avoiding costly moves to nursing homes and other long-term care

In recent years elderly tenants left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit Some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing Key findings include the following bull Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the assisted multifamily housing programs (30 percent) and lowest in the Housing Choice Voucher program (21 percent) bull Housing occupied primarily by elderly persons seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages than housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high-poverty neighborhoods

The report contains a review of recent literature on lsquoaging in placersquo that finds that the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services but that costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases In fact assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs

The reportrsquos review of the literature also notes that to age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated these elements of universal design programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by Housing Choice Voucher holders may not have these accessibility features The report concludes with recommendations for future research

iii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi CHAPTER 1 DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 1

11 Data Sources 1 12 Methodology 1

diams Identifying Program Exits 2 diams Identifying Housing Type 4

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File 4 CHAPTER 2 FINDINGS 10

21 EOP for All Program Types 10 22 Regional Differences in EOP 10 23 EOP and Household Characteristics 13

diams Gender Disability Status and Race 13 diams Household Size and EOP 15

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP 16 diams Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP 17 diams EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics 18

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW RESULTS 19 31 Identifying At-Risk Households 19 32 Promoting Aging in Place 20 33 Lessons from Promising Program Models 22 34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators 24

CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON AGING IN PLACE IN ASSISTED HOUSING 26

diams Extending the EOP Analysis 26 diams Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place 26 diams Adapting Promising Program Models 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TABLES 30

iv

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method 3 Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type

5 Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 6 Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 7 Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8 Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8

2000-2008 9 Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types 10 Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008 11 Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008 12 Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household 13 Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More 14 Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP 16 Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates 17 Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type 18

v

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 3: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development or the US Government

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Preface

Approximately 37 percent of households that receive HUD housing assistance are headed by an elderly person This report is about the demographics of the elderly residents who receive assistance from HUD It presents the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and discusses the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible avoiding costly moves to nursing homes and other long-term care

In recent years elderly tenants left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit Some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing Key findings include the following bull Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the assisted multifamily housing programs (30 percent) and lowest in the Housing Choice Voucher program (21 percent) bull Housing occupied primarily by elderly persons seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages than housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high-poverty neighborhoods

The report contains a review of recent literature on lsquoaging in placersquo that finds that the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services but that costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases In fact assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs

The reportrsquos review of the literature also notes that to age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated these elements of universal design programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by Housing Choice Voucher holders may not have these accessibility features The report concludes with recommendations for future research

iii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi CHAPTER 1 DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 1

11 Data Sources 1 12 Methodology 1

diams Identifying Program Exits 2 diams Identifying Housing Type 4

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File 4 CHAPTER 2 FINDINGS 10

21 EOP for All Program Types 10 22 Regional Differences in EOP 10 23 EOP and Household Characteristics 13

diams Gender Disability Status and Race 13 diams Household Size and EOP 15

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP 16 diams Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP 17 diams EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics 18

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW RESULTS 19 31 Identifying At-Risk Households 19 32 Promoting Aging in Place 20 33 Lessons from Promising Program Models 22 34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators 24

CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON AGING IN PLACE IN ASSISTED HOUSING 26

diams Extending the EOP Analysis 26 diams Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place 26 diams Adapting Promising Program Models 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TABLES 30

iv

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method 3 Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type

5 Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 6 Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 7 Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8 Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8

2000-2008 9 Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types 10 Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008 11 Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008 12 Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household 13 Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More 14 Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP 16 Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates 17 Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type 18

v

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 4: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Preface

Approximately 37 percent of households that receive HUD housing assistance are headed by an elderly person This report is about the demographics of the elderly residents who receive assistance from HUD It presents the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and discusses the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible avoiding costly moves to nursing homes and other long-term care

In recent years elderly tenants left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit Some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing Key findings include the following bull Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the assisted multifamily housing programs (30 percent) and lowest in the Housing Choice Voucher program (21 percent) bull Housing occupied primarily by elderly persons seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages than housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high-poverty neighborhoods

The report contains a review of recent literature on lsquoaging in placersquo that finds that the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services but that costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases In fact assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs

The reportrsquos review of the literature also notes that to age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated these elements of universal design programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by Housing Choice Voucher holders may not have these accessibility features The report concludes with recommendations for future research

iii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi CHAPTER 1 DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 1

11 Data Sources 1 12 Methodology 1

diams Identifying Program Exits 2 diams Identifying Housing Type 4

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File 4 CHAPTER 2 FINDINGS 10

21 EOP for All Program Types 10 22 Regional Differences in EOP 10 23 EOP and Household Characteristics 13

diams Gender Disability Status and Race 13 diams Household Size and EOP 15

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP 16 diams Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP 17 diams EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics 18

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW RESULTS 19 31 Identifying At-Risk Households 19 32 Promoting Aging in Place 20 33 Lessons from Promising Program Models 22 34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators 24

CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON AGING IN PLACE IN ASSISTED HOUSING 26

diams Extending the EOP Analysis 26 diams Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place 26 diams Adapting Promising Program Models 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TABLES 30

iv

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method 3 Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type

5 Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 6 Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 7 Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8 Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8

2000-2008 9 Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types 10 Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008 11 Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008 12 Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household 13 Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More 14 Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP 16 Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates 17 Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type 18

v

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 5: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi CHAPTER 1 DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 1

11 Data Sources 1 12 Methodology 1

diams Identifying Program Exits 2 diams Identifying Housing Type 4

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File 4 CHAPTER 2 FINDINGS 10

21 EOP for All Program Types 10 22 Regional Differences in EOP 10 23 EOP and Household Characteristics 13

diams Gender Disability Status and Race 13 diams Household Size and EOP 15

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP 16 diams Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP 17 diams EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics 18

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW RESULTS 19 31 Identifying At-Risk Households 19 32 Promoting Aging in Place 20 33 Lessons from Promising Program Models 22 34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators 24

CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON AGING IN PLACE IN ASSISTED HOUSING 26

diams Extending the EOP Analysis 26 diams Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place 26 diams Adapting Promising Program Models 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TABLES 30

iv

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method 3 Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type

5 Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 6 Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 7 Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8 Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8

2000-2008 9 Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types 10 Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008 11 Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008 12 Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household 13 Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More 14 Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP 16 Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates 17 Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type 18

v

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 6: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method 3 Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type

5 Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 6 Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 7 Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8 Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008 8

2000-2008 9 Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types 10 Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008 11 Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008 12 Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household 13 Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More 14 Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP 16 Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates 17 Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type 18

v

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 7: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Executive Summary The average life expectancy of a senior citizen in the United States (that is someone who has reached the age of 65) is 186 years or roughly age 84 Between 2000 and 2030 the number of adults age 65 and over is expected to double from 35 million to more than 70 million resulting in a US population that is comprised of 20 percent older adults1 Most older adults and their families and caregivers prefer to live as independently as possible for as long as possible Further they believe that with appropriate care giving resources physical design changes and accessibility to needed services conventional residences can accommodate individuals with all types of limitations and chronic health conditions allowing older adults to avoid or delay leaving their independent housing for a higher level care such as a nursing home

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides critical housing resources to low income elderly households More than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by an elderly person (defined by HUD as at least age 62) Indeed just over one-quarter of elderly households leaving HUD-assisted housing between 2000 and 2008 were aged 85 or older when they left HUD would like to learn more about the demographics of elderly residents the agency assists the ages at which these residents leave assisted housing and the strategies that could enhance elderly householdsrsquo ability to live safely and comfortably in HUD-assisted housing for as long as possible To inform strategies to encourage and monitor such ldquoaging in placerdquo HUD requested that Abt Associates undertake this research on elderly householdsrsquo ldquoend of participationrdquo (EOP) in HUD-assisted housing programs

The research team used administrative data from HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant characteristics file for the period 2000 to 2008 to assess the age at which elderly households leave HUDrsquos housing programs This report summarizes our findings including describing patterns in age at EOP by HUD program (Section 202 Section 811162202D other assisted multifamily housing public housing and Housing Choice Vouchers) HUD region and selected household and neighborhood characteristics

The research team also reviewed recent literature on aging in place The review consists of three topic areas personal factors that affect nursing home admission program models of interventions to maximize aging in place and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

This report presents the findings of the research Key findings include the following

bull Across all HUD-assisted housing programs the average age at which elderly households leave assisted housing is 78 years bull The average age at end of participation (EOP) is highest for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily program types (79 years) and lowest for vouchers (76 years)2

bull A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at

1 US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy August 2006

2 The average for the Section 811 program type is actually lowest at 71 years but represents a very small share (less than 1 percent) of elderly households who exited HUD housing In this report we include the Section 811 program type findings in our tabulations but do not generally comment on them in the text because they represent so few exits

vi

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 8: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent) bull Households headed by a woman by someone who does not have a disability and who is white stay until more advanced average ages by two to four years than households headed by a male someone who has a disability or is a member of a minority group The proportion that stays until at least age 85 is much higher for women than men (30 percent vs 16 percent) and also for whites compared to members of minority groups (32 percent for whites vs 19 percent for blacks 20 percent for Hispanics and 23 percent for other minority groups) bull Households made up of a single individual stay until an older average age (76 years) compared to households with more than one person (72 years) bull When we look at Census data on neighborhood poverty rates we find that elderly households who were living in assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods were older on average at exit (79 years) than the average age of those who left housing in medium or high poverty neighborhoods (77 and 76 years respectively) The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines as poverty rate rises from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods bull Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to have greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to housing occupied primarily by non-elderly people even in high poverty neighborhoods bull Our literature review reports recent research results on identifying risk factors that may contribute to early departure from independent housing including age social connections and medical and psychiatric issues We also report lessons from the literature on key elements of aging in place strategies and program models that could be adapted to HUD-assisted housing We suggest ways to use current reporting to monitor progress as well as suggesting additional elements that would help HUD gage improvements in aging in place

The remainder of the report is organized as follows In Chapter 1 we review the sources of data used in the administrative data analysis and our methodology for analyzing the administrative data Our findings are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 presents the results of the literature review In Chapter 4 we provide a summary of the results and suggest areas for further research Supplemental tables are attached in Appendix A

vii

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 9: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 1 Data Sources and Methodology

11 Data Sources

The principal sources of HUD data for this analysis were from the HUD Office of Public and Indian Housingrsquos PIC (PIH Information Center) data and the HUD Office of Housingrsquos TRACS (Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System) data The PIC and TRACS data together cover the overwhelming majority of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

PIC is an electronic information system that allows local housing agencies to submit programmatic financial and household-level tenant information for participants in housing programs managed by HUDrsquos Office of Public amp Indian Housing including public housing the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation program The PIC data represent annual snapshots of the program participants The portion of the PIC data that is relevant to this task is the module of information collected by Form HUD-50058 It contains a wealth of demographic and location information on all household members residing in subsidized housing units Each record represents an assisted household Key data elements that are particularly useful for this study include the household headrsquos date of birth gender raceethnicity disability status household size HUD program type and project address

TRACS data are maintained by the Office of Housing TRACS is a parallel electronic system at HUD that collects information on households assisted by programs administered by the Office of Housing The portion of data relevant to this task is collected through Form HUD-50059 TRACS includes many of the same variables available from the PIC data While many of the assisted households in the PIC data are users of Housing Choice Vouchers participants of programs covered by the TRACS data are all tenants of project-based housing assistance programs including the Section 202 program and a number of other multifamily housing programs that serve elderly and non-elderly residents

HUDrsquos Office of Policy Development amp Research (PDampR) has maintained a longitudinal version of the research data file that contains the universe of records from both from PIC and TRACS covering the period from 1997 to the present For this study we used records from the longitudinal file that cover years 2000 to 2008

In addition to explore the correlation between household age at program exit and neighborhood characteristics the study team used census tract-level data from the 2000 Censusrsquo Summary File 3 (SF3) The demographic variables we used to characterize the neighborhood surrounding each of the HUD-assisted housing units included number of households with incomes below the poverty line number of households with a head of household aged 65 or older number of households who are members of racialethnic minority groups number of female-headed households with children and number of housing units occupied by renters

12 Methodology

The records in PDampRrsquos longitudinal analysis file represent annual (December) snapshots of households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs Each record represents the status of a household in December each year Over the years new household records were added to the database as new participants entered HUD-assisted housing At the same time other households exited the housing assistance programs These changes in participant status are reported in the database by the Action Type variable (trans_type) This is a key data element for our research Specifically in both the PIC and

1

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 10: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

TRACS systems newly entering households are indicated by trans_type=1 (new admission or initial certification) while program exits are coded as trans_type=6 (end of participation or program termination) In addition in TRACS trans_type=5 refers to move-outs These are also treated as exits

Identifying Program Exits

The study team found that the Action Type variable (EOP flag) was populated and logically consistent over the study period However when we used the unique household identifier and program admission date to track each householdrsquos status year by year over the study period we found that for about half the cases households apparently exited without an EOP flag That is the householdrsquos final record was prior to the end of the study period (2008) but the household did not have an Action Type of ldquoend of participationrdquo (trans_type=6) or (for TRACS only) move-out (trans_type=5) as its final status For these households we used the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method to estimate exit that is we assumed exit at the time of the last household record Thus for example a household who had records for 2000-2005 had no further records and had an Action Type other than ldquoend of participationrdquo in 2005 was counted as exiting the program in 2005 under this ldquorecord truncationrdquo assumption

These two flagsmdashEOP action type and record truncationmdashwere combined to create a single household exit flag Thus if a household had an EOP flag or the record truncation flag on its final record the household was assumed to have exited the program More specifically a household was assumed to have exited a program if the last record had an Action Type of program exit (trans_type=6) regardless of the year or if the final record was prior to 2008 (the end of the study period)

Households with a truncated exit type primarily had an action type of ldquoAnnual Recertificationrdquo or ldquoInterim Recertificationrdquo The remaining truncated exits had small counts and were spread relatively evenly among the remaining action types3

Exhibit 1-1 tabulates the distribution of household exits identified by the EOP flag versus the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method separately by program type and reporting year It shows that for the TRACS data a sizable number of the exits were identified by the ldquorecord truncationrdquo method The rate was almost half in some years for the other multifamily program type In contrast for the PIC data the majority of the exits were identified by the EOP flag Given that the rate of program exits appears to be relatively stable over time we are reasonably confident that the truncation method neither overstates nor understates program exits enough to be concerning

We also found that a notable proportion of households in the TRACS data (36 percent) had a zero for action type in 2008 Zero action is not defined in the data dictionary from HUD but we assumed these households did not exit

2

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 11: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-1 Distribution of Household Exits Identified by the EOP Flag and Record Truncation Method

Year

TRACS Data PIC Data

All Section 202 All Section 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits identified

by EOP flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

HH exits

identified by EOP

flag

HH exits identified

by truncation

2000 79 21 79 21 65 35 66 34 68 32 2001 66 34 68 32 52 48 51 49 59 41 2002 69 31 66 34 52 48 87 13 77 23 2003 79 21 77 23 73 27 89 11 79 21 2004 63 37 56 44 52 48 90 10 84 16 2005 82 18 78 22 75 25 89 11 84 16 2006 79 21 78 22 73 27 91 9 86 14 2007 74 26 67 33 70 30 73 27 73 27 2008 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

3

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 12: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

For each annual extract there are a very small number of households (less than 1 percent) with multiple records per household ID We kept only the last record per household based on the date of action indicated in the database In addition over the study period a small number of households (less than 1 percent) contain multiple records of entry and end of participation (exits) Apparently these households exited the program and then re-entered the program again at a later time For the purpose of this analysis we counted only the last program exit

Identifying Housing Type

For this analysis HUD is particularly interested in aging in place among elderly households (defined as household heads who are age 62 or older) whether they live in elderly housing or not However HUD staff also expressed interest in looking at differences in age at end of participation for tenants in elderly public or multifamily housing compared to housing not limited to the elderly

Unfortunately there is no variable in HUDrsquos tenant-level administrative database to identify whether a household lives in elderly housing In consultation with HUD we developed rules for defining housing primarily occupied by elderly households We can assume nearly all residents of Section 202 housing are elderly4 To determine whether or not a tenant lives in elderly public housing or other multifamily housing built primarily to serve the elderly we grouped the households by HUD project code for each annual data extract and tabulated the ages of heads of household for each project code to determine the proportion of households who are age 62 or older5

We then established thresholds for identifying housing occupied primarily by elderly households There were relatively few public housing developments with high concentrations of elderly tenants so we had to set the threshold relatively low For public housing if more than 60 percent of heads of household in a project are elderly we designated the project as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo for the purposes of this analysis For other HUD-assisted privately owned multifamily projects if more than 80 percent of heads of household are elderly the project was designated as ldquoprimarily elderly occupiedrdquo in this study This distinction does not apply for housing voucher program participants These households have tenant-based assistance that they may use to rent housing in the private market These tenants are not necessarily living in multifamily housing and even if they are data for unassisted households is not available

After the elderly housing flag was created we selected from the longitudinal analysis file all household heads who were age 62 or older at any time during the 2000-2008 study period This included some household heads who were 61 or younger at the time of program admission This serves as the studyrsquos analysis file

13 Characteristics of the Analysis File

We examined the age at exit of these elderly households separately by HUD program type Our definition of HUD program type was based on a combination of the Program Type variable in the HUD database plus the project code and contract number variables The categories are

4 Some older Section 202 projects may permit admission of non-elderly applicants who have disabilities 5 Project code for households assisted by FHArsquos multifamily programs represents the FHA project number It is

possible that multiple FHA project numbers can be associated with a project HUD staff provided the study team with a crosswalk file to identify projects with multiple project codes However we found that using the crosswalk file to group the project codes did not make an appreciable difference in the overall project counts

4

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 13: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

bull All Section 202 This includes the PRAC Section 202 and the older Section 202 with a Section 8 rental assistance contract bull All Section 811 This includes the PRAC Section 811 Sec 202162 PRAC and older Section 202811 bull All Other Assisted Multifamily Housing This includes the Section 8 (excluding the Section 202 and 811 identified in the previous categories) Rent Supplement RAP Section 236 and Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) programs bull Public Housing bull Housing Choice Vouchers

The distribution of households across all program types by reporting year is presented in Exhibit 2-2 below It is worth reiterating that because of the database structures each row of numbers in the exhibit represents an annual snapshot of households assisted by HUD during the referenced year For example the exhibit shows that as of December 2008 there were about 49 million households assisted by HUDrsquos rental assistance programs

The largest share of households was served in the voucher program type with some 21 million households (44 percent of the total) The other multifamily assisted and public housing programs served the next largest shares with 26 percent and 23 percent of assisted households respectively Section 202 served a small share of all households (about 5 percent) but is a key provider of housing for the elderly The Section 811 category which also includes the earlier Section 162 and 202D programs serves just 1 percent of all assisted housing households These programs are targeted to non-elderly persons with disabilities Applicants must be non-elderly (under age 62) at program admission but they may continue living in the Section 811162202D housing after they reach age 62

Exhibit 1-2 Number of HUD-Assisted Households by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

HUD Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

Count Row Count Row

2000 2001

201378 6 14217 0 1181807 33 898614 25 1297050 36 3593066 100

211527 5 16169 0 1215362 30 1021558 25 1650871 40 4115487 100 2002 231463 6 19498 0 1312760 32 855538 21 1646608 40 4065867 100 2003 227384 5 19613 0 1158245 27 965279 23 1878144 44 4248665 100 2004 246941 6 23242 1 1315369 29 1021214 23 1875670 42 4482436 100 2005 259935 6 26464 1 1371711 30 1045346 23 1919208 41 4622664 100 2006 250689 5 26639 1 1284682 27 1154803 24 2069416 43 4786229 100 2007 259793 5 30371 1 1356641 26 1167565 23 2291713 45 5106083 100 2008 255021 5 30198 1 1303357 26 1163722 23 2171348 44 4923646 100

The distribution of HUD-assisted projects looks somewhat different from the distribution of households as shown in Exhibit 1-3 below We have excluded vouchers from this exhibit because these tenant-based subsidies are not associated with specific projects The number and percent of projects by reporting year within our study period for the remaining program types is presented in the exhibit

5

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 14: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

As of the end of 2008 the public housing stock made up 31 percent of the HUD-assisted projects while other assisted multifamily housing made up about 36 percent6 While the Section 202 program only serves about 5 percent of HUD-assisted households (as noted above) in 2008 the program accounted for about 23 percent of the overall project count

Exhibit 1-3 Number of HUD- Assisted Projects by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Sec 202 Count Row

4675 16 4850 16 4962 17 5083 17 5278 17 5326 18 5393 18 5552 18 5478 23

All Sec 811 Count Row

1206 4 1344 4 1504 5 1668 6 1883 6 2015 7 2202 7 2414 8 2476 11

All Other Assisted Multifamily

Count Row 10274 35 10313 34 10200 34

9281 32 9650 32 9482 31 9005 30 8979 29 8389 36

Public Housing Count Row 13326 45 13451 45 12541 42 13061 45 13397 44 13365 44 13769 45 14134 45

7201 31

All Count Row 29504 100 30174 100 29611 100 29148 100 30237 100 30211 100 30373 100 31081 100 23547 100

Exhibit 1-4 tabulates the exits from HUD-assisted housing by year including exits from projects that meet our criteria for elderly occupancy housing and those that we designated as primarily non-elderly housing Both elderly and non-elderly households are included in this exhibit The percentage columns represent the exit rate among households of the respective program type and reporting year For example in 2000 a total of 17 437 households assisted by the Section 202 program exited the program They represented 9 percent of all household served in Section 202 projects in that year

Although the number of public housing projects appears to have dropped substantially from 2007 to 2008 this was not actually the case In that year HUDrsquos Office of the Public and Indian Housing (PIH) introduced asset management reform which resulted in changes to the ways costs are attributed to public housing developments As part of the reforms individual projects may be grouped together for cost allocation purposes HUD counts each group as one project resulting in an overall reduction in the total number of projects in the public housing stock

6

6

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 15: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-4 All Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 1213 9 151483 13 151400 17 173519 13

2001 26198 12 2161 13 223387 18 156537 15 202927 12

2002 35788 15 3334 17 317500 24 130701 15 230218 14

2003 24055 11 2385 12 167245 14 117044 12 186409 10

2004 20912 8 2408 10 174228 13 136019 13 203113 11

2005 40834 16 4876 18 290361 21 149499 14 235509 12

2006 29844 12 3826 14 212996 17 170236 15 162356 8

2007 37222 14 5584 18 265103 20 185140 16 382920 17

2008 439 0 36 0 18342 1 146496 13 206016 9

Total Across Years

232729 11 25823 13 1820645 16 1343072 14 1982987 12

All

HH Exited

495052

611210

717541

497138

536680

721079

579258

875969

371329

5405256

HH Exited

14

15

18

12

12

16

12

17

8

14

The sudden drop in exits in 2008 for Section 202 Section 811 and other assisted multifamily program types was an artifact of the truncation of the data available for this analysis Because 2008 is the last year of the HUD data available we were limited to using the Action Type variable (EOP flag) alone to identify exits and were not able to identify other exited households This artifact did not appear to affect the count of exits for public housing and vouchers

From all the households that exited HUD-assisted housing we next identified those who were elderly at the time they left Exhibit 1-5 presents the exit rates and distribution of these households by exit year and program type This subset of approximately 14 million elderly households makes up our analysis universe for this research

It is interesting that the annual exit rates among elderly households were almost identical to those among all households In Exhibit 1-6 we show the row percentages of these households to show how exits are distributed among the HUD programs each year For example it indicates that in 2000 the majority of elderly household exits were in the other assisted (35 percent) and public housing (34 percent) program types

7

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 16: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 1-5 Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

HH Exited

2000 17437 9 100 9 45710 9 44749 17 25425 13 133421 12

2001 26198 12 206 15 69563 14 47525 15 30849 12 174341 14

2002 35788 15 354 17 93599 18 39982 15 34863 14 204586 16

2003 24055 11 253 11 51306 11 33695 11 28052 10 137361 11

2004 20912 8 301 11 56695 11 38341 12 29831 10 146080 10

2005 40834 16 575 18 91590 17 41630 13 35809 11 210438 14

2006 29844 12 494 15 65874 13 46533 13 25448 7 168193 11

2007 37222 14 720 19 81484 15 49724 14 59724 15 228874 15

2008 439 0 3 0 3204 1 35080 10 30160 8 68886 4

Total Across Years

232729 11 3006 12 559025 12 377259 13 300161 11 1472180 12

Exhibit 1-6 Number of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Year 2000-2008

Year

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Row

of HH

Row of HH Row

of HH Row of HH Row

of HH Row

2000 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 130609 100

2001 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 170273 100

2002 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18 198640 100

2003 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 133547 100

2004 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 142794 100

2005 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 204335 100

2006 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 163744 100

2007 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 223444 100

2008 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44 68779 100

Total Across Years

196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21 1436165 100

A Note on the All Section 811 Program Type As shown in the exhibits above there were very few departures of elderly households from the All Section 811 program type We assume this is because these projects serve households that are non-elderly and disabled at admission While households may remain

8

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 17: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

in the housing after they reach age 62 it is possible that because of their disabilities these households may be more likely to need a higher level of care at a younger age than among the general HUD-assisted population We include the results of our analyses for the Section 811 program type but do not generally comment on the results in the text because the numbers are so small

For this analysis we are interested in looking at end of participation (EOP) for elderly households living in housing occupied primarily by people who are elderly compared to elderly households living in mixed occupancy housing that is housing occupied by both elderly and non-elderly households Again we have dropped the voucher program type because these are households using tenant-based assistance that is not associated with a particular project

In Exhibit 1-7 we report the counts of households who left housing projects occupied primarily by elderly households and those who left projects primarily occupied by non-elderly tenants As expected a large majority (89 percent) of households who left Section 811 projects had been living in primarily non-elderly housing Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the households that left other assisted multifamily housing had been living in primarily non-elderly projects while the remaining one-third were in primarily elderly projects Just over half (58 percent) of elderly public housing residents were living in primarily non-elderly developments and the rest (42 percent) were living in primarily elderly public housing

The exhibit also shows the average age at EOP for departing elderly households in each housing program type Leaving out the All Section 811 program type the average age for households leaving primarily elderly housing ranges from 76 to 80 years In the next chapter we take a closer look at patterns in average age at EOP and at evidence of aging in place in HUD-assisted housing as indicated by retention of tenants to at least age 85

Exhibit 1-7 Count of Elderly Households Exited by Program Type and Project Occupancy Type 2000-2008

Type of Project

Program Type

All All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Primarily Family Occupancy

Avg Age 2670 89 366810 66 218168 58 587648 50

71 78 75 76 Primarily Elderly Occupancy 232729 100 336 11 192215 34 159091 42 584371 50 Avg Age 79 78 78 80 80 All 232729 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 1172019 100

9

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 18: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 2 Findings This chapter presents the findings of our analyses of administrative data on end of participation (EOP) We report patterns in EOP across HUD regions and program types as well as across different household and neighborhood types The key indicators we emphasize are the average age at EOP and the proportion of elderly residents who stay until at least age 85 The latter analyses help inform the extent to which HUD assisted programs are retaining tenants until more advanced ages

A note on data presentation In Section 31 below we present a detailed table of the number and percent of households in age categories followed by a summary by average age at EOP In the remainder of this chapter we have tabulated the proportions of households leaving at age 85 or more Additional detailed tables showing the age categories may be found in Appendix A

21 EOP for All Program Types

Average age at EOP for all program types is 78 years as shown in Exhibit 2-1 Across programs the average ranges from a low of 76 years for the voucher program type to a high of 79 years for the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing program types

A sizeable share of elderly households stays in assisted housing until an advanced age Across all program types 27 percent of elderly households who left during the study period were at least age 85 at exit The proportion staying until at least age 85 was highest in the other assisted multifamily housing program type (30 percent) and lowest in the voucher program type (21 percent)

Exhibit 2-1 Age at EOP for All Program Types

Age at EOP

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

of HH Column

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2 All Households 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77 76

22 Regional Differences in EOP

The average age at EOP varies by HUD region as shown in Exhibit 2-2 The average age at EOP across all programs shown in the first column ranges from 76 years for the Southwest to 79 years for New

10

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 19: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

England Within program types (excluding the All Section 811 category) the lowest average ages at EOP are in the voucher program type where households in the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Southwest and Northwest leave at an average age of 75 As expected the highest average ages at EOP tend to be in the All Section 202 program type The All Section 202 program type for the New YorkNew Jersey HUD region has the highest average EOP at 81 years

Exhibit 2-2 Average Age at Exit of Elderly Households by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region

New England

New YorkNew Jersey

Mid Atlantic

SoutheastCaribbean

Midwest

Southwest

Great Plains

Rocky Mountain

Pacific

Northwest

Unknown

All

79

78

78

77

78

76

79

78

78

77

77

All Sec 202

80

81

80

78

80

78

80

78

79

78

78

All Sec 811

73

70

71

72

71

71

71

71

70

68

72

Program Type

All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing

80 78

79 77

79 76

77 76

79 78

76 77

79 79

79 79

79 76

78 76

76 77

Vouchers

77

78

75

75

76

75

76

76

76

75

75

There is even more variation across HUD regions in the proportion of households who leave HUD-assisted housing at age 85 or more as shown in Exhibit 2-3 Across all regions and program types the Southwest has the lowest rate of EOPs at age 85 or more at 15 percent for the voucher program type The Section 202 program type in the New England region has the largest proportion of households leaving at age 85 or more at 35 percent

The ranges within program type are larger than we observed in average ages indicating there are regional differences in the experience of HUD-assisted housing in retaining older residents For example in the other assisted multifamily housing program type the proportion of EOPs at age 85 or more ranges from a low of 22 percent in the Southwest to a high of 34 percent in New England The New England and New YorkNew Jersey regions seem to have a particularly high rate of voucher holders staying until advanced ages with 25 and 27 percent respectively For public housing EOPs at age 85 or more range from just 19 percent of exits in the Pacific region to 31 percent in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions

11

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 20: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Exhibit 2-3 Proportion of Elderly Households Exited at Age 85+ by HUD Region 2000-2008

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public

Housing Vouchers

New England 31 35 10 34 26 25 New YorkNew Jersey 28 33 8 30 23 27 Mid Atlantic 26 30 9 31 20 18 SoutheastCaribbean 22 25 12 24 20 17 Midwest 29 31 8 31 27 21 Southwest 21 25 7 22 23 15 Great Plains 30 32 9 33 31 21 Rocky Mountain 28 28 9 31 31 22 Pacific 24 27 9 28 19 22 Northwest 22 26 4 26 20 17 Unknown 24 27 12 18 25 17 All 26 29 10 29 24 21

The differences across HUD regions are interesting but difficult to explain It may be that average life expectancy differs by region It may also be that nursing home admission criteria or the availability of other affordable living situations with higher levels of care (such as assisted living) may differ by region Nursing home data reported in 2008 show that differences exist in the age of residents by region The proportion of residents over the age of 85 is highest in the Midwest (32 percent of all nursing home residents who were 85 and older) and the South (31 percent) Just over one-quarter of all nursing home residents who were at least 85 were living in the Northeast region while 13 percent were living in nursing homes in the West7

The US Census data reveal a similar geographic distribution of the older population in the US Approximately 37 percent of people over the age of 65 and 34 percent of people over age 85 live in the South The Midwest accounts for 23 percent of both the population over 65 and the population over 85 8

Only 19 percent of the over-65 population and 21 percent of the over-85 population live in the Northeast These distributions may drive the regional differences seen in departures from HUD-assisted housing The availability of housing- or community-based assistance to support aging in place may also differ Additionally the availability of such supports would depend on a number of factors that could include the concentration of HUD-assisted housing staffed by service coordinators and the availability of state or Medicaid-funded community-based supports available to low income seniors

7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nursing Home Survey 2004 Nursing Home Current Residents Report June 2008 httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatannhsdEstimatesnnhsEstimates_Demographics_TablespdfTable01

8 US Census Bureau 2008 American Community Survey 1 year estimates Table B01001

12

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 21: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

23 EOP and Household Characteristics

This section reviews the findings on EOP and household characteristics We begin by looking at average ages at EOP for heads of households by gender disability status and race of the head of household across program types We then review findings on the role of household characteristics in the proportion of households that stay to at least age 85 across program types Finally we look at patterns in EOP based on household size comparing households with only one member to those with more than one member

Gender Disability Status and Race

Households headed by someone who is female does not have a disability and who is white have higher average ages at EOP than those headed by someone who is male has a disability or is a member of a minority group as shown in Exhibit 2-4

Households with a female head stay until they are two to four years older on average than those headed by a male This is not surprising and could be explained simply by the longer average life expectancy of women compared to men The difference in age at EOP among households headed by someone who is white have a similar magnitude of difference ndash two to four years ndash compared to those who are members of minority groups The differences among minority groups (blacks Hispanics and other) are small

Disability appears to play a larger role in average age at EOP especially in the Section 202 program where disabled heads leave 15 years earlier on average and in the other multifamily assisted housing programs where disabled households leave 14 years earlier on average This may be an artifact of the way disability status is captured however Elderly heads of household who enter Section 202 or other multifamily assisted housing after age 62 are classified as elderly whether they have a disability or not Many likely do have some sort of disability but this goes unreported The gaps between average age at EOP for households with and without a disabled head of household are considerably less in the public housing and voucher programs (four to five years)

Exhibit 2-4 Average Age at EOP by Characteristics of Heads of Household

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled

White Non-

Hispanic

Black Non-

Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 75 79 73 79 79 76 76 78 All Section 202 76 80 64 79 80 77 78 79 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted

70 72 63 72 70 73 75 71

Multifamily 76 80 67 79 80 76 76 78 Public Housing 75 78 74 79 79 76 76 76

Vouchers 74 77 74 78 77 74 76 74

13

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 22: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

The patterns in HUD-assisted households who exit at age 85 or more is similar to what we saw in the data on average age at EOP above households headed by women by a non-disabled person and by a white are more likely to be at least age 85 at exit The differences in proportions based on the characteristics of the household vary somewhat more dramatically however as shown in Exhibit 2-5 For example almost twice as many femalendashheaded households stay until age 85 or more compared to male-headed households across almost all program types The exception is households leaving the voucher program type where the difference in proportions is a little smaller The differences based on disability status are again quite large probably because of the under-reporting of disability among the elderly noted above And again the differences are smaller in the public housing and voucher programs than they are in the Section 202 and other assisted multifamily housing programs

The proportion of households headed by someone who is white and at least age 85 at exit is 9 to 14 percentage points higher than the proportion of households headed by members of minority groups who stay to a similarly advanced age The differences among minority groups are generally nominal although Hispanics in the voucher programs do seem somewhat more likely to stay at least to age 85 (21 percent) compared to blacks or members of other minority groups (15 percent for each group)

Exhibit 2-5 Household Characteristics and EOP of Age 85 or More

Program Type

Gender Disability Status Race

Male Female Disabled Non-

disabled White Non-

Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Other

All Program Types 16 30 13 30 32 19 20 23 All Section 202 19 33 2 30 32 22 23 26 All Sec 811 5 11 0 10 8 11 18 8

All Other Assisted Multifamily 17 33 4 30 33 19 19 25 Public Housing 14 28 13 28 30 18 19 19

Vouchers 13 23 13 28 24 15 21 15

The average life expectancy of a US senior citizen at 65 years is 186 years That is to say that once a person becomes a senior citizen on average that person will live to be about 84 years old This is roughly 5 years higher than the average age at EOP By gender women who reach age 65 have a higher life expectancy at 848 years compared to men who have an average life expectancy of 821 years Life expectancy varies by race Black men experience the lowest life expectancy of 802 years followed by white men with an average life expectancy of 823 years White women have the highest life expectancy of 849 years and black women have a life expectancy 837 years The differences in life expectancy that exist between men and women (27 years) are similar to those that exist for EOP for all programs (2-4 years) 9

According to the National Nursing Home Survey there are similar gender and race differences among the nursing home resident population Approximately 45 percent of all nursing home residents are over the age of 85 The gender divide of residents over 85 is quite wide 28 percent of males are over 85 compared with 52 percent of females However the gender composition of residents between the ages of 75 and 84

9 US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 Tables 105 102 103

14

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 23: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

reveals a narrower gap about 33 percent of men are in this age range compared to 31 percent of females This is likely due to menrsquos shorter life expectancy although it also could be attributable to the fact that women live independently longer than do their male counterparts10

A higher proportion of white nursing home residents are over the age of 85 than members of minority groups Approximately 48 percent of white residents are over age 85 compared with 30 percent of black residents and 25 percent of Hispanic residents While Hispanic residents overall are underrepresented among the nursing home resident population (4 percent of all nursing home residents) they are especially underrepresented among those over 85 (2 percent) Black residents on a whole are representative as a part of the nursing home population (13 percent of the total resident population) they are also under-represented among those who are at least age 85 (8 percent)11

Household Size and EOP

In the scope of work for this task order and in our subsequent discussions with HUD it was suggested that households with more than one person might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single-person households HUD staff speculated that one or more extra household members might indicate the presence of a care-giver This could be an informal care-giver such as a spouse or other family member or a hired live-in care provider In either instance HUD staff hypothesized that households with such support might stay longer in HUD-assisted housing than single individuals who might not have such formal or informal assistance

We found that average age at EOP and the proportion of households that stayed to at least age 85 was lower for households with more than one person than for single-person households as shown in Exhibit 2-6 Across all program types single-person households were four years older at EOP on average and were about twice as likely to leave at age 85 or later Among programs the differences between single and multiple person households are less substantial in the Section 202 program where there is only a one-year average age difference and a seven percentage point difference in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later The differences are more substantial in the other assisted multifamily public housing and voucher program types where there are three to four year differences in average age at EOP and 11 to 13 percentage point differences in the proportion leaving at age 85 or later

It is not clear why single-person households might stay to more advanced average ages It may be that two-person households choose to leave earlier to relocate to another type of housing before they are too old for such a move We saw earlier that women stay longer they may also be more likely to be single householders Alternatively perhaps two-person households are more likely to leave HUD-assisted housing as soon as the first household member either dies or needs a higher level of care Rather than staying behind in HUD-assisted housing the remaining household member(s) leave also perhaps at an earlier age than she might have chosen otherwise More survivingremaining household members might stay in Section 202 housing where there is more likely to be a service coordinator and other assistance available This could explain why the differences by household size are less substantial in the Section 202 program type

Among the population nationally the age at which people enter nursing homes is lower for people who were living with family (including a spouse) prior to admission compared to those living alone According to the 2004 Nursing Home Care Residents data the prior living situation of nursing home residents follows a similar trend to the EOP by household size discussed above Of people over 65 who

10 CDC NNHS 2004 11 Ibid

15

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 24: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

were living alone prior to entering a nursing home facility 9 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 years old 31 percent were between the ages of 75 and 84 and 60 percent were over the age of 85 at admission The population entering a nursing home having lived with family (including a spouse) prior to entry were much younger at admission Approximately 14 percent were between the ages of 65 and 74 41 percent were between 75 and 84 and 45 percent were over 85 years old at admission

Of nursing home residents over the age of 85 fewer than 15 percent were identified as currently married Most were widowed (72 percent) and the remainder were either divorced or never married Interestingly the age group that has the highest proportion of married residents was the 65-74 group supporting the earlier hypothesis that married or two-person households may leave HUD assisted housing earlier for other housing options that can provide an additional level of support

Whatever the circumstances those who do remain in HUD-assisted housing after a spousersquos death or move to a nursing home or elsewhere would be counted as single-person households and would have a later age at EOP We would not have detected such changes in household composition if the head of household changed when the first member left or died We simply looked for the last date of action for a given household in all cases

Exhibit 2-6 Household Size and EOP

Program Type

Household Size = 1 Household Size gt1

Average Age at EOP (years)

EOP at Age 85+

Average Age at EOP

EOP at Age 85+

All Program Types All Section 202 All Sec 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

76 79 71

79

78 77

28 30 10

30

26 22

72 78 72

75

74 73

14 23

8

17

14 11

The findings in this section suggest that resources to promote aging in place may best be targeted to HUD-assisted housing residents who are members of minority groups and who have a disability (whether reported or not) The findings on household size are somewhat puzzling and merit further inquiry to determine the extent to which the results reflect actual differences in outcomes based on household size or are simply an artifact of changing household composition over time Some of this might be clarified with further analysis of the administrative data but it may also be useful to collect information through surveys or other means to learn more about what precipitates departures from assisted housing and where elderly households go when they leave

24 Neighborhood Characteristics and EOP

This section reviews the results of analyses of EOP by the characteristics of the neighborhoods where HUD-assisted housing is located As noted in the scope of work for this task order socio-economic status is known to have independent effects on morbidity and mortality We did not have the time or resources under this task order to analyze household incomes among HUD-assisted tenants but the longitudinal tenant data file is linked to Census data allowing analyses of selected characteristics of the census tracts where the housing is located The Census variables may be useful proxies not only for the characteristics

16

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 25: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

of households living in the neighborhoods but potentially also for the level of resources available in the neighborhood to assist low income elderly residents

Neighborhood Poverty Rates and EOP

The age at which households leave HUD-assisted housing in low poverty neighborhoods is higher on average than in medium or high poverty neighborhoods as shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-7 The poverty rate categories are defined as follows Low poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates of less than 10 percent Medium poverty rate neighborhoods are census tracts with poverty rates from 10 percent to less than 40 percent High poverty rate neighborhoods have poverty rates of 40 percent or greater

Across all program types except All Section 811 average age at EOP declines as neighborhood poverty rate goes up The averages across programs reflect patterns seen in other analyses with lower averages in the voucher and All Section 811 program types The averages in the remaining programs ndash all Section 202 public housing and other assisted multifamily housing ndash are a little higher and are similar to each other

The proportion of HUD-assisted residents who stay until at least age 85 differs substantially by neighborhood poverty rate as shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-7 The proportion of households who exit at age 85 or more declines from 32 percent in low poverty neighborhoods to 24 percent in medium poverty neighborhoods to 19 percent in high poverty neighborhoods This may reflect both the greater health challenges faced by households with lower incomes and the lower level of resources available to assist older households to age in place in the neighborhoods where they live

We also see that the proportion of households leaving the public housing and voucher programs at age 85 or more is lower than for the other project-based programs especially in high poverty neighborhoods Only 17 percent of elderly households are age 85 or more at departure from tenant-based and public housing in high poverty neighborhoods while 21 to 23 percent of households exiting other multifamily assisted housing and Section 202 housing (respectively) in high poverty neighborhoods are age 85 or more at EOP

Exhibit 2-7 Age at EOP and Neighborhood Poverty Rates

Program Type

Average Age at EOP (years) Percent Exiting at Age 85+ Low

poverty (lt10

percent)

Medium poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High poverty

(40+ percent)

Low poverty

(lt10 percent)

Medium Poverty (10 - lt40 percent)

High Poverty

(40+ percent)

All Program Types All Section 202 All Section 811

All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing Vouchers

79 77 76 81 79 78 71 71 75

80 78 76

79 77 75 77 75 75

32 24 19 35 28 23

9 9 17

36 28 21

31 22 17 24 19 17

Average age at EOP for neighborhoods with other characteristics associated with lower socio-economic status show similar patterns Average age at EOP is one to two years younger for households living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of residents who are members of minority groups and where

17

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 26: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

more than half of households are made up of female heads of household with children The averages differ a little less when we compare neighborhoods where more than half of units are occupied by renters compared to neighborhoods where less than half of units are occupied by renters For All Section 202 and All Section 811 the average age at EOP is the same and for the remaining programs the averages differ by only one year Exhibits showing these results appear in Appendix A

EOP Occupancy Type and Neighborhood Characteristics

We also looked at how EOP for elderly households differed by neighborhood characteristics for exits from housing primarily occupied by non-elderly households compared to housing occupied primarily by the elderly As shown in the left panel of Exhibit 2-8 we found that average age at EOP was about two to three years older for residents exiting housing primarily occupied by the elderly for each poverty level compared to housing occupied by mixed populations of non-elderly and elderly households

Housing occupied primarily by the elderly seems to be having relatively greater success retaining residents until more advanced average ages compared to primarily non-elderly occupancy housing even in higher poverty neighborhoods As shown in the right panel of Exhibit 2-8 for households leaving housing occupied primarily by the elderly in low poverty neighborhoods the proportion of elderly households leaving at age 85 or more (37 percent) is considerably higher than the average across all programs (26 percent) Even in high poverty neighborhoods the proportion of households staying in elderly occupancy housing until at least age 85 is comparable to the average across all programs (25 percent)

Exhibit 2-8 EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Occupancy Type Occupancy Type and Neighborhood

Poverty Rate Average Age at EOP in Years Percent of Exits at Age 85+ Primarily Non-elderly Occupancy

Low poverty (lt10) 78 30 Medium poverty (10-40) 76 22 High poverty (40+)

Primarily Elderly Occupancy 75 17

Low poverty (lt10) 81 37 Medium poverty (10-40) 79 30 High poverty (40+)

All Occupancy Types 78 25

Low poverty (lt10) 79 32 Medium poverty (10 - 40) 77 24 High poverty (40+ ) 76 19

All 78 26

These findings imply that resources to encourage and support aging in place may be best targeted to HUD-assisted households living in higher poverty neighborhoods Coordinating interventions in ways that allow voucher holders to take advantage of development-based supports in HUDrsquos elderly public housing and multifamily stock might also help increase average ages at EOP for households receiving tenant-based assistance

18

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 27: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 3 Literature Review Results According to our analyses of HUDrsquos longitudinal file on tenant characteristics elderly tenants in recent years left HUD housing programs at an average age of 78 years HUDrsquos data do not include information on the reasons for departure or destination at exit but we assume that some tenants die and some leave subsidized housing because they need services or supports that are not provided in their current housing This may result in admission to a nursing home or hospital a move to an assisted living facility or moving in with relatives

HUD is looking for ways to promote and monitor strategies to help elderly households remain in HUD assisted housing as long as possible This chapter reviews recent research on strategies to help elderly people age in place As part of this exploration we review research on program components and promising models that contribute to aging in place among the elderly First we present research findings on identifying at-risk populations who are likely to benefit from aging in place strategies

31 Identifying At-Risk Households

One of HUDrsquos main aims in promoting aging in place is to help elderly households defer admission to nursing homes or other long-term care if their housing and service needs can be met in HUD-assisted housing A number of research studies have found that at least some residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities have relatively limited levels of impairment These seniors could conceivably live independently if they had access to some services in the community

For example according to the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics 5 percent of residents in long-term care facilities (including nursing homes) in 2010 had no functional impairment Just fewer than 12 percent report only limitations related to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) such as light or heavy housework managing money meal preparation and shopping Approximately 16 percent have difficulty performing only one activity of daily living (ADL) such as bathing dressing getting in and out of chairs walking or eating The Forum concluded that some 33 percent of the long-term care population does not meet the definition of ldquofrail elderlyrdquo However because many senior citizens need assistance with personal care needs and daily living needs but lack the resources to pay for them they are institutionalized before they need to be

There is extensive literature examining personal factors that have some predictive value for nursing home admission The findings in the analysis of EOP in HUDrsquos programs are in line with the research literature on nursing home placements Elderly women who live alone and are at an advanced age are more likely to be admitted to nursing homes than other demographic groups (Young 2003) People entering nursing homes largely do so as individuals (supporting the fact that households with more than one person stay in assisted housing longer) and they are largely women (there are few single men in subsidized housing or nursing homes)

Social factors that seem protective against nursing home placement include co-residing with children or other relatives and living close to actual or potential care givers (Kasper et al 2010) It seems that African American and Hispanic elderly adults experienced lower nursing home placement rates than white elderly adults (Moran 2010) and that African Americans are under-represented in nursing homes (Kasper et al 2010) Research indicates that older members of minority groups often rely on social and familial supports when they exit housing instead of entering nursing homes (Moran 2010)

Severe physical or psychiatric conditions have a significant effect on early nursing home admission (Luppa et al 2010) Approximately 80 percent of the elderly population in the United States has a single

19

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 28: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

chronic condition and 62 percent has more than one chronic condition (Vladeck et al 2010) Residents of subsidized housing are more likely to have a chronic or disabling condition than older Americans who own their homes (IFAS 2009) Certain health characteristics such as serious mental illness and severe physical or chronic conditions also contribute to nursing home placement at an earlier age than among seniors who do not have serious health conditions The Center on Aging Research found that persons with serious mental illness were at an increased risk of entering a nursing home at an earlier age compared with those with no mental illness (median of 65 years compared with 80 years respectively)

Health-related characteristics associated with a ldquoshorter time tordquo nursing home admission (among patients without dementia) were functional and cognitive impairment major depression stroke myocardial infarction a low number of specialist visits and paid home helper use (Andel et al 2007) Understanding factors associated with early nursing home placement can prompt the providers of housing and services for elderly populations to be proactive when clients experience some of these factors Early response may prevent further deterioration of an existing condition and encourage longer stays in independent housing

32 Promoting Aging in Place

In the scope of work for this task order HUD requested research findings on program components that promote aging in place that should be considered in developing the agencyrsquos strategies The recent National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services hosted by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging collected information from participants during multiple breakout sessions (National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services 2010 Summit Proceedings) One of the sessions identified essential components to a successful housing with services strategy Some general principals identified in successful models include

bull A resident centered approach positioned around the needs of the residents in the property bull Resident choice regarding whether and when to use services bull Assessment of residents and their needs at baseline bull Service coordination or case management and bull A set of recommended services including preventivewellness services assistance with home care needs personal care needs mental health services oral health services and meal programs

Research supports these and other factors in successful approaches Perhaps the most commonly cited factor affecting the length of time elderly residents can remain in their homes is access to quality support services (Cohen Wardrip Cotrell and Carder Golant Vladeck et al Sanders et al) As tenants age their health and ability to conduct everyday activities deteriorates Services provided to residents can be wide-reaching from intensive medical care for chronic conditions and preventive care to home care needs personal care needs and other assistance with daily living activities such as preparing meals and transportation (Cohen 2010) However costly and intensive interventions are not necessarily needed in all cases A study conducted on the health-related needs of older residents of subsidized housing found that assistance with simple housekeeping and lifting of heavy objects were two of the most widely reported unmet service needs (Cotrell and Carder 2010) Participation in paid programs offering assistance with IADLs helped a group of study participants stay in their homes longer than others (Chen and Thompson 2010)

One study found that just the perception of the availability of services affects the length of time a tenant believes that he or she would be able to live independently A recent study identified a strong relationship between the perceived availability of community-based long-term care and services by respondents and the respondentrsquos anticipation of aging in place or relocation (Tang and Pickard 2010) A perceived awareness of unmet needs such as visiting nursing transportation meal delivery adult day care and

20

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 29: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

personal assistance was related to both an anticipated earlier age at which the respondent believed he or she would have to move out of their independent living situation (Tang and Pickard) and longer stays in the home by study participants when compared to others (Chen and Thompson) This suggests that those who understand those needs will seek out home based or community based services to fill an identified gap While a perceived availability of services did not alone predict the use of services respondents did believe that they would be able to live independently longer with such knowledge (Tang and Pickard)

Informal social networks play an integral role in lengthening tenancy in multi-family housing for seniors A study of family caregivers of elderly tenants in subsidized housing found that tenants relied heavily on family members generally adult children to help them age in place (Sanders et al 2010) The information collected was used to inform the development of a caregiver-training program for people with elderly family members living in subsidized housing The response to the pilot was overwhelmingly positive with family members feeling more equipped to help their elderly family member age in place The study asserts that family caregiver training programs would improve the ability of senior housing properties to help their elderly tenants remain in their housing units and avoid transfers to nursing homes or assisted living facilities

In a study of three senior housing programs in Colorado residents did not report using many of the formal services provided them and instead relied significantly on family members Family support was identified as a crucial part of the residentrsquos general sense of well-being and was integral to the housing programrsquos ability to help elderly residents age in place (AAHSA Enterprise 2010) In a study of the health-related needs of elderly residents of subsidized housing social support from both family and non-family members was also found to have a positive effect on residentsrsquo physical and mental health and worked as a safety net in times of need (Cotrell and Carder 2010)

Another factor associated with extended independence for seniors in subsidized housing is home modification To age in place many older adults will need to incorporate some accessibility features such as lever door handles ramps wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs nonslip floor surfaces and bathroom aids (Wardrip 2010) A recent survey indicated that only about half of senior citizens felt that their current home would be able to accommodate them as they age (Wardrip 2010) The accessibility of the housing unit also has an effect on a tenantrsquos ability to integrate socially likely due to the inability or discomfort associated with leaving the home (AAHSA 2010) While many Section 202 and other project-based senior housing projects have incorporated elements of universal design ndash features that require low physical effort have flexibility of use are simple and intuitive (Crews and Zavotka) ndash programs not specifically targeted to senior citizens such as public housing and housing leased by housing choice voucher holders may not have these accessibility features

A health assessment of seniors in subsidized housing discovered a number of structural problems in buildings that have contributed to falls and areas that are not navigable by people in wheelchairs or walkers (Cotrell and Carder 2010) This suggests that some home modifications in HUD subsidized housing could contribute to longer stays for elderly tenants who have difficulty with mobility Ramps lever door handles and bathroom aids seem to be simple modifications that could be done fairly easily wider doorways functioning elevators and non-slip floor surfaces could also contribute to a more socially and physically active elderly population Both physical activity and social integration (discussed above) have been linked to longer stays in the home (Cotrell and Carder 2010) The existence of shared or community space can also support aging in place strategies This promotes both social interaction and provides an easy and convenient place to deliver services

Approximately one in five adults over the age of 65 either cannot or chooses not to drive (Kershner et al 2007) Accessible public transportation is integral to maintaining independence and successfully aging in place For those elderly adults who do not live in urban or other areas fitted with wide-reaching transit

21

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 30: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

transportation can be a legitimate barrier to staying in the home (Wardrip 2010) To help overcome this barrier many communities have developed Supplemental Transportation Programs (STP) Most STP programs provide ldquosupportive transportationrdquo which includes door-to-door and ldquodoor-through-doorrdquo assistance (Kerschner) When needed some programs provide an escort to remain with the passenger when they reach the destination

33 Lessons from Promising Program Models

There are a number of approaches identified in the literature that assist older Americans to remain in their homes for longer periods Recent research largely promotes strategies that connect existing housing with support services These programs coordinate the delivery of social services either directly to the residence or to an accessible site nearby

The most frequently cited intervention is the use of the HUDrsquos Resident Service Coordinator Program to prevent premature institutionalization through the provision or coordination of support services to low income frail and elderly people (Golant Cotrell and Carder Vladeck et al Wardrip AAHSA Sanders et al) These services can include meal services transportation housekeeping visits from nurses and recreational and social activities (Perl 2009) Recently Congress approved a series of bills to reform the Section 202 supportive housing program As a part of that series the legislation modified the criteria used to select applicants for new construction funding for Section 202 housing Specifically the criteria now identifies whether the applicant has made a clear effort to include the use of a service coordinator to oversee meal provision and home care needs of residents12 The roles of service coordinators can vary but largely include the following identification of appropriate needs and services for frail elderly linking residents with those services and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of services

A 2008 study of the HUD-funded service coordinator program in subsidized multifamily housing found that property managers had a high level of satisfaction with service coordinators More than 92 percent of property managers surveyed indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that service coordinators enabled aging in place (Levine 2008) The study also found that properties with service coordinators experienced a length of tenancy that was 6 months longer on average than residents of similar developments without service coordinators (Levine 2008)

A number of other models have elements that could be adapted in assisted housing

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) is a term that describes housing developments or neighborhoods that are age-integrated but are made up largely of older adults NORCs are not created or built but evolve over time through an emigration of the job-seeking populace while older generations remain (Vladeck et al 2010) While the population that resides within these communities is diverse with varying levels of needed supports the concentration of older adults provides a natural setting for the efficient delivery of services (Cohen 2010)

In New York City 34 NORC programs funded by the city and located in large and small public and private housing developments represent structured partnerships between the housing developments (or neighborhoods) community based health and social service providers and other stakeholders (Vladeck 2010) These partnerships 10 of which are located within New York City Housing Authority public housing developments help elderly residents to age in place through coordinated provision of services This collaborative program led to the creation of a ldquoHealthy Indicator in NORC Programsrdquo initiative

12 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing Development Report January 3 2011

22

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 31: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

which identified key health risks among the population designed and targeted interventions for residents and provided the infrastructure to follow up and periodically assess the changing needs of the elderly tenants The partnership between the Housing Authorities and community based health and social service providers could likely be replicated in communities serving large numbers of elderly clients located in concentrated areas

Co-housing Co-housing is a term used for a residential development that has collaborative ownership and management (Cohen 2010) The co-housing model usually includes between 15 and 35 units with shared facilities that are frequently occupied by residents who had some involvement in planning the development (Wardrip 2010) Individual residences are often clustered around shared facilities that provide an optimal environment for the delivery of jointly purchased or managed services

While this model may not be easily replicated in subsidized housing some of the principals could be adapted Many co-housing communities incorporate universal design principals into the shared and community spaces Some programs identify levels of care neighbors are willing to provide for others (such as housework or cooking) before other arrangements are made to pay for such care (Bay Area Summit) Some co-housing programs have tenants pool their resources to hire a live-in care giver The idea behind co-housing is that residents are involved in the planning and thus feel a greater sense of ownership over both the development and the well-being of their neighbors

Program for All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Operating under Medicaid and Medicare the PACE program is an optional benefit that is available to States that choose to offer PACE under their Medicaid program (Medicaregov) PACE is a Home and Community Based Service (HCBS) program that provides a comprehensive set of services to help frail chronically ill nursing home eligible elderly people remain in their homes (Carey et al) Clientsrsquo needs are assessed by a team of doctors and nurses who then develop a care plan and deliver services The programs provide social and medical services supplemented by in-home and referral services depending on the clientrsquos needs

Through this program all types of MedicareMedicaid services must be offered such as primary care nutrition counseling transportation meal provision personal care home care nursing and inpatient care and prescription drug assistance (Medicaregov) Most services are provided in a single accessible location such as senior day centers or health centers (AAHSA) PACE programs can be linked to any number of housing programs (such as Section 202 NORCs and other Multi-Family housing or senior housing programs) either through physically locating the programs near the housing programs (AAHSA) or utilizing PACE services to provide transportation to a nearby location

In line with recent trends toward home and community based care and as part of the recent legislation on Section 202 housing HUD will be providing grants to be used to convert elderly housing to a ldquoservice-enriched housingrdquo model In the service-enriched housing model of assisted housing licensed third parties make supportive services such as personal care home care and assistance with activities of daily living available to residents The model includes the position of service coordinator which can be funded as an operating expense The housing must include separate housing units for residents each equipped with its own kitchen and bathroom The property must also have shared or common space and other space made available for the delivery of services Residents must have the ability to choose among services and accept or decline all individual services 13

13 Congress Approves Bills to Reform Section 202 Section 811 Programs Housing and Development Reporter January 3 2011

23

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 32: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

34 Measuring Progress Potential Data Elements and Indicators

HUD wants to promote aging in place strategies and monitor whether they are working to prolong length of stay divert nursing home placements and hospital admissions and ensure HUD-assisted elderly households have the support they need to remain safely and comfortably in their homes

Monitoring EOP of elderly households is one way to capture whether the age at which elderly households in subsidized housing leave their homes is increasing but it may not be enough Other indicators may also inform whether progress is being made such as

bull Longer length of time in home bull Lowering transfers to hospitals bull Lowering transfers to assisted living or nursing home placements bull Improved or maintained functioning (ADLs) bull Fewer emergency room visits bull Reducing falls and bull Improving or maintaining social interactionsocial networks

Some of these indicators could reasonably be monitored by property managers or service coordinators but others are more sensitive because they involve private health information or would be difficult to measure Below we suggest some elements of a monitoring strategy

Baseline Assessments Much of the existing literature around aging in place and nursing home diversion recommends that there be a baseline assessment of elderly residents of subsidized housing (Care et al Cotrell and Carder Golant et al ) A baseline needs assessment would allow publicly subsidized housing programs to target resources more accurately

HUD-funded service coordinators in Section 202 and other HUD-assisted housing are well-positioned to accomplish this as they are already responsible for completing a Semi Annual performance report for the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program

Currently service coordinators submit their reports in hard copy to HUD Field Offices for review The data are not entered into a database nor are they conveyed to HUD Headquarters If the data were submitted electronically and aggregated the results could be very useful for program planning and monitoring14 The current report collects information on the number of residents served (though not the percent of residents served which could be useful) age range of those residents and the estimated level of frailty defined as having 3 or more ADLs This information in itself could provide a basic picture of the characteristics of elderly residents using the services Service coordinators also report data on the number of residents who used specific services such as case management conflict resolution crisis intervention health care home care personal care meals monitoring transportation and substance use services The report does not however capture specific information on program exits ndash ie whether seniors left to live with family were hospitalized or were placed in institutional settings

A study of frail elderly clients at 11 PACE sites used routine clinical evaluations to create a multidimensional index that grouped elderly clients by varying levels of risk of mortality Risk factors

14 Electronic reporting would also provide HUD with an easy way to identify HUD-assisted projects that have service coordinators There is currently no way to do this easily

24

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 33: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

included demographic characteristics functional status and the presence of one or more chronic conditions (Carey et al) While this was used to identify risk of mortality perhaps it could be adapted to identify risk of nursing home placement or hospitalization

Outcome Measures The Department of Elder Affairs in Florida uses a series of outcome measures to determine if its Nursing Home Diversion Program is meeting state standards The diversion program is designed to help frail seniors avoid nursing home admission by identifying community-based services to help seniors remain at home Services may include case management acute care and long-term care to frail elders Measures used by the State of Florida and which could be collected by service coordinators and used for elder residents of subsidized housing include percent of elders who were diverted from nursing homes percent of elders who are at risk of nursing home placement but who were served with home or community based services percent of service recipients whose ADL assessment score (estimated frailty) had been maintained or improved and percent of service recipients who IADL assessment score has been maintained or improved

For HUD to monitor progress toward aging in place for the elderly residents of subsidized housing a baseline needs assessment should be conducted Not only is it impossible to measure progress without some existing baseline understanding the level of service needs will help to target resources efficiently Communities and programs across the country are accomplishing this on a smaller scale Outcome measures are also needed to evaluate progress These measures should be pre-identified and used to determine improvement in the health and well-being of elderly residents and in their ability to remain in their homes comfortably and safely

25

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 34: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Chapter 4 Recommendations for Further Research on Aging in Place in Assisted Housing This report has presented findings on a relatively limited analysis of aging in place in HUDrsquos assisted housing HUDrsquos longitudinal tenant data file yields useful information on the age at which elderly households leave assisted housing and reveals some patterns across housing program types household characteristics and neighborhood characteristics Time and resources did not permit completion of some analyses we had hoped to do with the administrative data however Further findings from the literature review suggest there are a number of areas for further research beyond what could be accomplished with HUDrsquos administrative data This section briefly summarizes the implications of our results for further research on aging in place in HUD-assisted housing

Extending the EOP Analysis

Our analyses under this task order allowed us to look at age at EOP for elderly households and patterns across programs household types and neighborhood types But we do not know the extent to which these factors interact to influence length of stay or age at exit

Our proposed approach to the scope of work for the research had included revisiting the survival analysis presented in HUDrsquos June 2008 report Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program Status and Performance Measurement To extend that analysis we suggested replicating the survival analysis using the dataset prepared for this research and performing a multivariate regression analysis of age at EOP by including other program and household characteristics as covariates in the survival analysis Such analysis would allow a rigorous assessment of whether program household and neighborhood characteristics are related to tenantsrsquo length of stay and age at program exit

Given delays in obtaining the data and the time required to assemble and resolve issues with the data for this research we did not have sufficient time or resources to complete this analysis but we continue to think it would be useful to do at a later date

One data issue we encountered may merit some follow-up by HUD As noted in the methodology section we found a high rate of ldquotruncatedrdquo records in the TRACS data This means the household had no EOP but at some point disappeared from the data We assumed these households left in our analysis although this may not be true in all cases It may be worthwhile for HUD to explore further why EOPs are missing for so many households in the TRACS data

Monitoring and Measuring Aging in Place

HUD acknowledged in the scope of work for this research that EOP is one indicator for monitoring aging in place but is not the only one nor is it necessarily the best barometer A number of other potential measures of the success of strategies to promote aging in place were noted in Chapter 4 Some are measures of negative outcomes that were avoided such as falls emergency room visits hospitalizations and nursing home admissions Others are positive outcomes that were enhanced such as improved or maintained functioning longer life expectancy stronger social networks and longer residency in independent housing

While we now know more about age at EOP we still do not know the reasons for elderly departures from assisted housing (death vs moves to other settings) or where elderly households who do move elsewhere go when they leave More research on these dimensions would help HUD assisted housing managers

26

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 35: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

service coordinators and elderly households and their families promote and monitor aging in place more effectively

The PIC and TRACS systems would be desirable vehicles for collecting this information because data would be reported on all households However this reporting would be an added burden on property managers as it presumably would have to apply to all households not just the elderly Another option would be to incorporate destination at exit in reporting for the HUD Service Coordinator program This approach has limitations too It would not yield universal data because not all properties have service coordinators and the results might not be indicative of outcomes for properties that do not have service coordinators

HUD could institute monitoring of reason for EOP and destination at exit on a pilot basis to test the feasibility of implementation as well as to collect preliminary results The pilot could then inform the design of more comprehensive reporting Ideally the pilot would include projects of varied program types with and without service coordinators This research might be a good opportunity to partner with one or more universities with students studying gerontology social work nursing or related disciplines University staff and students could help design and pilot reporting protocols and report back on implementation experience as well as the findings from the data collected Alternatively a PACE site or a similar community-based program might be able to help collect information on clients it serves who live in assisted housing

Adapting Promising Program Models

A number of the program models mentioned in Chapter 4 either are already collaborating with assisted housing or have the potential to do so Further research on how these models could best be adapted in assisted housing could benefit HUDrsquos efforts to enhance aging in place

It would also be interesting to explore further the apparent regional differences in average age at exit and retention of older residents This could include looking at regional differences in life expectancy as well as the presence of promising models for housing with supports state policies on home and community-based care offered under Medicaid or other programs and availability of affordable housing for low income seniors

27

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 36: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Bibliography

Andel Ross Kathryn Hyer April Slack (2007) ldquoRisk Factors for Nursing Home Placement in Older Adults with and without Dementiardquo Journal of Aging and Health 19213-228

Andrews Alice O Stephen J Bartels Haiye Xie and William J Peacock (2009) ldquoIncreased Risk of Nursing Home Admission Among Middle Aged and Older Adults with Schizophreniardquo American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17 8 697-705

American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging and Enterprise Community Partners Inc National Summit on Affordable Senior Housing and Services Summit Proceedings May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Carey Elise C Kenneth E Covinsky Li-Yung Lui Catherine Eng Laura P Sands and Louise C Walter (2008) ldquoPrediction of Mortality in Community-Living Frail Elderly People with Long-Term Care Needsrdquo JAGS 56 1 68-75 Chen Ya-Mei and Elaine Thompson (2010) ldquoUnderstanding Factors that Influence Success of Home and Community Based Services in Keeping Older Adults in Community Settingsrdquo Journal of Aging and Health 23 3 267-291 Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Existing Homes with Social Services AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet 171 Washington DC AARP

Cohen Rebecca (2010) Connecting Residents of Subsidized Housing with Mainstream Supportive Services Challenges and Recommendations Washington DC Center for Housing Policy

Coffey Gene (2008) The Administration on Agingrsquos Nursing Home Diversion Program May 2008 Washington DC National Senior Citizens Law Center

Cotrell Victoria and Paula C Cardell (2010) ldquoHealth-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 47-66

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics Older Americans 2010 Key Indicators of Well-Being July 2010 Available at httpwwwagingstatsgovagingstatsdotnetMain_SiteData2010_DocumentsDocsOA_2010pdf

Golant Stephen M Pamela Parsons and Peter A Boling (2010) ldquoAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Affordable Clustered Housing-Care Arrangements Key to Informing Public Policyrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 5-28

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Research on Affordable Senior Housing with Services Strategies May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

Institute for the Future of Aging Services American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging Affordable Senior Housing The Case for Developing Effective Linkages with Health-Related and Supportive Services May 2010 Washington DC AAHSA Available at httpwwwaahsaorgarticle_ifasaspxid=11827

28

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 37: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Kasper Judith Liliana E Pezzin and J Bradford Rice (2010) ldquoStability and Changes in Living Arrangements Relationship to Nursing Home Admission and Timing of Placementrdquo Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences 65B(6) 783-791

Luppa Melanei Tobias Luck Herbert Matschinger Hans Helmut Konig and Steffi Reidel Heller 2010 ldquoPredictors of Nursing Home Admissions of Individuals Without a Dementia Diagnosis Before Admissionrdquo BMC Health Services Research 10 (186)

Moran Mark (2010) ldquoNursing Home Placement and Mortality Rates for Those with Significant Cognitive Decline Found to Differ among Minorities and Whitesrdquo Neurology Today 10 6 1-24

Perl Libby (2009) Section 202 and Other HUD Rental Housing Programs for Low-Income Elderly Residents Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 7-5700 Available at httpagingsenategovcrsaging13pdf

Sanders Alisha Robyn Stone Rhoda Meador and Victoria Parker (2010) ldquoAging in Place Partnerships A Training Program for Family Caregiver of Residents Living in Affordable Senior Housingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 85-104

Sheehan Nancy W and Mariana T Guzzardo (2008) ldquoResident Service Coordinators Roles and Challenges in Senior Housingrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 3 240-262

State of Florida Department of Elder Affairs ldquoDOEA PerformanceOutcome Measures and Standardsrdquo Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

Tang Fengyan and Joseph G Pickard (2008) ldquoAging in Place or Relocation Perceived Awareness of Community-Based Long-Term Care and Servicesrdquo Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22 4 404-422

US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Nursing Home Diversion Modernization Grants Program September 2007 Available at wwwaoagovdoingbusfundoppfundoppasp

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2008) Multifamily Property Managersrsquo Satisfaction with Service Coordination Available at httpelderaffairsstateflusenglishpubspubsPerfMeasurespdf

US Department of Housing and Urban Development ldquoSemi-Annual Performance Report Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Programrdquo Accessed 11411 Available at httpwwwhudgovofficesadmhudclipsformsfiles92456pdf

Wardrip Keith (2010) Strategies to Meet the Housing Needs of Older Adults AARP Public Policy Institute Insight on the Issues 38 Washington DC AARP

Vladeck Fredda Rebecca Segel Mia Oberlink Michal D Gursen and Danyll Rudin (2010) ldquoHealth Indicators A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Health Agingrdquo Cityscape A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12 2 67-84

29

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 38: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A Supplemental Data Tables

30

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 39: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

LIST OF TABLES

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type 32 Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region 33 Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region 34 Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort 37 Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project 39 Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head 40 Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head 41 Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of HH Head 43 Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by HH Size 44 Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level 45 Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status 47 Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Status 48 Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed HH Status 49 Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status 50

31

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 40: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-1 Count of Households by HUD Program Type

Reference Year

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

of HH

Row

2000 130609 100 14625 11 100 0 45710 35 44749 34 25425 19 2001 170273 100 22130 13 206 0 69563 41 47525 28 30849 18 2002 198640 100 29842 15 354 0 93599 47 39982 20 34863 18

2003 133547 100 20241 15 253 0 51306 38 33695 25 28052 21 2004 142794 100 17626 12 301 0 56695 40 38341 27 29831 21 2005 204335 100 34731 17 575 0 91590 45 41630 20 35809 18 2006 163744 100 25395 16 494 0 65874 40 46533 28 25448 16 2007 223444 100 31792 14 720 0 81484 36 49724 22 59724 27 2008 68779 100 332 0 3 0 3204 5 35080 51 30160 44

Total Across Years 1436165 100 196714 14 3006 0 559025 39 377259 26 300161 21

32

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 41: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-2 Age at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

New England 90476 6 10059 5 121 4 49683 9 12875 3 17738 6

New York New Jersey 158857 11 21205 11 190 6 69294 12 26449 7 41719 14

Mid Atlantic 126974 9 19298 10 404 13 61704 11 19744 5 25824 9

Southeast Caribbean 212396 15 43791 22 776 26 81365 15 39019 10 47445 16

Midwest 237807 17 38246 19 577 19 131160 23 32294 9 35530 12

Southwest 109186 8 23746 12 386 13 34608 6 17857 5 32589 11

Great Plains 63906 4 11519 6 136 5 30213 5 8732 2 13306 4

Rocky Mountain 36054 3 4399 2 78 3 19077 3 2878 1 9622 3

Pacific 136256 9 18308 9 264 9 52403 9 6545 2 58736 20

Northwest 38599 3 5306 3 49 2 17271 3 3596 1 12377 4

Unknown 225654 16 837 0 25 1 12247 2 207270 55 5275 2

All Regions 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

33

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 42: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

New England

62 to 64 6102 7 309 3 19 16 2799 6 836 6 2139 12 65 to 69 10918 12 1032 10 28 23 5396 11 1630 13 2832 16 70 to 74 12537 14 1361 14 26 21 6473 13 2040 16 2637 15 75 to 79 15121 17 1726 17 22 18 8129 16 2399 19 2845 16 80 to 84 17583 19 2104 21 14 12 9955 20 2576 20 2934 17 85 to 89 15959 18 2017 20 5 4 9508 19 1946 15 2483 14 90 to 94 9456 10 1171 12 7 6 5756 12 1131 9 1391 8

Over 95 2800 3 339 3 1667 3 317 2 477 3

All 90476 100 10059 100 121 100 49683 100

12875 100 17738 100

Avg Age 79 880 73 80 78 77

New York New

Jersey

62 to 64 11375 7 482 2 58 31 4502 6 2279 9 4054 10 65 to 69 20693 13 1902 9 53 28 8660 12 4053 15 6025 14 70 to 74 23845 15 2935 14 27 14 10089 15 4581 17 6213 15 75 to 79 27695 17 4061 19 25 13 11837 17 4909 19 6863 16 80 to 84 29515 19 4641 22 12 6 12912 19 4638 18 7312 18 85 to 89 25926 16 4094 19 13 7 11920 17 3583 14 6316 15 90 to 94 15068 9 2351 11 2 1 7143 10 1829 7 3743 9

Over 95 4740 3 739 3 2231 3 577 2 1193 3

All 158857 100 21205 100 190 100 69294 100

26449 100 41719 100

Avg Age 78 80 70 79 77 78

Mid Atlantic

62 to 64 10092 8 655 3 102 25 3804 6 1947 10 3584 14 65 to 69 17723 14 1990 10 116 29 7304 12 3292 17 5021 19 70 to 74 19629 15 2888 15 59 15 8645 14 3601 18 4436 17 75 to 79 22645 18 3627 19 44 11 10877 18 3695 19 4402 17 80 to 84 23688 19 4175 22 44 11 12302 20 3310 17 3857 15 85 to 89 19742 16 3517 18 21 5 11073 18 2411 12 2720 11 90 to 94 10565 8 1976 10 13 3 6012 10 1172 6 1392 5

Over 95 2890 2 470 2 5 1 1687 3 316 2 412 2

All 126974 100 19298 100 404 100 61704 100

19744 100 25824 100

Avg Age 78 80 71 79 76 75

34

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 43: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Great Plains

62 to 64 4920 8 521 5 39 29 1988 7 587 7 1785 13 65 to 69 8384 13 1284 11 29 21 3573 12 1071 12 2427 18 70 to 74 9051 14 1661 14 22 16 4099 14 1134 13 2135 16 75 to 79 10667 17 2041 18 18 13 5019 17 1534 18 2055 15 80 to 84 11735 18 2300 20 16 12 5710 19 1692 19 2017 15

85 to 89 10830 17 2136 19 7 5 5480 18 1578 18 1629 12 90 to 94 6316 10 1191 10 5 4 3273 11 885 10 962 7 Over 95 2003 3 385 3 1071 4 251 3 296 2

All 63906 100 11519 100 136 100 30213 100

8732 100

13306 100

Avg Age 79 80 71 79 79 76

Rocky Mountain

62 to 64 3133 9 253 6 22 28 1401 7 184 6 1273 13 65 to 69 5105 14 606 14 20 26 2446 13 355 12 1678 17 70 to 74 5308 15 701 16 13 17 2723 14 402 14 1469 15 75 to 79 5954 17 815 19 6 8 3041 16 505 18 1587 16 80 to 84 6356 18 815 19 10 13 3447 18 563 20 1521 16

85 to 89 5762 16 665 15 4 5 3366 18 504 18 1223 13 90 to 94 3407 9 421 10 2 3 2002 10 291 10 691 7 Over 95 1029 3 123 3 1 1 651 3 74 3 180 2

All 36054 100 4399 100 78 100 19077 100

2878 100

9622 100

Avg Age 78 78 71 79 79 76

Pacific

62 to 64 10696 8 567 3 87 33 3131 6 672 10 6239 11 65 to 69 19921 15 2230 12 70 27 6690 13 1153 18 9778 17 70 to 74 21926 16 2994 16 46 17 8203 16 1205 18 9478 16 75 to 79 25372 19 3713 20 17 6 9718 19 1268 19 10656 18 80 to 84 24977 18 3798 21 18 7 9956 19 1037 16 10168 17

85 to 89 19449 14 2931 16 14 5 8361 16 722 11 7421 13 90 to 94 10629 8 1618 9 11 4 4764 9 381 6 3855 7 Over 95 3286 2 457 2 1 0 1580 3 107 2 1141 2

All 136256 100 18308 100 264 100 52403 100

6545 100

58736 100

Avg Age 78 89 70 79 76 76

35

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 44: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-3 Age Ranges at EOP by HUD Region (cont)

HUD Region All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

of HH

Col

Northwest

62 to 64 3723 10 229 4 20 41 1350 8 383 11 1741 14 65 to 69 6431 17 750 14 14 29 2599 15 644 18 2424 20 70 to 74 6568 17 892 17 9 18 2838 16 666 19 2163 17 75 to 79 6874 18 1059 20 2 4 3042 18 656 18 2115 17 80 to 84 6400 17 1002 19 2 4 2977 17 546 15 1873 15 85 to 89 4944 13 832 16 2 4 2475 14 422 12 1213 10 90 to 94 2777 7 416 8 1504 9 218 6 639 5 Over 95 882 2 126 2 486 3 61 2 209 2

All 38599 100 5306 100 49 100

17271 100 3596 100 12377 100

Avg Age 77 78 68 78 76 75

Unknown

62 to 64 23422 10 49 6 10 40 1410 12 21144 10 809 15 65 to 69 37110 16 127 15 2 8 2291 19 33645 16 1045 20 70 to 74 35874 16 138 16 5 20 2217 18 32565 16 949 18 75 to 79 37614 17 154 18 1 4 2111 17 34509 17 839 16 80 to 84 37841 17 150 18 4 16 1896 15 35052 17 739 14 85 to 89 30443 13 140 17 2 8 1353 11 28432 14 516 10 90 to 94 17596 8 66 8 666 5 16574 8 290 5 Over 95 5754 3 13 2 1 4 303 2 5349 3 88 2

All 22565 4 100 837 100 25

100 12247 100 207270 100 5275

100

Avg Age 77 78 72 76 77 75

All Regions

62 to 64 12289 7 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 21210 6 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 22492 8 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 24984 8 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 25599 9 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 21292 5 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 12108 9 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436 165 100 196714 100 3006

100 559025 100 377259 100 300161

100

36

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 45: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 133 6 2 6 94 6 37 8 65 to 69 218 11 5 14 150 10 63 14 70 to 74 321 16 5 14 224 14 92 20 75 to 79 385 19 1 33 10 29 280 18 94 20 80 to 84 381 19 1 33 5 14 298 19 77 17 85 to 89 380 18 7 20 312 20 61 13 90 to 94 201 10 1 33 1 3 165 11 34 7 Over 95 40 2 36 2 4 1

All 2059 100 3 100 35 100 1559 100 462 100 Avg Age 79 83 77 79 77

Prior to 1980

62 to 64 5796 7 2 50 1431 5 3980 8 383 6 65 to 69 9925 12 1 6 2388 8 6898 14 638 10 70 to 74 10615 13 1 6 2540 9 7339 15 735 12 75 to 79 11751 14 1 6 3041 11 7887 16 822 13 80 to 84 13147 16 2 12 4163 15 7987 16 995 16 85 to 89 15258 18 6 35 6452 23 7486 15 1314 21 90 to 94 12583 15 5 29 2 50 5967 21 5581 11 1028 16 Over 95 5226 6 1 6 2387 8 2390 5 448 7 All 84301 100 17 100 4 100 28369 100 49548 100 6363 100 Avg Age 80 85 78 83 79 81

1980 to 1989

62 to 64 9671 4 234 1 3400 3 2895 5 3142 8 65 to 69 16119 7 462 2 5945 6 4999 8 4713 12 70 to 74 20835 9 939 5 8164 8 6508 11 5224 13 75 to 79 33606 15 2555 13 1 11 14468 14 9872 17 6710 16 80 to 84 49954 22 5073 25 3 33 23389 23 13343 22 8146 20 85 to 89 50736 23 5663 28 1 11 25390 25 12377 21 7305 18 90 to 94 31666 14 3904 19 1 11 16222 16 7248 12 4291 10 Over 95 10024 5 1217 6 3 33 5310 5 2131 4 1363 3 All 222611 100 20047 100 9 100 102288 100 59373 100 40894 100 Avg Age 82 85 88 83 81 79

37

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 46: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

1990 to 1999

62 to 64 41407 7 2121 3 253 22 13912 6 11780 9 13341 11 65 to 69 76793 13 7183 8 304 26 27730 12 21578 16 19998 17 70 to 74 94834 17 12963 15 202 17 37933 16 23938 18 19798 17

75 to 79 109763 19 17285 20 174 15 45666 19 25639 19 20999 18 80 to 84 106840 19 18464 22 104 9 45899 20 23180 17 19193 16 85 to 89 83905 15 15546 18 76 7 37235 16 17187 13 13861 12 90 to 94 45962 8 8663 10 32 3 20822 9 9071 7 7374 6 Over 95 13091 2 2549 3 10 1 5836 2 2606 2 2090 2 All 572595 100 84774 100 1155 100 235033 100 134979 100 116654 100 Avg Age 78 80 72 79 77 76

2000 to 2004

62 to 64 45272 11 3965 5 372 27 15733 10 10676 14 14526 16 65 to 69 77743 19 12198 17 375 28 29443 19 16191 21 19536 21 70 to 74 71612 18 13192 18 218 16 28124 18 13914 18 16164 17 75 to 79 69560 17 14005 19 148 11 27608 17 12970 17 14829 16 80 to 84 63890 16 13509 18 130 10 25881 16 11270 15 13100 14

85 to 89 46747 12 10324 14 71 5 19472 12 7863 10 9017 10 90 to 94 22943 6 5216 7 31 2 9471 6 3666 5 4559 5 Over 95 5879 1 1371 2 14 1 2442 2 824 1 1228 1 All 403646 100 73780 100 1359 100 158174 100 77374 100 92959 100 Avg Age 76 77 71 76 75 74

2005 to 2008

62 to 64 16063 16 1724 10 147 31 4880 14 5066 18 4246 19 65 to 69 23903 23 3902 22 124 26 7717 23 6659 24 5501 24 70 to 74 18834 18 3481 19 86 18 6186 18 5087 19 3994 18 75 to 79 16143 16 3168 18 40 8 5496 16 4072 15 3367 15 80 to 84 13686 13 2773 15 47 10 4857 14 3298 12 2711 12 85 to 89 9401 9 1950 11 23 5 3370 10 2206 8 1852 8 90 to 94 4063 4 872 5 10 2 1421 4 885 3 875 4

Over 95 1017 1 223 1 2 0 347 1 202 1 243 1 All 103110 100 18093 100 479 100 34274 100 27475 100 22789 100 Avg Age 74 75 70 74 73 73

38

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 47: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-4 Age at EOP by Entry Cohort

Entry Cohort Year All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily

Public Housing Certificates

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH

Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

Missing

62 to 64 4555 10 115 13 2249 8 2191 11 65 to 69 7405 15 159 19 3895 14 3351 17 70 to 74 7877 16 166 19 4441 16 3270 16 75 to 79 8640 18 145 17 4934 18 3561 18 80 to 84 8101 17 139 16 4641 17 3321 17 85 to 89 6498 14 84 10 3920 15 2494 12

90 to 94 3671 8 34 4 2202 8 1435 7 Over 95 1096 2 10 1 669 2 417 2 All 47843 100 852 100 26951 100 20040 100 Avg Age 77 75 78 76

All Cohort Years

62 to 64 122897 9 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 37866 13

65 to 69 212106 15 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 53800 18

70 to 74 224928 16 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 49277 16

75 to 79 249848 17 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 50382 17

80 to 84 255999 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 47543 16

85 to 89 212925 15 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 35904 12

90 to 94 121089 8 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 19596 7

Over 95 36373 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 5793 2

All 1436165 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 300161 100

Appendix A-5 Age at EOP by Type of Project

Project Type All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

Primarily Non-Elderly Occupancy 664408 58 2670 89 366810 66 294928 78

Avg Age 77 71 78 76 Primarily Elderly

Occupancy 471596 42 196714 100 336 11 192215 34 82331 22

Avg Age 80 79 78 80 80

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100 Primarily Elderly Occupancy was defined according to the percentage of heads of household age 62 or over living in a particular project defined by the project code variable in the database The percentage of elderly households living in a project was calculated for each project code in the database by the reference year and program type For public housing projects with 60 or more elderly heads of household were flagged as Primarily Elderly Occupancy For other assisted multifamily housing a project was flagged as Primarily Elderly if 80 or more of the heads of household were elderly All Section 202 projects were flagged as Primarily Elderly

39

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 48: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-6 Age at EOP by Gender of Household Head

HH Head Gender All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Male HH Head

62 to 64 35211 10 3423 7 350 29 15772 10 15666 12 65 to 69 63394 19 9046 17 335 28 28502 18 25511 20 70 to 74 64779 19 10539 20 219 18 29397 19 24624 19 75 to 79 62710 19 10525 20 147 12 28963 19 23075 18 80 to 84 53040 16 9219 18 95 8 24866 16 18860 15 85 to 89 35055 10 6139 12 48 4 17069 11 11799 9 90 to 94 16713 5 2848 5 17 1 8409 5 5439 4 Over 95 4515 1 794 2 3 0 2263 1 1455 1 All 335417 100 52533 100 1214 100 155241 100 126429 100 Avg Age 75 76 70 76 75

Female HH Head

62 to 64 49805 6 4618 3 424 24 23691 6 21072 8 65 to 69 94891 12 14695 10 467 26 44871 11 34858 14 70 to 74 110851 14 20028 14 287 16 53711 13 36825 15 75 to 79 136725 17 26482 18 216 12 67449 17 42578 17 80 to 84 155375 19 30586 21 189 11 79445 20 45155 18 85 to 89 141941 18 27343 19 123 7 74924 19 39551 16 90 to 94 84770 11 15809 11 59 3 45523 11 23379 9 Over 95 26062 3 4567 3 26 1 14066 3 7403 3 All 800420 100 144128 100 1791 100 403680 100 250821 100 Avg Age 79 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 15 9 3 6 10 10 2 22 65 to 69 21 13 5 9 1 100 14 13 1 11 70 to 74 21 13 9 17 10 10 2 22 75 to 79 31 19 8 15 22 21 1 11 80 to 84 41 25 17 32 22 21 2 22 85 to 89 25 15 7 13 17 16 1 11 90 to 94 10 6 4 8 6 6 Over 95 3 2 3 3 All 167 100 53 100 1 100 104 100 9 100 Avg Age 78 78 69 78 74

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

40

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 49: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Non-Hisp White

62 to 64 31512 5 4967 4 571 29 21081 5 4893 6 65 to 69 65753 11 14291 11 562 28 41912 11 8988 12 70 to 74 81950 14 18729 14 308 16 51740 13 11173 15 75 to 79 103778 17 24426 18 222 11 65183 17 13947 18

80 to 84 119443 20 28135 21 158 8 76410 20 14740 19 85 to 89 110113 18 25155 19 96 5 71555 19 13307 17 90 to 94 64901 11 14415 11 41 2 43066 11 7379 10 Over 95 18822 3 4018 3 15 1 12746 3 2043 3 All 596272 100 134136 100 1973 100 383693 100 76470 100 Avg Age 79 80 70 80 79

Non-Hisp Black

62 to 64 17853 10 2055 6 149 21 11237 11 4412 11 65 to 69 32590 18 5880 16 179 25 19116 19 7415 19 70 to 74 33320 19 7014 19 132 18 18593 18 7581 19 75 to 79 32705 18 7264 20 93 13 18012 18 7336 19 80 to 84 28410 16 6592 18 83 12 15855 15 5880 15 85 to 89 19929 11 4592 13 44 6 11273 11 4020 10

90 to 94 10767 6 2399 7 25 4 6113 6 2230 6 Over 95 3704 2 822 2 9 1 2120 2 753 2 All 179278 100 36618 100 714 100 102319 100 39627 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

Hispanic

62 to 64 6334 9 718 4 37 17 4102 10 1477 11 65 to 69 12339 17 2577 14 30 14 7299 19 2433 18 70 to 74 13105 18 3402 19 40 19 7149 18 2514 18 75 to 79 13379 19 3723 21 41 19 7066 18 2549 19 80 to 84 11658 16 3438 19 29 13 6129 16 2062 15 85 to 89 8517 12 2441 14 25 12 4491 11 1560 11 90 to 94 4291 6 1171 7 9 4 2269 6 842 6 Over 95 1254 2 330 2 5 2 702 2 217 2

All 70877 100 17800 100 216 100 39207 100 13654 100 Avg Age 76 77 73 76 76

41

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 50: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-7 Age at EOP by Race of Household Head (cont)

HH Head Race All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Other

62 to 64 1748 6 163 3 10 19 1309 6 266 11 65 to 69 3823 13 684 12 17 32 2660 13 462 19 70 to 74 5046 18 1059 18 15 28 3553 17 419 18 75 to 79 5641 20 1202 21 3 6 3994 19 442 19 80 to 84 5493 19 1209 21 4 8 3933 19 347 15 85 to 89 4209 15 931 16 3 6 3002 15 273 11

90 to 94 2189 8 468 8 1 2 1584 8 136 6 Over 95 646 2 128 2 476 2 42 2 All 28795 100 5844 100 53 100 20511 100 2387 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27584 11 141 6 7 14 1744 13 25692 10 65 to 69 43801 17 314 14 15 30 2400 18 41072 17 70 to 74 42230 16 372 16 11 22 2083 16 39764 16 75 to 79 43963 17 400 17 4 8 2179 16 41380 17 80 to 84 43452 17 448 19 10 20 2006 15 40988 17 85 to 89 34253 13 370 16 3 6 1689 13 32191 13 90 to 94 19345 7 208 9 906 7 18231 7 Over 95 6154 2 63 3 288 2 5803 2

All 260782 100 2316 100 50 100 13295 100 245121 100 Avg Age 76 78 72 76 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 113600 4 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

42

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 51: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-8 Age at EOP by Disability Status of Household Head

Age at EOP All

HH Disability Status

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col

HH Head w

disability

62 to 64 31714 22 976 85 251 96 7180 58 23307 18 65 to 69 31994 22 67 6 7 3 1805 15 30115 23 70 to 74 24618 17 38 3 2 1 1230 10 23348 18 75 to 79 20904 14 18 2 2 1 896 7 19988 15 80 to 84 16762 12 27 2 694 6 16041 12 85 to 89 11474 8 12 1 358 3 11104 8 90 to 94 6002 4 13 1 179 1 5810 4 Over 95 1975 1 2 0 53 0 1920 1 All 145443 100 1153 100 262 100 12395 100 131633 100 Avg Age 73 64 63 67 74

HH Head wo

disability

62 to 64 53299 5 7068 4 523 19 32293 6 13415 5 65 to 69 126263 13 23679 12 796 29 71582 13 30206 12 70 to 74 150950 15 30538 16 504 18 81885 15 38023 16 75 to 79 178444 18 36997 19 361 13 95538 17 45548 19 80 to 84 191549 19 39795 20 284 10 103637 19 47833 20 85 to 89 165418 17 33477 17 171 6 91652 17 40118 16 90 to 94 95419 10 18648 10 76 3 53759 10 22936 9 Over 95 28581 3 5359 3 29 1 16279 3 6914 3 All 989923 100 195561 100 2744 100 546625 100 244993 100 Avg Age 79 79 72 79 79

Unknown

62 to 64 18 3 18 3 65 to 69 49 8 49 8 70 to 74 83 13 3 60 80 13 75 to 79 118 18 118 19 80 to 84 145 23 2 40 143 23 85 to 89 129 20 129 20 90 to 94 72 11 72 11 Over 95 24 4 24 4 All 638 100 5 100 633 100 Avg Age 80 75 81

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

43

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 52: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-9 Age at EOP by Household Size

HH Size All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col of HH Col

of HH Col

HH Size = 1

62 to 64 67192 7 7514 4 731 26 31550 6 27397 9 65 to 69 130249 13 22043 12 744 27 61150 12 46312 15 70 to 74 149312 15 28384 15 465 17 71213 14 49250 16 75 to 79 174178 18 34502 19 330 12 84783 17 54563 17 80 to 84 186774 19 37462 20 258 9 93957 19 55097 18 85 to 89 162311 16 31687 17 157 6 84827 17 45640 15 90 to 94 94581 10 17879 10 72 3 50470 10 26160 8 Over 95 28859 3 5178 3 28 1 15493 3 8160 3 All 993456 100 184649 100 2785 100 493443 100 312579 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

HH Size gt 1

62 to 64 17578 13 530 4 43 19 7900 12 9105 15 65 to 69 27610 20 1703 14 59 27 12228 19 13620 22 70 to 74 25896 19 2192 18 41 19 11895 18 11768 19 75 to 79 24801 18 2513 21 33 15 11643 18 10612 17 80 to 84 21236 15 2360 20 26 12 10365 16 8485 14 85 to 89 14338 10 1802 15 14 6 7171 11 5351 9 90 to 94 6721 5 782 6 4 2 3468 5 2467 4 Over 95 1659 1 183 2 1 0 839 1 636 1 All 139839 100 12065 100 221 100 65509 100 62044 100 Avg Age 74 78 72 75 74

Unknown

62 to 64 261 10 23 32 238 9 65 to 69 447 17 9 12 438 17 70 to 74 443 16 10 14 433 16 75 to 79 487 18 8 11 479 18 80 to 84 446 16 11 15 435 17 85 to 89 372 14 12 16 360 14 90 to 94 191 7 191 7 Over 95 62 2 62 2 All 2709 100 73 100 2636 100 Avg Age 76 73 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

44

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 53: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col

Low Poverty

62 to 64 9446 4 1685 3 221 30 6287 4 1253 5 65 to 69 21895 10 5476 9 203 28 13754 10 2462 11 70 to 74 29286 13 7863 13 106 14 18093 13 3224 14 75 to 79 39300 17 10929 18 80 11 24050 17 4241 18 80 to 84 47625 21 13362 22 65 9 29336 21 4862 21 85 to 89 44456 20 12201 20 41 6 28000 20 4214 18 90 to 94 26753 12 6957 12 13 2 17477 12 2306 10 Over 95 7799 3 1994 3 5 1 5175 4 625 3

All 226560 100 60467 100 734 100 142172 100 23187 100 Avg Age 79 81 71 80 79

Medium Poverty

62 to 64 39231 7 4942 4 426 26 24453 7 9410 9 65 to 69 75891 14 14259 13 465 28 44829 14 16338 16 70 to 74 86080 16 18032 16 286 17 50014 15 17748 17 75 to 79 97657 18 20986 19 195 12 57081 17 19395 19 80 to 84 100012 18 21589 20 147 9 60337 18 17939 17 85 to 89 84289 15 17574 16 76 5 52537 16 14102 13 90 to 94 47765 9 9863 9 42 3 30244 9 7616 7

Over 95 14105 3 2835 3 15 1 9087 3 2168 2 All 545030 100 110080 100 1652 100 328582 100 104716 100 Avg Age 77 79 71 78 77

High Poverty

62 to 64 9173 10 736 6 51 16 4919 10 3467 12

65 to 69 16011 18 1948 15 54 17 8339 18 5670 20 70 to 74 16082 18 2324 18 60 19 8151 17 5547 19 75 to 79 15849 18 2555 20 48 15 8084 17 5162 18 80 to 84 13950 16 2360 18 49 16 7563 16 3978 14 85 to 89 10449 12 1753 14 33 11 5750 12 2913 10 90 to 94 5620 6 891 7 14 4 3196 7 1519 5 Over 95 1856 2 292 2 5 2 1078 2 481 2

All 88990 100 12859 100 314 100 47080 100 28737 100 Avg Age 76 78 75 76 75

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

45

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 54: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-10 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Poverty Level (cont)

Poverty Level All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of

HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10

65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3

All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10

65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16

70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16

75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17

80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17

85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14

90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8

Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2

All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

46

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 55: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-11 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Minority Status

Minority Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

Racial Minorities

lt= 50

62 to 64 32662 6 4726 4 509 29 20754 6 6673 8 65 to 69 66312 12 13568 11 492 28 40351 12 11901 13 70 to 74 80043 14 17847 14 270 15 48186 14 13740 16 75 to 79 98856 17 22876 18 200 11 59478 17 16302 18 80 to 84 111286 20 26113 21 148 8 68551 20 16474 19 85 to 89 100302 18 23183 19 90 5 63172 18 13857 16 90 to 94 58752 10 13181 11 37 2 37978 11 7556 9 Over 95 16826 3 3707 3 13 1 11071 3 2035 2 All 565039 100 125201 100 1759 100 349541 100 88538 100 Avg Age 79 80 71 79 78

Racial Minorities

gt 50

62 to 64 25188 9 2637 5 189 20 14905 9 7457 11 65 to 69 47485 16 8115 14 230 24 26571 16 12569 18 70 to 74 51405 17 10372 18 182 19 28072 17 12779 19 75 to 79 53950 18 11594 20 123 13 29737 18 12496 18 80 to 84 50301 17 11198 19 113 12 28685 17 10305 15 85 to 89 38892 13 8345 14 60 6 23115 14 7372 11 90 to 94 21386 7 4530 8 32 3 12939 8 3885 6 Over 95 6934 2 1414 2 12 1 4269 3 1239 2 All 295541 100 58205 100 941 100 168293 100 68102 100 Avg Age 77 78 73 77 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44203 16 2357 18 54 18 6860 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46660 17 2545 19 40 13 7219 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46869 17 2511 19 23 8 7097 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275424 100 13308 100 306 100 41191 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

47

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 56: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-12 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Elderly Population

Elderly Status All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

HH w head 65+ lt=50

62 to 64 57123 7 7297 4 692 26 35088 7 14046 9 65 to 69 112152 13 21472 12 719 27 65647 13 24314 16 70 to 74 129325 15 27940 15 449 17 74604 15 26332 17 75 to 79 150108 18 34090 19 323 12 87123 17 28572 18 80 to 84 158448 19 36887 20 257 10 94745 19 26559 17 85 to 89 136325 16 31209 17 150 6 83910 17 21056 14 90 to 94 78471 9 17505 10 68 3 49544 10 11354 7 Over 95 23205 3 5065 3 24 1 14878 3 3238 2 All 845157 100 181465 100 2682 100 505539 100 155471 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 77

HH w head 65+ gt

50

62 to 64 727 5 66 3 6 33 571 5 84 7 65 to 69 1645 11 211 11 3 17 1275 10 156 13 70 to 74 2122 14 279 14 3 17 1653 13 187 16 75 to 79 2696 17 380 20 2090 17 226 19 80 to 84 3138 20 424 22 4 22 2490 20 220 19 85 to 89 2869 19 319 16 2377 19 173 15 90 to 94 1667 11 206 11 1 6 1373 11 87 7 Over 95 555 4 56 3 1 6 462 4 36 3 All 15419 100 1941 100 18 100 12291 100 1169 100 Avg Age 80 80 72 80 78

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

48

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 57: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-13 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Female Headed Household Population

Female Headed HH w Children

All

Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted

Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

female headed HH w children

lt=50

62 to 64 41288 6 5929 4 604 27 25908 6 8847 8 65 to 69 84262 12 17586 11 615 28 50358 12 15703 14 70 to 74 100841 15 23097 15 363 16 59547 14 17834 16 75 to 79 121768 18 28887 19 264 12 72057 17 20560 19 80 to 84 133030 19 31891 21 193 9 80749 19 20197 18 85 to 89 117166 17 27454 18 114 5 73110 17 16488 15 90 to 94 67956 10 15501 10 51 2 43431 10 8973 8 Over 95 19697 3 4402 3 19 1 12820 3 2456 2 All 686008 100 154747 100 2223 100 417980 100 111058 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

female headed HH w children

gt 50

62 to 64 16350 9 1431 5 89 19 9594 10 5236 12 65 to 69 29156 17 4077 14 107 23 16254 17 8718 19 70 to 74 30238 18 5099 18 89 19 16417 17 8633 19 75 to 79 30636 18 5543 19 59 13 16843 17 8191 18 80 to 84 28201 16 5384 19 68 14 16203 17 6546 14 85 to 89 21745 13 4051 14 36 8 12953 13 4705 10 90 to 94 12015 7 2190 8 18 4 7355 7 2452 5 Over 95 4025 2 711 2 6 1 2491 3 817 2 All 172366 100 28486 100 472 100 98110 100 45298 100 Avg Age 76 78 73 77 75

Unknown

62 to 64 27393 10 684 5 81 26 3971 9 22657 10 65 to 69 44888 16 2083 15 81 26 6775 16 35949 16 70 to 74 44572 16 2380 18 54 17 7154 17 34984 16 75 to 79 47062 17 2585 19 40 13 7534 18 36903 17 80 to 84 47225 17 2547 19 23 7 7381 17 37274 17 85 to 89 38110 14 1984 15 21 7 5947 14 30158 14 90 to 94 21522 8 970 7 7 2 3152 7 17393 8 Over 95 6858 2 248 2 4 1 1021 2 5585 3 All 277630 100 13481 100 311 100 42935 100 220903 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

49

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50

Page 58: End of Participation in Assisted Housing: What Can We ... · aging in place; and data elements that could be collected to help HUD assess efforts to promote aging in place in HUD-assisted

End of Participation in Assisted Housing

Appendix A-14 Age at EOP by Neighborhood Renter Occupied Housing Status

Renter Occupied Housing

All Program Type

All Sec 202 All Sec 811 All Other Assisted Multifamily Public Housing

of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col of HH Col

renter occupied housing

units lt=50

62 to 64 26394 6 4480 4 488 26 15456 6 5970 8 65 to 69 52832 12 12840 12 488 26 29113 12 10391 14 70 to 74 62066 14 16366 15 296 16 33719 14 11685 16 75 to 79 75364 18 20542 19 231 12 41063 17 13528 18 80 to 84 83217 19 22685 20 181 10 46996 19 13355 18 85 to 89 73999 17 19775 18 106 6 42969 18 11149 15 90 to 94 42787 10 11051 10 44 2 25685 11 6007 8 Over 95 12225 3 3145 3 20 1 7436 3 1624 2 All 428884 100 110884 100 1854 100 242437 100 73709 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 79 78

renter occupied housing units gt 50

62 to 64 31456 7 2883 4 210 25 20203 7 8160 10 65 to 69 60965 14 8843 12 234 28 37809 14 14079 17 70 to 74 69381 16 11853 16 156 18 42538 15 14834 18 75 to 79 77440 18 13928 19 92 11 48150 17 15270 18 80 to 84 78369 18 14626 20 80 9 50239 18 13424 16 85 to 89 65195 15 11753 16 44 5 43318 16 10080 12 90 to 94 37351 9 6660 9 25 3 25232 9 5434 7 Over 95 11535 3 1976 3 5 1 7904 3 1650 2 All 431692 100 72522 100 846 100 275393 100 82931 100 Avg Age 78 79 71 78 76

Unknown

62 to 64 27181 10 681 5 76 25 3814 9 22610 10 65 to 69 44509 16 2063 16 81 26 6465 16 35900 16 70 to 74 44204 16 2357 18 54 18 6861 17 34932 16 75 to 79 46662 17 2545 19 40 13 7221 18 36856 17 80 to 84 46870 17 2511 19 23 8 7098 17 37238 17 85 to 89 37827 14 1961 15 21 7 5723 14 30122 14 90 to 94 21355 8 950 7 7 2 3021 7 17377 8 Over 95 6820 2 240 2 4 1 992 2 5584 3 All 275428 100 13308 100 306 100 41195 100 220619 100 Avg Age 77 78 72 77 77

All

62 to 64 85031 7 8044 4 774 26 39473 7 36740 10 65 to 69 158306 14 23746 12 803 27 73387 13 60370 16 70 to 74 175651 15 30576 16 506 17 83118 15 61451 16 75 to 79 199466 18 37015 19 363 12 96434 17 65654 17 80 to 84 208456 18 39822 20 284 9 104333 19 64017 17 85 to 89 177021 16 33489 17 171 6 92010 16 51351 14 90 to 94 101493 9 18661 9 76 3 53938 10 28818 8 Over 95 30580 3 5361 3 29 1 16332 3 8858 2 All 1136004 100 196714 100 3006 100 559025 100 377259 100

Census data taken from Census 2000 tract-level data

50