end show slide 1 of 39 tues sept 10/ wed sept 11 agenda stamp homework: nutrient cycles succession...
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Tues Sept 10/ Wed Sept 11AGENDA
• Stamp Homework: Nutrient Cycles
• Succession Lab: Intro and Observations
• Video: The Battle at Kruger National Park
• Notes: What shapes an ecosystem?
HOMEWORK
• Read pg 90-93 in textbook.
• Complete Symbiosis activity
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4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors.
• Biotic – biological factors
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors include:• temperature • precipitation• humidity• wind• nutrient availability• soil type• sunlight
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem?
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
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The Niche
The Niche
A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
* No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat.
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Community Interactions
What interactions occur within communities?
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Community Interactions
Competition
Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.
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Community Interactions
Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive.
The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
•What is the algae in this
picture competing with?
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How do algal blooms affect ecosystems?
1. An algal bloom is caused by a rapid influx of nutrients (i.e..-fertilizer) into a water ecosystem.
2. The algae grows and chokes out the light plants use to photosynthesize.
3. Plants die creating a large amount of decaying matter.
4. Bacteria invade the area to decompose the plant matter.
5. The bacteria use large amounts of oxygen, reducing the amount available for other organisms such as fish.
6. Fish and other organisms that live in the ecosystem begin to die.
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Community Interactions
The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree.
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Fee
din
g h
eig
ht
(m)
0
6
12
18
Cape May Warbler
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Community Interactions
Predation
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation.
The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey.
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Community Interactions
Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.
Symbiotic relationships include:
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism
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Community Interactions
Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.
Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.