end show slide 1 of 43 14–1 human heredity 14-1 human heredity
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14–1 Human Heredity14-1 Human Heredity
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14–1 Human Heredity
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Human Chromosomes
Human Chromosomes
Cells are photographed during mitosis. Scientists then cut out the chromosomes from the photographs and group them together in pairs.
A picture of chromosomes arranged in this way is known as a karyotype.
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Human Chromosomes
Human Karyotype
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Human Chromosomes
Two of the 46 human chromosomes are known as sex chromosomes, because they determine an individual's sex.
• Females XX
• Males XY
The remaining 44 chromosomes are known as autosomes.
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Human Chromosomes
How is sex determined?
Males and females are born in a roughly 50 : 50 ratio
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14–1 Human Heredity
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Human Traits
Pedigree Charts
A pedigree chart shows the relationships within a family.
Genetic counselors analyze pedigree charts to infer the genotypes of family members.
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Human Traits
A circle representsa female.
A horizontal line connecting a male and a female represents a marriage.
A shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait.
A square representsa male.
A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.
A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person does not express the trait.
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LE 14-14a
Ww ww ww Ww
Ww wwWwwwwwWw
WW ww
orWw
No widow’s peak
Thirdgeneration
(two sisters)
Widow’s peak
Second generation(parents plus aunts
and uncles)
First generation(grandparents)
Dominant trait (widow’s peak)
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LE 14-14b
Free earlobe
First generation(grandparents) Ff Ff
FF or Ff ff ff Ff Ff
ff
ff
Ff
Second generation(parents plus aunts
and uncles)
Thirdgeneration
(two sisters)
Attached earlobe
ff FForFf
Recessive trait (attached earlobe)
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X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
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Human Genes
Blood Group Genes
The best known blood groups are the ABO blood groups and the Rh blood groups.
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Human Genes
The Rh blood group
The positive (Rh+) allele is dominant, Rh+/Rh+ or
Rh+/Rh are Rh-positive.
Rh- alleles are Rh-negative.
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Human Genes
ABO blood group
• There are three alleles for this gene, IA, IB, and i.
• Alleles IA and IB are codominant.
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Human Genes
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Human Genes
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Human Genes
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Human Genes
Codominant Alleles
Sickle cell disease is a serious disorder caused by a codominant allele.
Sickle cell is found in about 1 out of 500 African Americans.
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From Gene to Molecule
Malaria and the Sickle Cell Allele
Regions where malaria is common
Regions where the sickle cell allele is common
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14–1
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14–1
A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome is know as a(an)
a. autosome.
b. karyotype.
c. pedigree.
d. chromatid.
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14–1
Whether a human will be a male or a female is determined by which
a. sex chromosome is in the egg cell.
b. autosomes are in the egg cell.
c. sex chromosome is in the sperm cell.
d. autosomes are in the sperm cell.
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14–1
Mendelian inheritance in humans is typically studied by
a. making inferences from family pedigrees.
b. carrying out carefully controlled crosses.
c. observing the phenotypes of individual humans.
d. observing inheritance patterns in other animals.
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14–1
An individual with a blood type phenotype of O can receive blood from an individual with the phenotype
a. O.
b. A.
c. AB.
d. B.
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The ABO blood group is made up of
a. two alleles.
b. three alleles.
c. identical alleles.
d. dominant alleles.
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