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Heredity & Human Affairs(MSE-2000-020)

Summer 2013FINAL LAB PRACTICAL EXAM REVIEW

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Lab Topics:1. Drosophila (sexing, life cycles, mutations, matings,

P1 F1 F2)2. Human Inherited Traits3. Karyotyping4. DNA, RNA, Proteins5. Human Genome Project6. Enzymes: Salivary Amylase7. Sea Urchin Reproduction & Development 8. Cloning / Transformations/ Plasmids9. Chi-Square Analysis10.DNA Fingerprinting

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QUESTION…

Name the structures shown here which are only found on the forelimbs of MALE fruit flies

Correct Answer: Sex combs

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Does this slide show normal blood or sickle-cell anemia?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Sickle-Cell

Anemia

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QUESTION…

How many chromosomes do flies have?

Correct Answer: 8

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QUESTION…

A pictorial representation of chromosomes arranged in pairs and organized by size is termed a ____________________.

Bonus:What stage of Mitosis are these chromosomes most

visible?

Correct Answer: Karyotype

Correct Answer: Metaphase

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QUESTION…

DNA

The process in which RNA is synthesized from a template strand of DNA is called _______________ and occurs in the ______________ part of cell.

RNACorrect Answer: Transcription,

Nucleus

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Which test tube is positive for starch?

QUESTION…

1 2 3Correct Answer:

#3

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The process of inserting a new gene into a DNA molecule is called _____________.

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Cloning

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What is a VNTR?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Variable Number

of Tandem Repeats…

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Name this stage of early development:QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Fertilization!

(note presence of fertilization membrane)

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QUESTION…

Approximately how many genes are in a single cell?

Correct Answer: ~ 30,000

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Give the genotype of a PTC taster.

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: T?

(TT & Tt)

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QUESTION…

Is this fly MALE or FEMALE?

Correct Answer: Female

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QUESTION…

Which antigen is present?

Correct Answer: Antigen A

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QUESTION…

Name the stage of the life cycle shown.

Correct Answer: Larva(e)

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QUESTION… Name the disorder.

Bonus: Is this person a male or a female?

Correct Answer: Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Correct Answer: Male

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QUESTION…

The double-stranded DNA helical molecule is held together by weak / strong __________ bonds.

Correct Answer: Weak,

Hydrogen

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QUESTION…

RNA

The process in which RNA is converted into an amino acid is called _______________ and occurs in the ______________ part of cell.

Amino AcidCorrect Answer:

Translation,Cytoplasm

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SUBSTRATE MALTOSE

Name the digestive enzyme responsible for catalyzing this reaction.

ENZYME

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Salivary Amylase

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What is the term used for the double-stranded circular DNA shown here?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Plasmid

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DNA samples are loaded into a gel matrix and subjected to an electric current in a technique called _______ _______ ___________.

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Agarose Gel

Electrophoresis

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QUESTION…

Name this stage of the life cycle.

Correct Answer: Pupa(e)

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Which trait shown here is a dominant trait?

blue eyes

Widow’s peak

attached earlobes

blonde hair

QUESTION…

Correct Answer:

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QUESTION… Name the disorder.

Bonus: Is this person a male or a female?

Correct Answer: Jacob’s Syndrome

Correct Answer: Male

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QUESTION…

Replicate the strand of DNA below. Give the sequence of the complementary strand formed.

DNA= A G C T G CCorrect Answer:

T C G A C G

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According to the graph below, what is the optimal temperature for this enzyme?

0 20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

8

10

12

Enzyme Activity

Temperature (0C)

Rate

of r

eacti

on (

1000

/sec

)

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: 40 oC

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You flip a coin 400 times. You get 202 heads, and 198 tails. The calculated chi-square value is 0.04.

• What is the probability associated with this chi-square?• Should you accept or reject your hypothesis of a 1:1 ratio?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Probability ~ 85%

Accept

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Name the enzyme that is responsible for winding & unwinding DNA.

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Topoisomerase

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Name this stage of early development:QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Gastrula(tion)

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QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Negative

The DNA runs from one end of the gel to the other end when an electric current is applied. This is due to the fact that DNA possesses a net [POSITIVE / NEGATIVE] charge.

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QUESTION…

One gene is approximately how long? Explain your answer.

Correct Answer: Average is ~ 100,000

base pairs (3 billion base pairs / 30,000 genes)

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Approximately what percentage (%) of the United States population, cannot taste the chemical PTC?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: 30%

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QUESTION…1. NAME this mutation. 2. Is it AUTOSOMAL or SEX-LINKED?3. On what chromosome can this gene be found?

Correct Answer: (1) White-eyed(2) Sex-linked

(3) #1

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Which graph represents discontinuous variation?

QUESTION…

Series10

24

6

8

10

12

Graph A

Height

Num

ber o

f Ind

ivid

uals

Se-ries1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 Graph B

Height

Num

ber o

f Ind

ivid

uals

Correct Answer: Graph A

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QUESTION…What is this? Be specific.

Bonus: How many pairs of chromosomes does this organism possess?

Correct Answer: Polytene

chromosome from Drosophila

Correct Answer: 4 pairs

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QUESTION… What’s wrong?

Bonus: Is this person a male or a female?

Correct Answer: 3 X’s (polyploidy

at X, extra X)

Correct Answer: female

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QUESTION…Name the bond that joins these

molecules together?

Correct Answer: Peptide bond

(not polypeptide!)

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QUESTION…

The bond that joins these two molecules together is WEAK / STRONG.

Correct Answer: Strong

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SUBSTRATE MALTOSE

What happens to an enzyme’s structure at very high temperatures such as 100oC?

ENZYME

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Denatures

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(a) What does PCR stand for?(b) What is the purpose of PCR?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Polymerase Chain

Reaction; Make many, many copies of DNA

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Two genes were inserted into the pGREEN circular DNA structure (shown below). Name them.

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: GFP

Correct Answer: AMPr

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Name the specific structure that covers the head of this gamete.

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Acrosome

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Approximately how many bases are in the human genome?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: 3 Billion

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QUESTION…1. NAME this mutation. 2. Is it AUTOSOMAL or SEX-LINKED?3. On what chromosome can this gene be found?

Correct Answer: (1) Apterous

(2) Autosomal(3) #2

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QUESTION…

Blood type?

Correct Answer: O+

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QUESTION…What is this? Be specific.

Bonus: How many chromosomes does this organism possess?

Correct Answer: Human

Chromosomes, Metaphase

Spread

Correct Answer: 46

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QUESTION… Name the disorder.

Bonus: Is this person a male or a female?

Correct Answer: Turner’s

Syndrome (X0)

Correct Answer: Female

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QUESTION…

Crossing over events occur during ______________ of Mitosis / Meiosis.

Correct Answer: Prophase I,

Meiosis

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On which chromosome can the gene for salivary amylase be found?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: #1

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In your F2 generation of flies, you count 54 red-eyed males, 50 white-eyed males, 54 red- eyed females, 50 white-eyed females. Your X2 is 0.308 .

• What is the probability associated with this chi-square value?• Do you accept or reject the hypothesis?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Probability ~95%

Accept

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Which plates show bacteria that have been successfully transformed with pGREEN?

QUESTION…

1

2

3

4

Correct Answer: Plate #4 only

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Based on this gel, who committed the crime?QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Jaime Jamison

Joe Funk Evidence Jaime Jamison

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Name this stage of early development:QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Blastula

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QUESTION…Humans have __________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Be specific in your answer!!!

Correct Answer: Males – 22

homologous pairs

Females - 23 homologous pairs

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

You mate the flies above ultimately resulting in an F2 generation in which there are 200 flies total. How many will have wings?

apterous (ap, ap)wild (+, +)

Correct Answer: 150 winged

(50 apterous)

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QUESTION…

mRNA sequences are “read” in groups of ____’s.

Correct Answer: 3

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Is this a Graafian Follicle or the Corpus Luteum?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Graafian Follicle

(a.k.a. mature follicle)

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During which stage of early embryonic development do the cells begin to move inward setting the stage for three germ layers to form?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: Gastrulation

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

(Xw, Xw)(X+, Y)

What proportion of males will have white eyes in the F1 generation? Correct Answer:

100% (all XwXw)

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QUESTION…

Give the sequence of the RNA strand formed from the DNA template shown below.

DNA= A G C T G CCorrect Answer:

U C G A C G

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QUESTION…

What is produced (the by-product) when two or more of these molecules are bonded?

Correct Answer: H2O (water)

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Which numbered structure depicts the rupturing of the follicle at the time of ovulation?

QUESTION…

Correct Answer: #4

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Final Jeopardy Question 1Name this structure. Be specific.

Correct Answer: Ribonucleotide

(phosphate group, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar)

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Final Jeopardy Question 2The molecule shown below directs the

process of translation. Name it.

Correct Answer: tRNA

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Final Jeopardy Question 3What part of the amino acid is responsible for

the reaction that forms a peptide bond? Give the functional groups.

Correct Answer: Carboxyl group(COOH),

Amino group (NH2)

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More Questions….

Review these on your own! You may want to review your graded lab quizzes and refer to your lab manual/textbook for additional help.

If you have any questions, please see us for help

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QUESTION…

Name the genus, pictured below, that you have been working with in lab starting at the beginning of the semester (common name: “fruit fly”).

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QUESTION…

What color eyes does a wild-type fruit fly have?

What color eyes does an apterous fruit fly have?

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QUESTION…

Is this fly MALE or FEMALE?

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QUESTION…

Name this stage of the life cycle.

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QUESTION…

Name this stage of the life cycle.

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QUESTION…

Name this stage of the life cycle.

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QUESTION…

Give the genotype of the fly pictured here.

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QUESTION…

Give the genotype of the fly pictured here.

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QUESTION…

Give the genotype of the fly pictured here.

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

You mate the flies above resulting in an “F1 generation”. What does the “F1” generation stand for?

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QUESTION…

P1: x

You cross two wingless flies. What are the expected genotypic & phenotypic ratios of the F1 & F2 generations?

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QUESTION…

How many pairs of chromosomes does this organism possess?

Bonus: How many of its chromosomes are autosomal?

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

apterous (ap, ap)wild (+, +)

What are the possible genotypes of the F1 generation?

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

You cross a red-eyed male with a white-eyed female. Your F1 male offspring all have white eyes, whereas all females have red eyes. What can you predict about the F2 generation?

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

apterous (ap, ap)wild (+, +)

•What is the genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

•What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

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QUESTION…

P1: x

You cross a homozygous wild-type male with a homozgyous apterous female. What are the expected genotypic & phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation?

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QUESTION…

Gametes produced by this individual will have which sex chromosome(s)?

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QUESTION…

Gametes produced by this individual will have which sex chromosome(s)?

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QUESTION…

P1:

x

(Xw, Xw)(X+, Y)

What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

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Does this slide show normal blood or sickle-cell anemia?

QUESTION…

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QUESTION…

• Blood type?

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The two most common blood types are ________ & _______.

QUESTION…

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The two least common blood types are _______ & _______.

QUESTION…

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A person with blood type _____ is considered a universal recipient.

QUESTION…

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A person with blood type _____ is considered a universal donor.

QUESTION…

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Which graph suggests polygenic inheritance?

QUESTION…

Series10

2

4

6

8

10

12

Graph A

Height

Num

ber o

f Ind

ivid

uals

Series10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 Graph B

Height

Num

ber o

f Ind

ivid

uals

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QUESTION…

How many human chromosomes are sex chromosomes?

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QUESTION…Name the sex chromosomes in a

normal human male.

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QUESTION…

How many chromosomes does this organism possess?

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QUESTION…

Name the organism you used to obtain & visualize these structures.

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QUESTION…What’s this?

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QUESTION… Name the disorder.

Bonus: Is this person a male or a female?

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QUESTION…What sex is this person?

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QUESTION… Name the disorder

Bonus: Is this person a male or a female?

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QUESTION…

“A”, “T”, “G”, & “C” are the common bases found in a DNA molecule. What does each letter stand for?

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QUESTION…

What organelle is primarily responsible for housing DNA?

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QUESTION…

What kinds of molecules are put together to make a protein & what holds them together?

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QUESTION…

Name the structure shown.

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QUESTION…

DNA RNA PROTEINS

Name the process indicated by the “pink” arrow .

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QUESTION…

DNA RNA PROTEINS

Name the process indicated by the “green” arrow.

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QUESTION…

Name the nitrogenous bases which are pyrimidines.

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QUESTION…

Name the nitrogenous bases which are purines.

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QUESTION…

Each nucleotide is comprised of these three components:

1.__________,

2. __________, & 3.__________.

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QUESTION…

What accounts for the variability in this molecule?

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QUESTION…

Single-stranded RNA does not contain which nitrogenous base that is present in the double-stranded DNA molecule?

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QUESTION…

“A”

The process in which RNA is synthesized from a template strand of DNA is called _______________.

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QUESTION…

Translation occurs on these organelles which are located in the cytoplasm of a cell.

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QUESTION…

“A”

The process in which mRNA is used to synthesize an amino acid is called _______________.

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QUESTION…

Amino acids are joined to form larger ______________ chains.

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QUESTION…

Explain the difference between an ALLELE and a GENE.

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QUESTION…

Name this molecule.

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QUESTION…

The process shown here is called _______________.

120

QUESTION…

The 5-Carbon sugar molecule that makes up DNA is called _______________.

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QUESTION…

Name the molecule formed when these units are joined together.

Bonus: The process in which this molecule is formed from RNA is called ____________________.

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QUESTION…

The number of ADENINES in a molecule of DNA always equals the number of ____________; wheras the number of CYTOSINES in a molecule of DNA always equals the number of __________.

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QUESTION…

Purine __________ always pairs with Pyrimidine ___________.

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QUESTION…

This molecule is synthesized in what part of the cell?

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QUESTION…

The molecule shown below aids in the formation of a polypeptide. Where in the cell is it located?

126

QUESTION…

What part of the a.a. is responsible for the reaction that forms a peptide bond? Give the functional groups.

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QUESTION…

The blue & red pairs or pink & green pairs of chromosomes shown here are called _______________ chromosomes.

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QUESTION…

What accounts for the variability in these amino acids?

129

QUESTION…

The molecule shown below directs the process of translation. Name it.

130

QUESTION…

An mRNA codon consists of how many bases?

131

Lugol’s Iodine tests for the presence of what molecule?

QUESTION…

132

Which test tube probably contains mostly maltose?

QUESTION…

1 2 3

133

According to the graph below, at what temperature is this enzyme least active?

0 20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

8

10

12

Enzyme Activity

Temperature (0C)

Rate

of r

eacti

on (

1000

/sec

)

QUESTION…

134

According to the graph below, what is the optimal pH for this enzyme?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140

2

4

6

8

10

12

Enzyme Activity

pH

Rate

of R

eacti

on (1

000/

sec)

QUESTION…

135

The gene that is responsible for coding this enzyme is _______.

QUESTION…

136

The GFP gene comes from a bioluminescent organism. Name this organism.

QUESTION…

137

How can you tell these E. coli have been transformed?

QUESTION…

138

Name one protein product of human interest that can be made by genetically engineered bacteria cells.

QUESTION…

139

How can you tell this egg has been fertilized?

QUESTION…

140

Name the “condition” that results when more than one sperm fertilizes an egg.

QUESTION…

141

Sea Urchins have internal / external fertilization.

QUESTION…

142

Humans have internal / external fertilization.

QUESTION…

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Name this stage of early development:QUESTION…

144

Name this stage of early development:QUESTION…

145

Name the gametes shown here:

QUESTION…

146

Name the gametes shown here:

QUESTION…

147

The structure that covers the head of this gamete serves what purpose(s)?

QUESTION…

148

Is this a Graafian Follicle or the Corpus Luteum?

QUESTION…

149

Are sea urchin gametes haploid or diploid?

QUESTION…

150

Give the genotype of a PTC non-taster.

QUESTION…

151

In your F2 generation of Drosophila, you count 306 winged and 98 apterous flies.

What is the chi-square value? (please show your work) What is the probability associated with this chi-square? Should you accept or reject the hypothesis?

QUESTION…

152

In your F1 generation of fruit flies, you count 105 winged, 20 apterous flies. What is the chi-square value? (please show your work)

What is the probability associated with this chi-square? Should you accept or reject the hypothesis?

QUESTION…

153

About how many genes does the human genome contain?

QUESTION…

154

A mutation is defined as a change in the ___________ sequence which leads to a change in __________________ structure or function.

QUESTION…