Reproduction &

Heredity

Stages of Reproduction

Fertilization~

Joining of an egg and a sperm in the fallopian tube

Embryo:A fertilized egg in the first 2 months

Fetus:From the 3rd month on the embryo is called a fetus.

Stages of Birth:

1.Labor – mild contractions pushes the baby against the cervix

2. Birth – Baby pushes through the cervix and into the birth canal.

3. After birth – After the baby is delivered, the placenta separates and is delivered.

Identical Twins:

Twins developed from the same fertilized egg that splits.

Fraternal Twins:

Twins that develop at same time but from separate fertilized eggs.

Vaginal Birth:A natural birth of a baby..

Breech Birth:Feet or butt of a baby enters the birth canal first.

Cesarean Section (C section)~An incision is made in the abdomen and uterus in order to deliver the baby.

Anemia~

Low number of healthy red blood cells, insufficient iron. The baby takes iron to make red blood cells.

Toxemia~

The body retains toxic waste, can lead to weight gain and swollen feet.

If left untreated can lead to convulsions and coma.

Gestational Diabetes~

Occasionally a pregnant woman may temporarily develop diabetes, usually near the end of her pregnancy, can cause the baby to be big.

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Miscarriage~ Muscles in the uterus contract and force a nonliving embryo from the body, usually within the first 3 months.

Still Birth~ Occurs when a mother delivers a non living fetus after full term.

Incubator~ keeps a premature baby in a sterile environment and at a warm temperature until fully developed.

Premature Birth~ babies born before they are fully developed.

Birth Defects~Physical or mental disabilities that are present at birth.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders~ birth defects caused by alcohol consumptionduring pregnancy. This disability is 100% preventable!

Heredity:Chromosomes~ tiny threadlike structures that carry hereditary information from generation to generation.

Every cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 from mother and 23 from father.

X Chromosomes = Female (XX)

Y Chromosomes = Male (XY)

Genes~ Chromosomes are divided into smaller units which contain instructions to help determine a certaincharacteristic of an individual.

DNA ~ makes upthe genes

Dominant Genes~ Person will show the trait coded for by the gene even if only one gene is present.

Recessive Genes~ Occurs only if a Dominant gene is not present. (ex…rolling your tongue)

Prenatal Diagnosis:

Amniocentesis~ test used by taking amniotic fluid from the mother.

Ultrasound~ Sound waves used to produce images of the fetus.