endocrine system modified1 copy
TRANSCRIPT
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THYROID
PARATHYROID
3/8/2016 Prof.J.Anbalagan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Microstructure with functional correlations
• Structural changes in goiter conditions
• Microstructure of parathyroid with functional correlations
THRYROID GLAND
• Follicular cells-Endoderm
• Para follicular cells-neural crest cells
• Functioning starts 10th week of fetal life
• Stores hormones 10 months, releases in a steady flow for a long period
THYROID GLAND
• Functions altered in iodine
deficiency
• Structural changes in hypo and hyper functions – Colloidal goiter – Parenchymatus goiter
• Enlargement is a symptom in thyroid disorders
• Regulates- – Metabolism – Growth and development – Activity of Nervous system
THYROID FOLLICLE • Capsule/septa
• Follicles-size and shape
variable 0.02-9mm
• Cuboidal cell lining in resting phase
• Columnar cell during active phase
• Synthesis, store, release of T3 and T4 in steady flow for a longer period
• Follicular cells are TSH dependent
THYROID FOLLICLE
• Thyroid follicle
• Size and shape variable
• Filled with colloid-
– appears pink
• Lining follicular cells are simple cuboidal to columnar on a basement membrane
THYROID FOLLICLE
• Apex of the cells show microvilli projecting into the colloid
• Para follicular cells
C cells between follicular cells and basement membrane
FOLLICLE
PARAFOLLICULAR CELL
Ultra structure of follicular cells • Short microvillus
• Tight junctions
• rER at the basal portion
• Supra nuclear position Golgi
• Vesicles
• Lysosomes
• Colloidal droplets
Parafollicular cells
• Appears in single/groups
• Between basement membrane and follicular cells
• Thyro-calcitonin
• Lowers blood calcium level
Parafollicular cells
PARATHYROID GLAND
• Paired superior and inferior glands
• Parathormone
• regulates calcium and phosphate level in blood
Parathyroid gland
• Connective tissue capsule
• Cells arranged in cords and groups
• Sinusoids between the cells
• Different type of cells identified
• Chief cells
• Oxyphil cells
Parathyroid gland • Chief cells (Principle cells)
• Principle cells appear in
group
• Cytoplasm is stained lightly
• Scattered between the chief cells are oxyphil cells
• Oxyphil cells shows acidophilic cytoplasm
• Number increases after puberty
Oxyphil cells
CHIEF CELLS
Pineal gland
Pineal gland
• EPIPHYSIS
• Capsule/trabeculae
• Lobules shows indistinct group of cells with connective tissue
• Calcareous deposits in adult
• Known as brain sand (corpora arenacea)
Pineal gland
• Cell type – Parenchymal cell
• Shows process
• Pale staining
• pinealocytes
– Glial cell • Smaller in size
• Stains intensely
• Neuroendocrine function on gonadal function – Cycles of dark and light
– Secretion of melatonin
Assessment question
• Histological features of thyroid/parathyroid.
• Location of Para follicular cells and their functions