ene rgeia - the university of aberdeen image: dr srinivas sriramula contents 2 3 issue 6 energeia i...

ENERGEIANEWS FROM THE ABERDEEN INSTITUTE OF ENERGY

KOREAN CAMPUS PLANS

NEW ENERGY BUILDING

CARBON CAPTURE SPECIAL

ISSUE 6

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Decisionson biofuels

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ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

Challenging circumstances can lead to innovative solutions. Sowhilst the hydrocarbon industry faces trying times, as theExecutive Director of our Aberdeen Institute of Energy, John

Scrimgeour, explains in this magazine, this can often result in lateralthinking to tackle a problem in a completely different way.

Through the Aberdeen Institute of Energy, the University’s energyexperts are well placed to work in partnership with the industry in orderto tackle these challenges. Similarly, with our world-class energyteaching, in an increasingly competitive jobs market, some may feelnow is the time to upskill by accessing our growing portfolio of taughtenergy postgraduate programmes.

The University’s expertise and ambition has always mirrored that of theenergy sector itself, in that it transcends boundaries and embracesinternationalisation. In addition to our many collaborations with theindustry on our own doorstep we have extensive connections with allthe major regions in the world. This international strategy is exemplifiedby the recent announcement of our first overseas campus due to openin South Korea in 2016. The fact that the University was approached toprovide the expert teaching at this state-of-the-art facility is testamentto the esteem in which our researchers are held around the world.

The challenges of maximising the recovery of fossil fuels whilst movingever more towards a low carbon society are not going to be resolvedovernight, but with more than 150 of our academics working together ina variety of multidisciplinary teams - such as Carbon Capture andStorage - you can be sure that the University of Aberdeen will continueto play a major role in addressing the major energy issues of our time.

Professor Sir Ian Diamond FBA FRSE FAcSS

Principal and Vice-ChancellorUniversity of Aberdeen

Principal’s Welcome3 Smart power grid4-5 Biofuel big decisions6-7 Korea calling8 Re-energising our research9 Toxic assets?10-13 Carbon capture special14-15 Human factors16-17 Volcano seismology18 John Scrimgeour – My View19 Energy news

ENERGEIA IS PUBLISHED BY University of Aberdeen, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX,Scotland, UK. Tel +44(0)1224 272014. [email protected]

PRINCIPAL & VICE-CHANCELLORPROFESSOR SIR IAN DIAMOND

EDITOR PHOTOGRAPHY EDITORIALEUAN WEMYSS KALYAN VEERA JO MILNE

ROBERT TURBYNEDESIGNED BYUNIPRINTUNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

PRINTED BYJ THOMSON COLOUR PRINTERS

Printed on recycled paper. Copyright 2015 University of Aberdeen.Cover image: Dr Srinivas Sriramula

Contents

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ENERGEIAISSUE 6

I t may be surprising to people that in the modern powergrid, poweroutages are often caused by misuse of equipment or humanoperation error, as opposed to mechanical or electronic failure.

When something unexpected happens the system stops working.Researchers at the University of Aberdeen’s Institute of ComplexSystems and Mathematical Biology (ICSMB) are working to create apower grid that is naturally stable, so unexpected outages don’t occur.

At the moment, the electric grid is relatively simple. There are about 500power stations in the UK that produce electricity to meet the expecteddemand of the market but that is changing, and will change even morein the future.

”Consumers don’t just use energy now – they produce it as well,”explains Dr Murilo Baptista from the ICSMB. “These ‘prosumers’ putelectricity back into the grid via wind turbines and solar panels andwhilst it is good news for the planet, it is a big problem for the powergrid of the future.

“Of course, if consumers (people and industries) and nature behave in apredictable way the grid will work as expected. But, as we know, this isnot always the case.

“As the power grid becomes a more dynamic system, with prosumersand consumers with no fixed address and variable demand, you won’thave huge plants producing energy, but many decentralised producerseverywhere taking and giving energy. For example, electric cars can useenergy but can also put some back in. Some sustainable energy sourcesare intermittent – sometimes wind blows and produces energy,sometimes it doesn’t. Sometimes you need to save energy for whenthere is no wind.”

‘SMART’ SYSTEMDr Baptista’s team are attempting to develop a simple strategy thatcreates a ‘smart’ power grid system with reduced active human control.

“We need to understand different interactions between the differentlevels of dynamics in the power grid. We are developing mathematicalmodels to understand how to make the transmission and distribution ofloads more stable and more resilient using steady state models of DirectCurrent (DC) and Alternate Current (AC).

“The problem is distribution. We have worked out, mathematically, howto calculate the capacity of the line, and we can show that the capacitydoesn’t change if, instead of one generator, you have an infinite numberof generators spread all over. We have also proved that even if there arechanges in the power grid – i.e. if we remove a node or link – theamount of current does not exceed the capacity.

“When it comes to models of the power grid that incorporate thedynamics of the machines (generators, consumers, and prosumers),things get a lot more complicated. Using a reduced model of the power-grid that incorporates the dynamics of users into the generator’sdynamics, we are able to predict how power is transmitted and if thetransmission is stable under demanding or unpredictable conditions.Using this same model we have shown analytically how much energyfrom a generator arrives into any other generator of the grid, a resultthat allows us to predict the impact of generator failures in the grid.”

Dr Baptista’s expertise can be applied to almost any complex system –from power grids to the human circulatory system.

He adds: “We are interested in understanding and modelling theintricate relationship between manifestations of collective behaviour,synchronisation, recurrence, symbolic language and observability incomplex systems and networks and the way information is transmitted,processed, and stored in thesesystems. We apply thisunderstanding for a variety oftechnological applications.Having fun while working iswhat drives our research!”

> For information contact Dr Murilo Baptista on+44 (0) 1224 272489 [email protected]

Creating a ‘smart’ power grid

4 www.abdn.ac.uk/energy

ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

T he development of modern fuels will requireaccurate simulation and assessment to ensure theyare both safe and economically viable.

At the University of Aberdeen the skills of chemical and structuralengineers have been brought together to create new systems formodelling factors such as complex market forces together withreliability, which could lead to a more informed decision-making process when it comes to the development of biofuels.

The University is home to the Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF)Centre for Safety and Reliability Engineering which builds onexpertise within the School of Engineering to form a world-classunit for research and teaching in safety and reliabilityengineering.

Echoing the mission statement of the original Safety EngineeringUnit established by Professor Baker at the University in 1991, theaim of the LRF Centre is ‘to establish and maintain a centre ofexcellence in the study of practical and theoretical problemsrelated to the safety and reliability of engineering systems’.

The Centre is generating new research in a number of key areas,including application of models usually seen in structuralreliability engineering to the development of modern fuels such asbiodiesels.

Dr Srinivas Sriramula, co-ordinator of the MSc Safety andReliability Engineering for Oil & Gas, explains: “Biodiesel has anumber of advantages over the conventional petrodiesel - it isrenewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, carbon neutral, has lowersulphur content, high lubricity and better flash point. Serviceproperties of biodiesel are very similar to those of conventionaldiesel; this makes it possible to blend the duo in all proportions.

“On the other hand, biodiesel production faces certain technicaland economic challenges as well as uncertainties in sustainabilityand market forces.

“Considerable progress in the development of biodieselproduction technologies has already been reported but issues likethe high breakeven unit price and the fuel-against-food problemremain.”

NEW FRAMEWORKIn an academic paper recently published in the journalSustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, Dr Sriramula,working together with Dr Usman Abubakar (former PhD student)and Dr Neil Renton, outlined a new framework which, for the firsttime, applied structural reliability principles to determine thelikelihood of a biodiesel process plant achieving performancetargets under a wide range of uncertainties.

Dr Sriramula adds: “Previous research looking at the viability ofbiodiesels and its break-even point has come to different conclusions based on different figures for investment and production costs.

“There are a large number of uncertainty sources in biodieselproduction due to changes in the composition of the feed (such aswaste cooking oils), market forces such as inflation, depreciationfactors, variations in the cost of equipment, and production costs.These factors are likely to affect the credibility of the usualdeterministic estimates, especially during the early developmentphase.

“As modern fuels are still new ventures, potential investors wouldalways desire to understand not only the prospects, but theuncertainties, including the underlying risk but current modellingdoes not offer this to the extent we believe it is possible toachieve for biodiesel production.

“Our work seeks to bridge this gap by proposing an enhancedstochastic modelling approach to consider the techno-economicviability by extending the generic framework for optimisingchemical process performance.”

BIGGER PICTUREThe model used in the Aberdeen research broadens out chemicalprocess reliability analysis, which is usually limited touncertainties such as changes in reaction conditions and cost of

Informing the bigdecisions on biofuels


ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA

Objectives of theLloyds RegisterFoundation(LRF) Centre

> To conduct world-classresearch in the generalarea of safety andreliability engineering atthe University ofAberdeen

> To develop the industryfocus of safety andreliability engineeringresearch and facilitatethe transfer ofknowledge andtechnology in the areabetween differentengineering disciplinesand between differentsectors of industry

> To explore the best waysof teaching safety andreliability concepts andmethods to people withdifferent engineeringbackgrounds

> To develop and deliver aworld-class MScprogramme in Safety andReliability Engineeringfor Oil & Gas aimed ateducating the leadingsafety engineeringspecialists of the future

> To engage with theworldwide LRF academyand collaborate with LRFcentres with relatedresearch interests

> To work with LRF inpromoting the values ofthe Foundation and inpromoting education andresearch in science andengineering

> For information contact Dr Srinivas Sriramula on+44 (0) 1224 272778 [email protected]

raw materials, to consider the ‘bigger picture’.

The stochastic economic evaluation system the researchers havecreated for biodiesel production plants is able to give moreaccurate predictions about the chance of meeting some targetthresholds, optimal operating conditions and design points,sensitivity of the target to each of the primary variables, reliabilityindex and other important performance measures.

Dr Sriramula says this is essential to help prospective investors,governments, engineers and other stakeholders make theinformed decisions which could move biodiesel from a new to anestablished fuel.

“We need at our disposal methods to model and characterise theperformance of biodiesel production plants under uncertainty inan efficient way and we are working to develop this further.

“This type of stochastic process performance modelling does notonly increase the prospect for early flaw detection, it also makes itpossible to assess the potency of various design and operationalspecifications providing deeper insights into performancebehaviour of process systems.

“Working within such a framework could help to advancedecision-making about biodiesel and other modern fuels andcould potentially be applied to any typical engineering processsystem.”


ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

KOREA CALLING

The establishment of theUniversity of Aberdeen’sfirst international campus

in South Korea will be a proudand significant moment in theUniversity’s history, and onewhich is testament to theUniversity’s ambitions to positionitself as a global institution at theforefront of energy-relatedresearch and teaching.

The campus is set to open inSeptember 2016, and willspecialise in offering courses inoffshore-related disciplines,including MSc courses in Oil andGas Topside Engineering, SubseaEngineering, PetroleumEngineering, as well as theUniversity’s MBA in EnergyManagement.

However, it is the researchpotential offered by the newcampus that offers the real prize,as Professor Igor Guz, Head ofSchool of Engineering at theCollege of Physical Sciencesexplains:

“The new campus will alsoprovide the University withaccess to a comprehensive rangeof cutting-edge research facilitiesunlike any available to us here inScotland.

“This will include a full-scaleoffshore rig and subsea test bed,fire and blast test facilities,collision test facilities, and asubsea test chamber, which willallow us to carry out ultra-realistic tests and experiments.

A.

ISSUE 6


ENERGEIA

“The research potential is by farthe most exciting aspect of thisproject, and opens upopportunities for long-termcollaborations that will buildconnections between researchersin Scotland, South Korea, andother parts of the world.”

Professor Guz also highlighted thepotential for industry based inAberdeen to benefit from workundertaken at the new campus,which is currently underconstruction.

“Local companies are jumping atthe opportunity to come and helpus, mainly because it can helpthem build a connection withmajor companies in South Korea,”he said.

“We have learned that the Koreanmarket is very hard to break intounless you are introduced to theright people, and you need tomeet those people a number oftimes before you can do anybusiness.

“Through this project we will beable to facilitate those types ofmeetings and those types ofconnections, and although thereis still a lot of work ahead of us,the foundations are there.”

The new campus follows twoyears of detailed negotiation withkey partners in South Korea, whoidentified the University as centralto their plans of establishing a

The new campus will provide researchers and students with access to the cuttingedge test facilities already available on site, including - A. Indoor impact testfacilities; B. Outdoor fire and explosion test facilities; C. Professor Igor Guz (frontcentre right) and Professor Bryan MacGregor, Head of the University’s College ofPhysical Science (front centre left) were joined by fellow academics on a recentvisit to Korea; D. A subsea test chamber; E. Artist’s impression of the layout ofthe research test facilities available at the University’s Korean campus. The mainengineering and design office is in the foreground (bottom right) while the fire andexplosion test facilities are located in the large compound; F. Artist’s impressionof the site of the new University of Aberdeen branch campus, from above.

leading teaching and researchfacility in the Gwanyang FreeEconomic Zone, based in thesouth of the country.

Professor Seth Kunin, theUniversity’s Vice Principal forInternationalisation, adds that thisis a mutually beneficialarrangement that will bring opportunities for allparties involved.

He explains: “As part of itseconomic strategy the SouthKorean Government is keen todevelop its offshore industry, andit is due to the world-classacademic expertise that existshere at the University of Aberdeenthat we were chosen as a partnerin this project.

“The new campus will export ourworld-class educational offeringto a new market in East Asia,while we will benefit from accessto major new research facilities inengineering, opening up excitingnew opportunities in research andteaching.

“Our aim as a University is toinstil a sense of global citizenshipwithin our students, and thecampus will provide opportunitiesfor student exchange that fulfilthat aim. Not only this, but themove also represents a major stepforward in the internationalisationof our activities, and in raising theUniversity’s profile in a key regionof the world.”

B. C.

D.

E.

F.

But it isn’t just industry that willbenefit from the new building.Inspiring the next generation ofscientists is another key aspect ofthe project, courtesy of an ‘OpenLab’ outreach policy. Theintention is to demystify sciencefor youngsters by providing asource of inspiration andencouragement for the nextgeneration of scientists, with aparticular focus on attracting girlsinto science, technology,engineering, and mathematicssubjects.

This effort to broaden the impactof the Energy Building is alsobehind plans for the facility toserve as a venue for events,functions and exhibitions forindustry and for the localcommunity. Positioning thebuilding as a focal point forindustry and the widercommunity serves as a furthertestament to the University’sambition to cement its place as amajor global energy researchinstitution at the heart of life inEurope’s energy capital.


ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

RE-ENERGISING OUR RESEARCH

Helping to safeguard society’senergy needs is at the heart of theUniversity of Aberdeen’s plans fora new Energy Building that willbe at the forefront of energy-related research and teaching.

Renewable energy, carboncapture and storage, andmaximising economic recovery ofexisting fossil fuels are just someexamples of the research that willbe undertaken at the newbuilding, which will be located atthe University’s King’s Collegecampus.

At a time of belt-tightening forthe energy industry, the buildingwill aim to help business byincreasing opportunities forengagement, collaboration, andprofessional developmentprogrammes through theAberdeen Institute of Energy –the University’s single point ofcontact for all its energyactivities.

John Scrimgeour, ExecutiveDirector of the Institute, explains:“The Institute will use many ofthe new building’s facilities toenhance our engagement withindustry, entrepreneurs,postgraduate students,governments and policy makers,both locally and internationally.The new facilities will enable usto expand our portfolio ofactivities, including attractingsenior representatives of theenergy industry to speak inAberdeen.

“Our academics also have strongpartnerships with many industrialpartners. The new building willstrengthen those partnerships, forexample though the delivery ofundergraduate, postgraduate andcontinuing professionaldevelopment (CPD) teaching tosupport the employment needs ofindustry, the provision ofinnovation space, and theconduct of fundamental andapplied research.”

One of the University’s keyresearch strengths is a culture ofcross-collaboration that aims totackle problems holistically, ratherthan in isolated ‘silos’.

The new building is designed toenhance this approach byproviding laboratory spaces andbreakout areas which will allowexperts from different disciplinesto come together and spark trulyinnovative solutions.

In addition, the building willfeature multi-functional teachinglaboratories that will enhancelearning and facilitate project-based delivery of practicalsubjects.

These first-class specialistfacilities, coupled with a strongindustry focus, will providestudents with the ‘work ready‘skills needed by employers,providing a stream of talent thatwill benefit the energy industrywell into the future.

As oil and gas reserves diminish, the industry is more inclined toconsider tapping resources that contain potentially hazardouselements such as arsenic and mercury.

These are especially relevant when occurring as volatilecompounds like Trimethylarsine (TMA) or elementalmercury (Hg0). Both compounds have in the past ledto catastrophic failures in oil and gas installations.

In the 1980s, TMA was the culprit in the shutdownof a Mexican pipeline due to precipitations inthe valves, and is also a poison to catalysersneeded to break down carbohydrides in fuelproduction. Hg0 is corrosive to metalinstallations and has led to catastrophic failure,for example in Algeria, when the Skikda plantwas flattened after mercury had corroded aheat exchange system.

Besides the economic effects arsenic and mercury can have on oil andgas production in terms of down times in production, both arsenic andmercury are potent toxic elements and pose significant risks for humanhealth and end consumers using gas for cooking and heating.

“Oil and gas firms have their own techniques for removing theseelements from the oil and gas, but they need to know how successfulthese processes have been in each case,” explains Dr Eva Krupp fromthe University of Aberdeen. “We are specialised in doing metal analysisin petroleum products and we can analyse the different forms ofmercury and arsenic.

“For example, we have developed a method called ‘chemotrapping’which makes it relatively easy to sample TMA from a gas stream, justby connecting a small absorption tube to the gas well. The TMA in thegas is preserved in the tube and this can be shipped back to ourlaboratory, where we analyse the amount of “trapped” arsenic and canprovide the concentration of arsenic in the gas.

Toxic Assets?

“We can also analyse gas samples directlyby a process called “cryotrapping”, inwhich we freeze out the TMA or Hg0 andsubmit it to analysis. These techniquesrequire highly sophisticated laboratoryequipment, highly trained personnel andexpensive instrumentation, which we havebuilt up in our laboratories.”

The team have done consultancy work foroil firms from all over the world, includinga project with Chevron.

Dr Krupp added: “There are not many in theworld using these specialised techniques,

especially where gas measurements are needed. Wehave the manpower, specialised equipment and analytical

chemists that many firms do not.

“The concentration of TMA, for example in natural gas, can varysignificantly. In standard gas production, the total daily arsenic loademitted by a single gas well can reach several kilograms per day. Assuch, it is important that measures are taken to reduce the load of theseelements, but the need for a reliable and cost effective analysisremains.”

We have themanpower,specialisedequipmentand analyticalchemists thatmany firms do not

‘‘”

> For more informationcontact Dr Eva Krupp on+44 (0) 1224 272901 [email protected]

ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA: CCS SPECIAL



ISSUE 6ENERGEIA: CARBON COPY SPECIAL

Professor Dubravka Pokrajac

M y research focuses on how carbondioxide can be safelystored underground. When you inject super-critical CO2into porous rock you need to know how quickly it will

move and in which direction it will go.

The best scenario is that the CO2 is trapped there, and to make sureit happens the way you’ve planned you have to understand how itmoves through porous rock.

MICRO CT SCANNERUsing funding from the Oil & Gas Academy of Scotland (OGAS), theUniversity recently purchased the £750,000 Zeiss Xradia Versa 3DMicroscope, known as a MicroCT Scanner. This allows us to use X-ray microtomography to scan and study samples of rock, similar tothose found in the aquifers or depleted oil wells where the CO2 willbe stored, in immense detail and predict how the CO2 will flowthrough the pores. The device has resolution of 0.75 microns (micronis 1/1000 of a mm), so it can reconstruct the pores as small as 2microns. It is the only kind of MicroCT which can scan at this kind ofresolution without having to cut a rock sample to a very small size(1mm or less). Also the quality of the scans compared to cheaperdevices is superior.

After obtaining details of the pore geometry within the rock we canfeed the results into a core-scale computer model and run asimulation which will tell you how the CO2 moves through the rock.

It would be impossible to do this for an entire reservoir but by usingthis method we can take a small and very detailed model and feedthe data to a field-scale model to find out how far the CO2 will movein a set period of time, and where it will move to.

This is of great interest to industry, as this information directlyrelates to the cost of the overall process.

In interpreting the scans and feeding them into my simulationmodels, I collaborate with geologists who study rock chemistry so wecan identify and simulate chemical reactions between CO2 andreservoir rocks which can help or jeopardise CO2 trapping.

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONThe ability to accurately measure the behaviour of CO2 as it movesthrough rock is vital to ensure its safe storage and also helps toprovide reassurance in the face of some public scepticism over CCS.

The main obstacle to public acceptance of CCS is that people areworried that CO2 will escape, even though they may not understandjust how deeply it is stored. Our research aims to help provideevidence that a particular site will trap the CO2 safely so that itdoesn’t escape.

> For more information contact Professor Dubravka Pokrajacon +44 (0) 1224 272983 [email protected]

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTSEnergeia examines different areas of the University of Aberdeen’s uniquemultidisciplinary Carbon Capture and Storage research group

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) can play a vital role in helping the UK meet its statutory target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80percent by 2050 and could be a £15-35bn industry by 2030.

These recent claims in a report by CCSA (Carbon Capture Storage Association) and the TUC (Trade Union Council) were welcomed by ScottishGovernment Energy Minister, Fergus Ewing at an event held at the University of Aberdeen in January.

The report highlighted the potential for Scotland to become a European leader in carbon capture and storage, with Peterhead power station at thecentre of plans to capture carbon and store it beneath the North Sea in depleted oil reservoirs.

In recognition of this potential, the University has adopted an innovative multi-disciplinary approach towards CCS technology, involving leadingacademics from areas as diverse as engineering, law, mathematics, chemistry, geology and economics.

These experts come together to tackle the issues facing the successful implementation of CCS as a whole – rather than just focussing within theirown discipline.

The group is the only one of its kind in the UK, and was recently welcomed into Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS) – the UK’s largest CCSresearch partnership.

THE ENGINEER


ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA: CARBON COPY SPECIAL

At all three points in the CCS process (capture, transport andstorage) the CO2 can interact with solid oxides or silicatessuch as rocks and minerals. My research fundamentally

studies the interaction between CO2 and these materials at amolecular level.

At a power plant you burn fuel and produce carbon dioxide CO2,carbon monoxide, water and nitrogen. Carbon dioxide is the bigproblem as we don’t want to release that into the atmosphere.When you pass this mixture of gases over solid oxides, they absorbthe CO2, but not the others, and store it. When you heat the solidoxide back up, it gives you back the CO2 in a pure form. This ishugely important because it means when you go to the storagestage of CCS, you’re not wasting storage space with ‘safe’ gasesthat aren’t damaging the environment – it’s just the CO2 that you’restoring.

Solid silicates are also present in the places where the CO2 is storedso over, say, 1,000 years it reacts with the rocks to precipitate a solid carbonate, in effect storing it safely.

CALCIUM LOOPINGThe technology for the capture element of my project is known as‘Calcium Looping’. The project involves attaching the CO2 to thesorbent from the gas mixture, then heating it up to release the pureCO2 – the point being that you can re-use the sorbent, thus the‘loop’. The problem is the more times you loop the sorbent, thelower the capacity for CO2 becomes, so eventually you have toreplace the sorbent, which is expensive and time consuming.

The end goal of my research would be to produce improvedsorbents that retain a high capacity for absorbing CO2 for longer. We're just trying to make a base case with the simplest materialthat can do this and then move forward with more complex ones tofind out if they work better. For industry it's a balancing act – is itworth investing money in more complex synthesis to be able tocycle the sorbent more effectively?

HIGH TEMPERATURE, HIGH PRESSUREI am currently commissioning a high temperature, high pressure,infrared spectrometer setup which is capable of simulating thepressure found at the depths where the CO2 is stored.

This is a unique setup for studying CCS that no one else in the UK,perhaps in the world, is using just now.

The oil and gas industry obviously has a big interest in EnhancedOil Recovery (EOR). This technique allows you to study chemicalreactions and get a handle on surface wettability, which may wellbe of interest.

THE CHEMIST Greg MutchPhD researcher

> For more information contact Prof James Anderson on +44 (0)1224 272905 [email protected]

This is a unique setup for

studying CCS that no one else in

the UK, perhaps in the world,

is using just now

ISSUE 6ENERGEIA: CARBON COPY SPECIAL


Dr Sola Kasim

THE ECONOMIST

What are the benefits of CCS for Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR) to the oil industry? A recent survey revealed that field operators anticipate almost two-thirds – or approximately 1 billion barrels – of the estimated EORpotential could be produced via CO2 flooding in the North Sea. Thiswill obviously benefit the industry by extending the lifespan ofexisting fields, generating more revenues and creating more jobs.

What are the main economic challenges to implementingCCS for EOR in the North Sea?The main challenge is minimising the costs of capturing CO2,processing and compressing it to the required purity and pressure,and transporting it so that the delivered cost at the platform isminimised, and therefore competitive. There are also infrastructureissues to consider which influence costs.

On the revenue side, the ability of an oilfield operator to pay for theCO2 depends on their revenue as determined by the price of oil.Studies conducted at the University of Aberdeen and elsewhereshow that the oil price would have to be over $100 per barrel over along period of time to encourage CO2-EOR investments. Thisseems a tall order. However no one expects any CO2-EOR project tobe undertaken before 2020 – by which time prices will hopefullyhave recovered.

Is this financially viable technology? CO2 for EOR technology has proven to be financially viable in theUSA, but that does not translate to profitability in the UK. The twokey factors underpinning the sustainability of the technology in theUSA are not yet present in the UK – these are the commoditisationof CO2 – currently selling between $20 and $40 per tonne – andfiscal incentives from government.

Like most technologies in the industry, CCS for EOR has its windowof opportunity dictated by the remaining lifetime of existinginfrastructure and reserves. This window of opportunity isnarrowing, making the situation all the more urgent.

Are more incentives needed to attract oil firms to invest inthe technology? Definitely. In my opinion the Government needs to accelerate workon putting in place fiscal and commercial incentive packages thatwill whet investors' appetite for CO2-EOR. Our research at theUniversity continues to make rational contributions to that work.

How do you view the direction of travel in terms ofGovernment policy in this area?Government needs to make sure that it enhances the profitability of CO2-EOR, but the danger is that it has placed its eggs in one basketthrough its support for only onshore-offshore sequestrationdemonstration projects.

Both the officially supported Shell/SSE-led Peterhead-Goldeneye projectand the Drax-led White Rose one in Yorkshire aim to capture CO2onshore and store it permanently offshore. But different projectconfigurations such as the onshore-onshore ones in Canada and theUSA, or even the offshore-onshore-offshore one in Norway ought to haveequally been explored and supported.

Above all, given that there is virtually no example of a CCS industryfounded on CO2 sequestration, the Government ought to have at leastsupported one CCS for EOR demonstration project. CO2-EOR has provenelsewhere to be more profitable and helpful to industry uptake of CCS.

What must now happen in order for the UK to have a viableCCS industry? In my view it is doubtful that the Government’s proposals for Contractfor Difference (CfD) payments to power generators to incentivise CO2capture will be good for CCS for EOR. A CfD regime lumps together thecosts of electricity generation and CO2 capture and expects both coststo be recovered from electricity tariffs charged to consumers. Thisresults in the tariff being higher than if the two costs were separated.Moreover, the guaranteed costs recovery under CfD provides littleincentive for innovation in the development of a carbon trading market.

What must change is the current ambiguity regarding the capturedCO2. Should it be treated as a waste by-product or a commodity thatcan be sold to enhance oil recovery? Our research suggests thatcommoditisation is the better option as long as the price is highenough to encourage investments in CO2 capture and low enough atthe oil platform to be attractive to the EOR operator. Such a price canbe arrived at only by separating the cost of electricity generation fromthat of CO2 capture. The generator would recover electricity cost asper normal and, the capture costby finding a market for thecaptured CO2. The Governmentcan help create that carbonmarket.

> For more information contact Dr Sola Kasim on+44 (0) 1224 272184 [email protected]

T he geologist is the person who is responsible foridentifying possible sites in the subsurface thatmay be suitable for storing CO2. It’s a very

important role because we have to be sure that the CO2will stay put. It’s a lot like looking for oil, somethingwhich we have significant expertise in at Aberdeen. Thekey difference is that in the search for oil you are lookingfor somewhere where the fluid is already trapped in thesubsurface; while in the hunt for storage sites we arelooking for places in which we can trap the gas.

On that theme, the pilot project at Peterhead plans toutilise the existing oil and gas infrastructure so you’rebasically reversing the process – instead of extracting oil,you’re pumping CO2 into the old oil reservoirs. Using existingoil and gas networks helps to keep costs down at this testingstage but obviously there aren’t enough depleted oil reservoirs to store allthe CO2 that we create and we need to look elsewhere.

FINDING NEW RESERVOIRSWhen looking for new reservoirs to store the CO2, the geologist is looking for aporous rock (the reservoir) that also has an impermeable layer, known as a ‘seal’,on top which stops anything escaping once it’s injected. Together the reservoir andseal are called a trap and we need to be sure that the trap doesn’t have any fracturesor cracks in it which would let the gas escape. We already know that oil and gasreservoirs have robust traps, but when looking for new places that could store CO2, thegeologist’s skill set is crucial.

How do we find suitable locations? We start off by using seismic data – basically anultrasound of the earth where we send out sound signals and they bounce back. Using thatdata we can map out the position of the major layers in the subsurface and see if they have theproperties we require.

The seismic data will suggest where to drill a bore hole. This provides us with a sample core which gives usdetailed information about the layers at that point. We still know very little about the layers away from theborehole and this is where the geologist’s knowledge and experience becomes really critical.

So where are these suitable rocks located? The deeper you go, the more likely you are to find suitableconditions, but the more expensive it will be to drill the wells to inject the CO2. At shallower depths there ismore chance of leakage, so there are some interesting trade-offs. You need to have a high level ofconfidence that they won’t leak.

MONITORINGOnce a suitable site has been selected, the geologist’s role switches tomonitoring how the CO2 moves in the subsurface as it’s beinginjected. For this we use computer models which wecalibrate by collecting more seismicdata. Injecting the CO2 alters theproperties of the rock so we canmonitor the changes over time,confirm the CO2 is behaving,and plan further wells for moreinjection.

We work closely with ourcolleagues in engineeringthroughout the process.Professor Pokrajac (p10) isexamining rock cores on thesmallest scale and her resultscan be input to our computermodels which predict thebehaviours of the reservoirs ona much larger scale. We workclosely with reservoir engineers andalso with Surface Engineers when identifyingsuitable sites and designing injection programs.

The University’s geology department has a strong and successfulworking relationship with the oil and gas industry based on manydecades of collaboration and consultation. With CCS, we’re basicallystill dealing with fluid moving through porous rocks, so the skills andknowledge are absolutely transferable.

> For more information contact Professor John Howell on+44 (0) 1224 272606 [email protected]

THE GEOLOGISTProfessor John Howell


ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA: CARBON COPY SPECIAL


ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

A WORKPLACE FIT FOR HUMANSMaintaining control of an

offshore oil well andpiloting a fighter jet may

not appear to be obviouslysimilar tasks, but researchers atthe University of Aberdeen areusing lessons learned in the skiesto help drilling crews operatesafely beneath the waves.

Research being carried out byPhD student Ruby Roberts isusing methods first used to helpfighter pilots develop theirawareness and decision-making,in order to help offshore drilloperators develop similar non-technical skills that will helpavoid the potentialconsequences of a well failure.

Ruby has been working withMaersk Drilling as part of herresearch, using the company’sstate of the art simulator atSvendborg in Denmark thatmimics operating conditions on adrilling rig. By observing crewsbeing put through their paces,Ruby has been able to form apicture of how drillers anticipateand react to sudden changingconditions inside a well.

“It is vitally important thatdrillers have a good sense ofawareness, because they can’tsee what’s going on two milesbelow them”, she explains.“Instead they are watchinginformation appear on screensand it requires considerablecognitive skills to be able to pickup on subtle cues and makequick decisions based on theinformation they are beingpresented with.

“Hydrocarbons are highlypressurised, so maintaining thecorrect amount of pressure tocontrol a well is absolutelycrucial to avoid seriousconsequences. By observing theexcellent simulator that Maerskhave, where drillers practisemaintaining downward pressureon a well using a column ofdrilling fluid, I have gatheredevidence of how drill crews react

to quickly changing wellconditions.

“My research aims to identify thekey cognitive skills that are mostimportant to drillers, and to usethe evidence we have gathered tomake recommendations on whatworks best to support them. Wewant to make their job as safeand easy as possible, so if we cantrain these kind of skills, or feedthem into evidence-basedtraining or work design

recommendations, then thatcould make a big difference.”

Vibeke Sam, Head of Learning atMaersk Drilling says: “Animportant part of MaerskDrilling’s strategy is to reach zeroincidents on all our drilling units.We believe that understandingthe human factor part of ouroperations and investigatingwhat leads to unsafe behaviourcan be a vital part to reduce therisks in the hazardous

environment.

“This specific research regardingdrillers' situational awareness isan enabler in the prevention ofaccidents as it aims to betterunderstand the skills involved inattaining and maintainingsituational awareness in thedrilling environment. We believewe can utilise the outcome of thisresearch to enhance health,safety and environmentalperformance.”

Ruby Roberts

Drilling simulator complex at MaerskTraining in Svendborg, Denmark

Professor Rhona Flin and Dr Amy Irwinfrom the University of Aberdeen’sSchool of Psychology explain theneed to look beyond engineering

solutions to industry problems


ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA

The repercussions of Macondo are still being felt nearly fiveyears on and whilst the analysis will continue further still, whatis clear is the incident was not purely an engineering problem.

In the 1970s a series of serious accidents forced the aviation industryto look closely at aspects of human behaviour, particularly on theflight deck, that contributed to safer and more efficient flights. Todaythere are thinking and teamwork skills that pilots are required tolearn by law as part of their training.

Professor Rhona Flin explains: “The term ‘Human Factors’ will befamiliar to some but there is sometimes a misconception that theterm only applies to teamwork, whereas it’s actually a far broadersubject. It encompasses the study of organisational, environmental,task, equipment and behavioural factors that can impact humanperformance. This is relevant to any workplace but is of particularinterest in higher risk organisations such as oil & gas, energy, rail,aviation and healthcare.

“Some in the oil & gas industry have touched on the concept butusually in relation to the engineering side of their operation. Macondounderlined that there is more to running safe operations offshore thanhaving sophisticated engineering and technical systems. There alsoneeds to be an understanding of how those who manage and operatethese systems behave and interact with them.”

The low oil price has led to job cuts and the unions have alreadyvoiced concerns about safety. Dr Amy Irwin says there will be anincreased drive for efficiency but with an emphasis on continued safepractice.

“This is where understanding human performance is invaluable.Maximising human performance at the planning of a new building,work station or procedure can ensure the ergonomics are correct andthe system is not ‘error-enforcing’; and as a result it becomes farmore cost-efficient down the line because you don’t have to reworkthings later on. This practice is being strongly advised by industryregulators.”

The new Human Factors Postgraduate part time course, whichProfessor Flin and Dr Irwin have developed, starts at the University ofAberdeen in September 2015 and has been developed in response tothis requirement from industry – not just the energy sector, but alsothe likes of healthcare and transport. The course is designed toappeal to employers and workers who are keen to develop theirknowledge and understanding of key human factors concepts,methods of investigation and intervention development.

Dr Irwin adds: “The course includes elements of hands-on experiencewith a variety of tools and methods currently used by Human Factorsconsultants and practitioners within industry; enabling those who’vecompleted the course to apply the knowledge and experience gainedduring the course to their own workplace. The results? Hopefullysafer, more efficient and more human-friendly workingenvironments!”

As Ruby explains, the inspirationfor this approach comes from anunlikely source.

“These methods were designedand first used for fighter jet pilots,with a particular emphasis on theimportance of awareness and‘flying ahead of the plane’ –meaning the basic skills thatallow you to monitor a situation,quickly recognise cues and keepa good mental picture, all ofwhich I think are characteristics

of high-pressure, high-reliabilityjobs.

“There’s an increased interest inthe industry on non-technicalskills such as situationawareness, decision-making,communication and leadership.You can be a highly competentperson but without these non-technical skills you are going tostruggle and make errors. This iswhy it is so important for us tocarry out research in this area.”

Professor Rhona Flin (left) and Dr Amy Irwin (right)

> For more information contact Professor Rhona Flin on+44 (0) 1224 273210 [email protected]


ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

The secret to mapping moredetailed reservoirs?

Volcanoes, of course!

When Mount StHelens inWashington, USA

erupted in 1980, 57 people,including geologists andothers monitoring it, werekilled.

The volcano has eruptedperiodically since, thoughthankfully never with suchdevastating effect, and itremains the most activevolcano in the United States.As such it continues to be asource of great interest, andeven concern, as it is likelycapable of future massive,devastating eruptions.

Scientists have generallystruggled to see deeper than6-7 km into the volcano, andeven more at finding anagreement on what they wereseeing with differenttechniques.

Dr Luca de Siena, a volcanoseismologist from theUniversity of Aberdeen’s

school of Geosciences used arelatively new technique,developed by Japanesescientists in the 1990s, toexplore much deeper down.“With the use of attenuationand scattering tomography,we were able to provide ‘new,non-standard’ images asdeep as 18 km,” explains Drde Siena.

“In simplistic terms thesetechniques use the effect thevolcano has on energypropagation. Think of lightproduced by a bulb andreflecting off a mirror – mostof the light is reflected butsome of the energy is lostinside the mirror. That is whathappens when an earthquake(the bulb) produces energy,which is then reflected by amultitude of mirrors withdifferent sizes (the differentEarth materials, like magmaor fluids) into the volcano.

“What I do with my co-investigators is to use the

effects of these ‘mirrors’ toimage the volcano and itsdeep feeding system. In thiscase, we concluded thatunder Mount St Helens thereis no mass of magma largerthan a few km, at least 14-18km down.”

So what has this got to dowith mapping oil and gasreservoirs?

“These techniques can alsobe applied to the industry inorder to achieve moreaccurate models of reservoirsand gas fields, for example.

“Full Wave Tomography (thestudy of each of the timepeaks inside a seismogram) isalready used in the sector aswell as studying the DeepEarth. Achieving the imageresolution the industry needsinvolves incorporating theheterogeneous nature of thecrust into the current modelsand also fully understandingwhat happens to energy.

Dr de Siena believesattenuation and scatteringtomography may close thegap between retrieving verydeep information at lowresolutions, and shallowerinformation at highresolution.

“At the moment the oil andgas industry uses only a smallpart of the information fromthe seismograph. The idea ofconsidering how much (andhow) energy is lost into themedium could give bettershapes to oil and gasreservoirs, as well as moreeffectively monitoring whatproportion of these reservoirsare exploited.

“The interpretation of thefinal images is critical, andevery single terrain isdifferent, so these scopes mayonly be reached ifgeophysicists and geologistsconstantly work together.”


ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA

THE NORTH-EAST

ROCKS!Two natural landmarks in theNorth-East of Scotland, studiedby students, academics and theenergy sector, were named in thetop 100 geological sites in the UKand Ireland in a recent survey bythe Geological Society of London.

A coastal outcrop of sandstone atClashach, on the Moray coastnear Lossiemouth was describedas “the best place in Britain, andof direct relevance to the NorthSea, to see faults in sandstonesand their associated arrays ofdeformation bands”, and “anexcellent unit for showingstudents what a conventionalhydrocarbon reservoir looks like”.

Dr Dave Healy from theUniversity of Aberdeen’s Schoolof Geosciences said theapproximately 270 million yearold formation is of as muchinterest to the oil and gasindustry as it is to those studyingcarbon capture and storage.

“It is probably as relevant todayas it was 50 years ago in terms ofits importance to the energysector.” he said. “We take a lot ofindustry groups up there as partof our Turnstone trainingprogramme. We’ve also had twoPhD students and a Mastersstudent study the outcrop inrecent years.

“With new methods, ideas andtechnologies for studying faultzones and fractures, it’s alwaysworth revisiting classic outcropsand having another go. For ourstudents, it is ideal for them tovisualise the rocks that the oiland gas sector is interested in,and to see the same examplesthat they use to train their ownstaff.”

Clashach featured at Number 91in the list, with the other site onthe University of Aberdeen’sdoorstep – the Buchan typemetamorphism found in the Banffarea – ranked at Number 33 inthe whole of the UK and Ireland.

Metamorphism is the process bywhich rocks recrystallise underthe influence of extreme heat andpressure. In the Buchan area it ispossible to see examples of aspecial kind of metamorphism, inwhich the pressure wasanomalously low.

The Geological Society of Londondescribed a particular sectionbetween Macduff and Portsoy as“spectacular”.

Volcano seismologist Luca de Siena fromthe University of Aberdeen discusses thelatest techniques used to map the Earth’scrust and how they could be applied to theoil and gas industry.

> For more information contact Dr Luca de Siena on+44 (0) 1224 273455 [email protected]

ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

Necessity is the mother of all invention

John Scrimgeour, Executive Director ofthe Aberdeen Institute of Energy at the University of Aberdeendiscusses how the drop in oil price doesn’t have to be all bad news

Alot of people have beenasking me how the dropin the oil price will affect

the University of Aberdeen. As aglobal energy educator theywonder if the current climate willput students off pursuing a careerin the oil and gas industry.

Having just welcomed a bumperintake for our Master’s degree inOil & Gas Engineering, it certainlydoesn’t seem to be having anynegative effect as yet. However, Ican understand students who willgraduate this summer beingconcerned. I think the thing toremember is that the industryregularly goes through thesepeaks and troughs. My own sonis going through his oil & gasapprenticeship just now, and I’vetold him just to keep his headdown, work hard and be ready forthe turnaround, as I believe theindustry will bounce back as italways has.

Those entering the industry andfinding there is no place for themjust now may choose to do extraeducation to avoid a hole in theirCV and to ensure they’ll be in abetter position to take advantagewhen the industry picks up.Similarly, some who have beenmade redundant may wish to usethe opportunity to upskill – forexample, to take on a master’s

degree or other additionalqualification that they havealways wanted to do but maybedidn’t have time to do before.

The University is also in thefortunate position that its studentcommunity hails from around 120countries. Many of their domesticenergy markets are in acompletely different stage of theirdevelopment to the North Sea,and so they will still seeimmediate benefit in an oil & gasdegree from Aberdeen.

As for the industry itself –necessity is the mother of allinvention. Oil companies’ staffare often not rewarded for takingrisks and sometimes the moreengineers, for example, you takeonto a project, the more‘engineered’ the solution can be.In the lean times you tend to cutit back to what’s necessary andthis change of approach can

result in a bit of lateral thinking,maybe a bit more risk takingwhich can lead to an innovativesolution to a problem. Perhapsnow could be an opportunity forcompanies to take a chance, takea step back and look at a newway to solve a problem that willwork out cheaper in the long run.

The University’s AberdeenInstitute of Energy has a vastrange of expertise, with 150senior academics working acrossall aspects of the energy industry.They have teams of youngresearchers and together they areready to help solve problems inalmost any area of the industry.To firms working in the industry Isuggest they look foropportunities to work smarter, ortackle a fundamental problemand then engage with theAberdeen Institute of Energy andsee if we can work together tosolve that problem.

The University is

also in the fortunate

position that its

student community

hails from around

120 countries

MY VIEW:


> For more information contact +44 (0) 1224 272081 or [email protected]

ISSUE 6 ENERGEIA

Mexico agreementThe University put pen to paper on anagreement that will encourage greater tiesbetween the University and Mexico's energysector.

A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) wassigned by University Principal, Professor SirIan Diamond, and Emilio Lozoya Austin, CEOof state-owned Mexican oil companyPetróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), during the visitof Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto toAberdeen in March.

The central intention of the MoU is toencourage collaboration between theUniversity, PEMEX and the MexicanPetroleum Institute (MPI) to undertakeresearch and educational programs, and tostrengthen institutional links.

Tanzania EU fundingAlong with The University of Dar esSalaam (UDSM), the University have beenawarded €2million in EU funding to helpdevelop higher education in Tanzania andcreate a sustainable oil and gas sector in theEast African country.

The money will be used to fund a three-yearproject that will promote learning, researchand knowledge-sharing between theUniversity in conjunction with the AberdeenInstitute of Energy (AIE), and academics andstudents at UDSM. Stakeholders from thepublic and private sector will also benefit fromthe arrangement.

Carbon capture &storage summitScottish Energy Minister Fergus Ewingwas on campus in January to deliver thekeynote speech at the Scottish launch of thereport, The economic benefits of CarbonCapture and Storage in the UK. The event was organised by Carbon Captureand Storage Association and the ScottishTrade Union Congress.

The report projected that CCS could generatea large number of jobs and create a marketworth £15-35bn by 2030.

Last year the University joined SCCS - theUK’s largest grouping of scientists engaged inthe research and development of thetechnology.

ENERGY IS OUR BUSINESSThe University’s new MBAEnergy Management courselaunched in 2015, with a part-time option. Course Director,Russell Williams, explains…

What does an MBA inEnergy Management atUniversity of Aberdeenoffer that others do not?The programme is located in theenergy capital of Europe and has all of the benefits that thisproximity brings – the city and university lives and breathesenergy! The programme is also available in full-time and part-timemodes. The full-time programme runs over 12 months. Part-timestudents are able to negotiate a path and duration thataccommodates their work and family commitments. Teaching isprovided by the University’s academic faculty with importantindustry insight provided by leading practitioners from industry,ensuring a balanced mix of theory and practice. Full-timecandidates are allocated an industry mentor whilst they arestudying to help shape and guide their development and careerplans.

Why is now the time to take on an MBA in EnergyManagement?The fall in the price of oil is forcing companies to re-think whatthey do and how they do it. The industry has difficult decisions tomake and faces some considerable change. The EnergyManagement MBA is designed to develop individuals with thenecessary skills to meet these challenges through both subjectknowledge development and personal development. Through theprogramme candidates acquire core knowledge across thefunctional areas of business (e.g. supply chain and operations

management, HRM, marketing, accounting and finance etc.) andimportantly – how all of this integrates. The programme alsostresses the importance of process and implementation –leadership, teamwork and communication skill development makeup a significant part of the programme. Knowledge is power, butonly if it can be levered!

Do you think the oil price drop could affect enrolment?The drop in the price of oil has not affected the programme.Indeed, applications for the next entry are buoyant. It may be thatapplications will rise as individuals who are displaced see this asan opportunity to develop their skills and companies see it as anopportunity to retain talent (through supporting an individual'sprofessional development).

Will the projected increase in demand for energy lead tobetter employment prospects for graduates?In brief, yes. But, these prospects do not arise solely out ofdemand. The energy industry is widely acknowledged to be facinga demographic problem, with a significant proportion of thenumber of people employed in the industry nearing retirement. Inbrief, they will have to be replaced. Beyond the retirement issue,facing lower prices the industry will also need to operate moreefficiently. As such it will need a workforce with better, moreadvanced, skills. MBA graduates are well equipped to meet thisdemand.

New technologies are increasingly being used by energycompanies. Is such innovation a focus on the course?The MBA (Energy Management) includes two modules that focuson innovation: Business Model Innovation and Future Energies.Importantly, whilst both these modules recognise the importanceof innovations in technology they also recognise that long-termprosperity also require innovations in companies’ business models.This business model innovation might be in getting thetechnology to market, but it might also include how thetechnology is deployed.

Russell Williams


Energy News

COME HERE.GO ANYWHERE.

THAT’S THE DIFFERENCE

ISSUE 6ENERGEIA

OUR ENERGY COURSESThe University of Aberdeen offers a wide range of Undergraduate, Postgraduate and CPDprogrammes designed to meet the industrial needs of the energy sector.

Courses on offer include:

Undergraduate Postgraduate Taught Programmes

> Biological Sciences> Business and Law> Chemical Engineering> Chemistry> Geography> Geology/Petroleum Geology> Engineering> Physics

> Energy and Environment Law> Energy Law> Energy Management (MBA)> Energy, Politics and Law> Environmental Analytical

Chemistry> Environmental Science> Geographical Information

Systems> Geophysics> Integrated Petroleum Geoscience> Oil & Gas Chemistry> Oil & Gas Computing> Oil & Gas Law> Oil & Gas Structural Engineering

> Oil & Gas Engineering

> Oil & Gas Enterprise Management

> Petroleum, Energy Economics andFinance

> Petroleum Engineering

> Petrophysics and FormationEvaluation

> Project Management

> Process Safety

> Renewable Energy

> Renewable Energy Engineering

> Reservoir Engineering

> Safety and Reliability Engineeringfor Oil & Gas

> Subsea Engineering

FOR MORE INFORMATIONvisit: www.abdn.ac.uk/prospectusemail: [email protected]: + 44 (0) 1224 272090/91

UNDERGRADUATE OPEN DAYTuesday, September 1, 2015For details visit www.abdn.ac.uk/openday

POSTGRADUATE OPEN DAYSaturday, November 21, 2015For details visit www.abdn.ac.uk/pgopenday


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