ENERGY

CPES 2009-2010

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY HISTORY OF ENERGY IN U.S.

FOSSIL FUELS

Types of energy• Kinetic: energy that mass has because of

motion• KE = 1/2 mv2

• Potential Energy: stored energy - has the ability to produce motion– position– chemical (Where is this energy?)

• How does chemical energy get changed to kinetic? • “WHERE” is the energy in a chemical?

• Nuclear

Types of energy• Kinetic: energy motion

• Potential Energy: stored energy - has the ability to produce motion – become kinetic– Three Types of Potential Energy:– position– chemical (Where is this energy?)– atomic

Kinetic Energy Comes in Many Forms Kinetic energy – list types Energy Conversions

Know several examples – see class worksheet

Conservation Laws First law of energy : energy cannot created

or destroyed, but can and is constantly being changed from one form to another

Second Law of Energy: In any energy conversion, these is always a decrease in the amount of useful energy So, where does the useful energy go?

Energy ConversionsWhat energy conversion(s) does each figure exemplify?

Chemical Energy

Types Fuels Food

Where is the energy in these compounds? What is the origin form of this energy? How is the energy released?

Give examples – chemical energy to kinetic What ultimately happens to the energy released from

the molecules?

Conservation Laws

Conservation of matter-energy: the total amount of matter plus energy in the universe is constant

First law of energy conservation: energy not created but can be changed

Six forms of kinetic energy Sources for energy on earth: name 3

Second law of energy

In any energy conversion, these is always a decrease in the amount of useful energy

High quality vs. low quality energy

ENERGY HISTORY AND USE What technologies impacted the types of energy

used? – List several and be able to label energy history graphs handout

Commercial Energy Production - sources Fossil fuels Renewable (renewable) Nuclear Power

Residential Biomass is still number one - worldwide!! Explain this! In the U.S., how has home heating changed over the

last 200 years?

Electrical Power Production

Developed vs. Developing

WHY???

Developed vs. Developing Renewable vs. Nonrenewable

Developed: 90% non renewable Fossil fuels: 85% (oil 37%; gas 23%; coal 25%)

Developing: 59% non-renewable Oil 26%; coal25%; gas 7% Biomass 35%

Current Energy Use in U.S.

What does this graph tell you about per-capita energy use?

Nonrenewable resources Definition of non-renewable

How can the life of a non-renewable be extended?

Metallic minerals Nonmetallic minerals – silica, salts Energy resources

Fossil fuels Uranium

Renewable Resources Resources that when used – replaced in

relatively short period of time So, what are some examples of energy forms

that are replaced quickly? Resource that when used – no less of it!

So, what are some energy forms that are examples?

Classification of Resources

Identified resources - known location, quantity, and quality Reserves - identified resources - can profitably

extract at current prices

Fossil Fuels

What is a “fossil fuel”? In what ways is our society dependent on

fossil fuels? Video: Intro to Fossil Fuels with Bill Nye

Password and login is ehsbiology

Coal

Types Lignite Bituminous Anthracite

Uses of coal

Dirtiest burning of all fossil fuels What are the advantages and disadvantages

of using coal

Supplies

Uses of Coal

Industry Making steel – make coke, As fuel for many industrial processes Extract organic compounds for plastics and

many other products (also can use petroleum and natural gas for these products)

Making electricity (#1 fuel for this) Some used for heating

Coal

FormationFrom:

http://www.grantowngrammar.highland.sch.uk/subjects/Peak%20Oil%20web%20site/Formation%20of%20Fossil%20Fuels.html#formationofoil

Animation of Coal and Oil Formation

Formation of Coal

Types of Coal

Anthracite

Bituminous

http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocoal.html

Lignite

Extraction of coal

Mining from surface strip mining

Subsurface mining (deep mining) Tunnels

Environmental advantages/disadvantages of these types of mining

“Remains” of past mining Slag piles of waste Acid mine drainage - #1 water pollution problem in

PA Economic advantages/disadvantages

Mining For Coal From:

http://www.grantowngrammar.highland.sch.uk/subjects/Peak%20Oil%20web%20site/Formation%20of%20Fossil%20Fuels.html#formationofoil

ExtractionExtraction

•Surface mining

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Strip_coal_mining.jpg

Surface Mining – beginning of revegatation

Slag Piles

Coal: Cons – Environmental

Air PollutionAir Pollution Major contributor of COMajor contributor of CO22

Releases 67 air pollutantsReleases 67 air pollutants EX- sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercuryEX- sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury

Water Pollution – mining, slag pilesWater Pollution – mining, slag piles Erosion – from mining results in water pollutionErosion – from mining results in water pollution Acid RainAcid Rain Land/Property Damage – strip mining, acid Land/Property Damage – strip mining, acid

precipitation affects paint on cars, etc; wears precipitation affects paint on cars, etc; wears away statues and gravestonesaway statues and gravestones

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/04/23/world/23coal-span-600.jpg

Pros of using coal?

Most abundant in U.S. U.S. has more supplies than any other country

Cheapest fuel to burn Works very well for industries and making

electricity

Natural Gas Uses

Industrial – 32% of total U.S. use Heating and MANY products Some used to make electricity

Residential heating – 23% of total U.S. use Heat in homes – U.S. 53% of homes

Electricity production – 23% of total U.S. use Commercial – 14% of total U.S. use

- heating and cooling of commercial buildings

Transportation – 0.1% Transporting from wells to homes, etc.

Pipelines Compressed in tanks – think of propane tanks.

Advantages Ample supply in U.S. CLEANEST burning of all fossil fuels LPG – propane and butane – used in propane tanks

Source of industrial organic compounds for making many, many materials

Supplies

Russia and Kazakhstan – 42% known reserves Known reserves and potential, undiscovered reserves: world 125 years;

U.S. only has 3% of known world reserves U.S. 65-80 years remaining at current

consumption rate

Petroleum Resources and reserves Importing oil

Natural Gas and Oil found together

• Formation of Natural Gas and Oil

Proven reserves oil

Refining Crude Oil

• Crude oil is a mixture of many

different hydro-carbons that

can be separated with distillation

• From heaviest to lightest:asphalt, wax, naptha,

diesel oil, heating oil, jet fuel,

gasoline,

cooking gases (propane, butane)

Oil Shale – Is there a future?

• Oil Shale - fine grained rock that contains a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds called kerogen. Once brought to the surface, the shale can be crushed and heated, vaporizing the kerogen.The kerogen vapor is then condensed to make shale oil

Oil Shale – What role will it play?

• Pros:Huge resource- could meet the country’s

needs for oil for 41 years at current usage levels. (but found on federal land)

Reserves of oil shale may be 200x greater than reserves of crude oil ( global supplies)Cons:

Low energy yield (takes the energy of 1/2 a barrel of crude oil to get one barrel of shale oil.

Requires large amount of water in dry areas where rock is found.

Will We Run Out of Fossil Fuels?

Proven reserves Extract at today’s cost and technology

Known but not economically recoverable reserves

What about future – finding huge reserves- is this suspected to happen?