energy design guideline

8/11/2019 Energy Design Guideline

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ENERGY CONSERVING BUILDING DESIGN


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A.SET GOAL

. Set an energy performance

goal

. Review case studies that

demonstrate enhanced

energy performance

. Allocate sufficient funds for

an integrated design process


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B.ORGANIZE DESIGN TEAM

. Select a multi-disciplinary

team

. Adopt an integrated design

approach

. Educate the project team on

goals, costs, and benefits


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C.PRE-DESIGN

. Conduct a comprehensive evaluation

that addresses architecture, energy,

and environmental issues

. Identify synergies between design

concepts and energy use

. Develop scope of work, project

budget, and schedule


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D.SCHEMATIC DESIGN

. Analyze the site and building orientation

with energy performance in mind

. Use natural shading features to reducecooling load

. Consider daylighting to reduce electricallighting requirement and the air-

conditioning load


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. Review energy strategies with an energy

expert

. Begin energy analysis of design concepts

. Right-size mechanical systems based onanticipated performance and loads

. Compare estimated energy use to designtarget

. Make adjustments and integrate energy

performance strategies


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Basic Design Considerations

Insulation Ventilation

Zoning

Lighting


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Use GUIDELINES ON ENERGY

CONSERVING DESIGNS 0F

BUILDINGmanual published by

DOE and IIEE as follows :


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These guidelines are applicable to the design

of new buildings and their systems; and any

expansion and/or modification of buildings/systems.

These guidelines shall not be used to circumvent

any applicable safety, health or environmental

requirements.

Exemptions:

Residential dwelling units; and

Areas with industrial/manufacturing processes.

SECTION 2APPLICATION AND

EXEMPTION


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SCOPE

Interior spaces of building

Exterior areas of buildings (entrances, exits,loading docks, parking areas, etc.)

Roads grounds and other exterior areas wherelighting is required and is energized through the

buildings electrical service

SECTION 3- LIGHTING


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The fol low ing are exempted bu t are encou raged to use

energy-ef f ic ient l igh t ing whenever app l icable:

Areas for theatrical productions, tv broadcasting, audio-

visual presentation

Specialized luminaires for medical or dental purposes

Outdoor athletic facilities

Display lighting for art exhibits or in galleries, museums

and monuments

Section 3Lighting

EXEMPTIONS


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Special lighting for research lab

Emergency lighting

High-risk security areas

Rooms for elderly/disable


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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

In the course of selecting an appropriate indoor illumination

for a space, energy efficiency should be taken into consideration

in addition to other lighting requirements.

This Guideline sets out the minimum requirements for achievingenergy efficient lighting installations in which measure is

generally expressed in terms of :

illumination level

luminous efficacy lighting power density

Section 3Lighting


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OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Lighting Controls

Task- oriented lighting

Integrated lighting and air conditioning systems for heat removalcapabilities

Reference to lamps coloring rendering indices

Recommended room surface reflectances

Section 3Lighting


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Efficacy Ranges and Color Rendering

Indices of Various Lamps

Lamp Type Rated PowerRanges

(watts)

Efficacy Ranges(lumens per

watt)

MinimumColor

Rendering

Index

(CRI)

Incandescent Lamp 10 - 100 1025 100

Compact Fluorescent

Lamp3 - 125 41 - 65 80

Linear Fluorescent Lamp

halophosphate

triphosphor

1040

14 - 65

55 - 70

60 - 83

70

80

Mercury Vapor Lamp 50 -2000 40 - 63 20

Metal Halide Lamp Up to 1000 75 - 95 65

Low Pressure Sodium

Lamp20 -200 100 - 180 0

High Pressure Sodium

Lamp50 - 250 80 - 130 21


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Color Rendering

The general expression for the effect of the light source on the

color appearance of objects in conscious or subconsciouscomparison with their color appearance under a reference light

source.

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

The measure of the degree of color shift, which objects undergowhen illuminated by the light source, as compared with color ofthose same objects when illuminated by a reference source ofcomparable temperature


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Control Types and Equivalent Number of

Control Points

Type of Control Equivalent Number of

Control Points

Manually operated on-off switch 1

Occupancy Sensor 2

Timerprogrammable from the space being

controlled

2

3 Level step-control (including off) or pre-set

dimming

2

4 Level step-control (including off) or pre-set

dimming

3

Continuous (Automatic) dimming 3


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The highest practical room surface reflectance should be considered in

the lighting design. The use of light finishes will attain the best overall

efficiency of the entire lighting system. Dark surfaces should be

avoided because these absorb light. The recommended room surface

reflectances :

Room Surface Reflectances

Surface % Reflectance

Ceilings 80-92

Walls 40-60

Furnitures 26-44Floors 21-39


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Table 3.1 RECOMMENDED DESIGN ILLUMINANCE LEVELS______________________________________________________________

Task Min. & Max. Applications

(Lux)

______________________________________________________________

Lighting for 50 - 150 Circulation areas and corridors

infrequently used 100 - 200 Stairs, escalators

areas 100 - 200 Hotel bedrooms, lavatories

Lighting for 200 - 300 Infrequent reading and writing

working interiors 300 - 750 General offices, typing and

computing300 - 750 Conference rooms

500 - 1000 Deep-plan general offices

500 - 1000 Drawing offices

Localized lighting 500 - 1000 Proofreadingfor exacting tasks 750 - 1500 Designing, architecture and

machine engineering

1000 - 2000 Detailed and precise work

*for addit io nal area l ighting, please refer to App endix C of th e IIEE-ELI Manual o f Practice for Energy Eff ic ien

Section 3Lighting

MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER DENSITY


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MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER DENSITY

FOR BUILDING INTERIORS____________________________________________________________________

Light ing Power Density

Area/Activity (W/m2)

____________________________________________________________________

Audi to r iums, Churches 8

Food Service

Snack Bars and Cafeteria 14

Leisu re/Dining Bar 10

Off ices and Banks 21

Retail Stor es (*)

Type A (**) 23

Type B (***) 22

Shopping Centers/Malls/Arc ades 15

Clubs/Basements/Warehouses/

General Storage Areas 2

Commerc ial Storage Areas/Halls

Corr idors/Closets 4

Schoo ls

Preparatory/Elementary 17High School 18

Technical/Universit ies 18

Hospita ls/Nursing Homes 16

Hotels/Motels

Lodg ing rooms/Guest rooms 12

Publ ic Areas 17

Banquet/Exhibit 20


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Data of lamps and luminaires

Projected illumination per area/application

Lighting power density

Relevant drawings and plans

COMPILATION OF INFORMATION

Section 3Lighting


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SECTION 4ELECTRIC POWER &

DISTRIBUTION

SCOPE

Applies to the energy conservation requirements of

electric motors, transformers and distribution systems

of buildings except those required for emergencypurposes.


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The nameplates of these motors shall include not only all the

informations required by the Philippine Electrical Code, Part 1,

but also the rated full load efficiency and full load power factor

as determined by Philippine National Standard [PNS IEC

61972:2005 (IEC published 2002) Methods for DeterminingLosses and Efficiency of Three Phase Cage Induction Motors].

Section 4Electrical Power and Distribution


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Table 4.1 MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE FULL LOAD EFFICIENCYEff ic iency (%)

Motor Size Standard High -Eff ic iency

0.8 kW (1HP) 82.5 85.5

4.0 kW (5HP) 87.5 89.5

8.0 kW (10HP) 89.5 91.7

20.0 kW (25 HP) 92.0 93.6

40.0 kW (50 H) 93.0 94.5

60.0 kW (75HP) 94.1 95.0

80.0 kW (100HP) 94.5 95.4

120.0 kW (150HP) 95.0 95.8

Notes: 1. Source: NEMA Standard MG1-1993 & 1998, Table 12-10



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Motor SizeOpen Drip-Proof Motors

Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled

Motors

RPMs RPMs

1200 1800 3600 1200 1800 3600

0.8 kW (1HP) 74.0 80.0 82.5 74.0 80.0 82.5

1.2 kW (1.5HP) 84.0 84.0 82.5 85.5 84.0 82.5

1.6 kW (2 HP) 85.5 84.0 84.0 86.5 84.0 84.0

2.4 kW (3 HP) 86.5 86.5 84.0 87.5 87.5 85.5

4.0 kW (5HP) 87.5 87.5 85.5 87.5 87.5 87.5

6.0 kW (7.5 HP) 88.5 88.5 87.5 89.5 89.5 88.5

8.0 kW (10 HP) 90.2 89.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 89.5

12.0 kW (15 HP) 90.2 91.0 89.5 90.2 91.0 90.2

16.0 kW (20 HP) 91.0 91.0 90.2 90.2 91.0 90.2

20.0 kW (25 HP) 91.7 91.7 91.0 91.7 92.4 91.0

24.0 kW (30 HP) 92.4 92.4 91.0 91.7 92.4 91.0

32.0 kW (40 HP) 93.0 93.0 91.7 93.0 93.0 91.7

40.0 kW (50 HP) 93.0 93.0 92.4 93.0 93.0 92.448 kW (60 HP) 93.6 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.6 93.0

60 kW (75 HP) 93.6 9.41 93.0 93.6 94.1 93.0

80 kW (100 HP) 94.1 94.1 93.0 94.1 94.5 93.6

100 kW (125 HP) 94.1 94.5 93.6 94.1 94.5 94.5

120 kW (150 HP) 94.5 95.0 93.6 95.0 95.0 94.5

160 kW (200 HP) 94.5 95.0 94.5 95.0 95.0 95.0


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TRANSFORMERS

All owner-supplied transformers that are part of the

building electrical system shall have efficiencies not

lower than 98%. The transformer should be tested in

accordance with relevant Philippine National Standards

(PNS) at the test conditions of full load, free ofharmonics and at unity power factor.

Disconnect switches or breakers shall be provided at

the primary (supply) side of transformers to allow

electrical disconnection during no load period.

Transformers located inside a building should have

sufficient ventilation and should have a direct access

from the passageway for ease of maintenance.



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TRANSFORMERS

The average power factor of the loads being served by the

transformers at any time should not be less than 85%. In cases where

load power factors are below this value, capacitors or power factor

improving devices shall be provided so that automatic or manual

correction can be made.

Transformer load grouping schemes shall be so designed such that

the transformers is loaded to not less than 75% of itsfull load ratingsand that no-load circuits or partially loaded circuit combinations

should be minimized as much as possible


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POWER DISTRIBUTION

In the calculation of the wire sizes to be used, the

Philippine Electrical Code, Part I has specified the

procedure and the factors to be considered in order to

arrive at the minimum acceptable wire size.

The sum of the operating cost over the economic life of

distribution system should be minimized rather than the

initial cost only. Operating cost shall include but not

limited to maintenance and energy losses.



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OTHER GOOD PRACTICES

Power quality considerations

(Harmonics, unbalance currents, etc.)

Office Equipment with power management or energy saving

features

Electrical Appliances

Consumers should be encouraged to select and purchase energyefficient electrical appliances such as refrigerators, airconditioners,

etc., which are under the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)and Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency Program

Demand Side Management (DSM)


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SCOPE

This section applies to air-conditioned buildings with a totalcooling load of 175 kW or greater. The requirements and

guidelines of this section cover external walls, roofs and airleakage through the building envelope.

SECTION 5 BUILDING ENVELOPE


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Design Cr iterion fo r Bu i ld ing Envelope:

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

The requirement which shall apply only to air- conditioned buildings is aimed at achieving the

energy conserving design for building envelopes so

as to minimize external heat gain and thereby reduce

the cooling load of the air conditioning system

Section 5Building Envelope


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Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

The concept takes into consideration the three basic

elements of heat gain through the external walls

of a building:

heat conduction through opaque walls;

heat conduction through glass windows;

solar radiation through the glass windows.

Maximum permissible OTTV : 45 W/m2.



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OTTV Formula :

OTTV = (Aw xUw xTDeq) + (Af x UfxT) + (Af xSC xSF) /Ao

Where,

OTTV: overall thermal transfer value (W/m2)

Aw : opaque wall area (m2)

Uw : thermal transmittance of opaque wall (W/m2 oK)

TDeq : equivalent temperature difference (oK)

Af : fenestration area (m2)

Uf : thermal transmittance of fenestration (W/m2oK)

T : temperature difference between exterior and interior

SC : shading coefficient of fenestration

SF : solar factor (W/m2)

Ao : gross area of exterior wall (m2)

=Aw + Af



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Solar FactorThe Solar Factor for vertical surfaces has been experimentallydetermined to be at 130 W/m2. This figure has to be modified by acorrection factor when applied to a particular orientation and also ifthe fenestration component is sloped at an angle skyward. For thepurpose of the building regulations, any construction having a slope

angle of more than 70owith respect to the horizontal shall be treatedas a wall. For a given orientation and angle of slope, the SolarFactor is to be calculated from the following formula:

SF = 130 x CF (W/m2)



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1.001.251.020.741.021.251.00.72900

1.171.421.190.891.191.421.170.87850

1.331.591.351.041.351.591.331.03800

1.481.751.501.181.501.751.481.1775

0

1.631.891.651.321.651.891.631.32700

NWWSWESSENENOrientationSlopeAngle

The correction factors for other orientations and other pitch angles can be found

by interpolation.

CORRECTION FACTORS



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OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Weatherstripping of Windows and Doors

Enclosed doorways and entrances; self-closing doors

where heavy traffic of people is anticipated

Windows: Max. infiltration rate of 2.8 m3/hr per linear meter of

sash crack tested at 75 Pa. pressure differential

Swinging, revolving or sliding doors: Max. infiltration rate of 61.2

m3/hr per linear meter of door crack tested at 75 Pa. pressure

differential; if inappropriate, use of air curtains



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Units Located at the Perimeter of the Building Envelope

Air-conditioned building where shops are located along the

perimeter of the building envelope, the door openings shall be

located in the interior of the building.

However, where the door opening of the shop is designed to open

to the exterior of the building, then that shop or unit shall have its

own separate air conditioning system independent from the main

or central system



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5.4 Roof Insulation and Roof OTTV

1.51.2Over 230Heavy

1.10.850230Medium

0.80.5Under 50Light

Non

AirCon

Air ConWeight

Range(kg/m2)

Weight

Group

Maximum Thermal Transmittance

(W/m20K)



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SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Load Calculation

Calculation Procedures

Cooling system design loads for the purpose of sizing system andequipment should be determined in accordance with theprocedures in the latest edition of the ASHRAE Handbook ofFundamentals or other equivalent publications.

Section 6Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems


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Indoor Design Conditions

The indoor conditions in an air-conditioned space shall conform to the following:

1. Design Dry Bulb Temperature 25C2. Design Relative Humidity 55%

3. Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature 27C

4. Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature 23C

5. Maximum Relative Humidity 60 %

6. Minimum Relative Humidity 50 %

Note: Indoor design conditions may differ from those presented above because ofspecial occupancy or process requirement,source control, air contamination or localregulations.



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Outdoor Design Conditions

The outdoor conditions shall be taken as follows:

1. Design Dry Bulb Temperature 35C

2. Design Wet Bulb Temperature 27C

Sizing

Fan Systems Design Criteria

Pumping System Design Criteria

Air Distribution Criteria

VentilationControls

Insulation

Piping

Air Handling System Design


Minimum Performance Rating of Various


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Minimum Performance Rating of Various

Air Conditioning System

Air Conditioning Equipment EER kWe/TR

Unitary A/C units

Up to 20 kWr capacity 10.3

21 to 60 kWr capacity 9.8

61 to 120 kWr capacity 9.7

Over 120 kWr capacity 9.5

Scroll chillers (up to 175 kWr)

Air cooled- 1.0

Water cooled- 0.8

Screw chillers (above 245 kWr)

Air cooled- 0.8

Water cooled- 0.65Centrifugal chillers (up to 14 kWr)

Water cooled- 0.58

Notes: EER = kJ/kWh

kWe/TR = kilowatt electricity per ton of refrigeration

1TR = 3.51685 kWr

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems


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6.3 System Design and Sizing

Air conditioning system and equipment shall be sized as close aspossible to the space and system loads calculated in accordance withSection 6.2. The design of the system and the associated equipment andcontrols should take into account important factors such as nature of

application, type of building construction, indoor and outdoor conditions,internal load patterns, control methods for efficient energy utilization andeconomic factors.

Centralized monitoring & controls

Multiple units/incremental capacity



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Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems


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Mechanical Ventilation (Non- A/C Buildings)

Where site conditions dictate that the normal requirementsfor natural lighting and ventilation cannot be met, thebuilding regulations may allow the use of mechanicalventilation as substitute.

According to the regulations, the quantity of fresh airsupply for mechanical ventilation of any room or space ina building shall be in accordance with the specified rates



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SCOPE

This section applies to the energy conserving design of steam

and hot water services in buildings that include but not limited tohotels, restaurants, hospitals, laundry. The purpose of thissection is to provide the criteria and minimum standards forenergy efficiency in the design and equipment selection that willprovide energy savings when applied to steam and hot watersystems.

SECTION 7- STEAM AND HOT WATER

SYSTEMS

Section 7 Steam and Hot water Systems


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System Design and Sizing

Minimum Equipment Efficiency

Minimum performance ratings of steam and

hot water systems equipmentTable 7.1.

Hot water temperature

The maximum hot water supply temperatures shall be asfollows:

For washing, etc. 450C

For hot baths 450C

For kitchen use 600C

Controls

Piping Insulation

Section 7Steam and Hot water Systems


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GUIDE/CHECKLISTS TO ENERGY

EFFICIENT BULDING DESIGN


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This guide is aimed at Project

Managers, Architects, Design

Engineers and the other membersof the team involved in the design

and planning of building

projects.


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1.2 The design process should bring

together the following elements in anintegrated package: ventilation; daylight

and sunlight; flexibility; occupants

needs; heating; domestic hot water;

solar gains; existing premises. Too oftenenergy efficiency measures are

top of the list for economies. As a result, the

building will not perform adequately.

Value for money and common-sense

energy efficiency measures should not

be sacrificed.


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Occupants and operators

1.3 The design team should always bear in mind

that ultimately it will be up to the users

whether the building performs well in energy

terms. The design team should ensure that

only equipment and controls which are

robust, easy to understand and operate, are

specified. If controls are too complicated

they will be ignored or overridden, with

adverse consequences for energyefficiency.


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Site Features

1.5 Site features can contribute to an energy

efficient building. Existing site

characteristics should be utilized and

where necessary, the buildings immediate

environment should be enhanced. Thesolar features of the site should be

examined. This will help to identify

opportunities for solar gains to the proposed

development. Shelter belts can beintroduced to provide protection from the

prevailing wind. Ground finishes can be

selected to control or enhance reflection.


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Passive Solar Energy

1.8 Careful consideration should be given to the

design and orientation of the building to take

advantage of solar gains and naturalillumination, since solar energy, if properly

utilized, can make a significant contribution

towards reducing a buildings energy

consumption.


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1.9 The aim should be to make the maximum

use of daylight and to optimize solar heat

gain while reducing any adverse effects to a

minimum. Obtaining a positive energy

balance for the windows whilst avoidingoverheating is one of the most important

design issues. The heating system must

be responsive enough to adjust to solar

gains.


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Location of Services

1.11 The location of boiler houses, plant rooms and

other services should be considered in theearly design stage, taking account of energy

usage, health & safety and possible future

developments.


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PART 2STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Construction2.1 Occupancy patterns can vary and the

structural mass of the building should be

matched to the intended use. Usually

thermally light-weight buildings are specifiedfor intermittent use and heavy-weight

buildings for continuous use. If in doubt,

traditional medium-weight construction

should be used. Excessive thermal mass isnot appropriate in intermittently occupied

zones. The fixing of pinboards/display boards to wall

surfaces will reduce the available thermal mass.


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Insulation2.2 Thermal insulation of the building fabric is a

key element to energy efficiency. Thestandards of thermal insulation required by

the DOE MANUAL should be regarded as the absolute

minimum and insulation levels in excess of

these should be readily achievable with

conventional building methods. Attention to

detail here will result in lower running costs

and less capital expenditure on heating

plant. It is essential that the workmanship is

of a high standard and that the insulation iscorrectly installed, otherwise the thermal

performance of the building envelope will

be compromised.


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2.3 OTTV values should be calculated using the

DOE Manual Thermal

Properties of Building Structures

As standards of thermal

insulation are improved, greater care shouldbe taken to check that the structure is not

susceptible to harmful interstitial

condensation.


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Ventilation

2.4 Designing for natural ventilation must beconsidered from the beginning. While the

standards of ventilation referred to the Manual.

While maximum use should be made of

natural ventilation, supplementary

mechanical ventilation may be required in

spaces with high functional heat gains or

areas having a high risk of condensation.

Where mechanical ventilation is necessary,

the benefit of the use of heat recoveryshould be considered. This can reduce heat

losses by up to 50%.


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2.5 The main method of controlling ventilation in

most buildings is by the opening and closing

of windows. Controls should be robust and

easy to operate. Trickle vents can be a very

effective way of providing controlled naturalventilation. Care should be taken in the

design of the ventilation system to ensure

that air movement at the occupants level

does not result in discomfort


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2.6 In a well insulated building, ventilation heatlosses account for a major part of the

energy consumed, so it is important to

minimize air infiltration through joints in the

external envelope, around door and windowopenings and service penetrations. Window

and door seals should be adequate for the

degree of exposure. Appropriately sized

draught lobbies should be provided

wherever possible.


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Daylight

2.7 The standards for daylighting asrecommended in the Manual, should be complied

with (ie daylight factors, daylight uniformity

ratios, daylight illumination levels). Natural

light should be the prime means of lighting,

with electric light to supplement it. Windowsshould be of a size to provide adequate

daylighting. They should not be oversized

as this increases heat losses in cold season

and solar gains in summer. Vertical glazedareas should be between 20% and 40%

of the internal elevation of the exterior wall.

Reasonable daylighting can be achieved 6-7

meters from a window.

2 8 Where necessary overhanging eaves


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2.8 Where necessary, overhanging eaves,

external shading or recessed windows on

the south facade should be provided to

avoid excessive solar gains in the summer(overhanging eaves can, however,

significantly reduce the level of

daylight within the building). The use of light

shelves on larger windows can reducecontrast and improve daylight distribution.

Roof-lights, particularly in circulation areas,

can reduce electric lighting requirements but

can result in increased heat losses.

Appropriate glazing can reduce these heat

losses to acceptable levels. The security

implications of roof-lights should be

evaluated.


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Finishes2.9 Light coloured internal finishes will make a

significant contribution to reflecting daylightthroughout the building, thus avoiding the

unnecessary use of artificial lighting.


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PART 3 - ENERGY TARGETValues and Standards3.1 Only energy consumption values

and standards set out in the Guidelines

for Energy Conserving Building Design

published by DOE will be accepted.


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3.3 The Design team must be able to

demonstrate that the agreed energy and

environmental performance targets will beachievable, while providing evidence that

the services are correctly commissioned.

They should evaluate and state the

estimated annual energy

performance target (Kwh/m2/annum) and

CO2 emissions target (KgCO2/m2/annum)

for each primary energy. The

Project Manager should verify that the

values quoted are in keeping with BuildingSpecifications and arrange for independent

confirmation of their accuracy after the

building has been commissioned.


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PART 4 - MECHANICALSERVICES

Thermal Environment4.1 Temperatures should be in accordance

with Guidelines for Energy Conserving

Building Design, measured at a height of

0.5m above floor level during occupationwhen the external temperature is colder.


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Boilers and Boiler Efficiency4.2 Fuel selection and flue gas temperatures

must be considered when specifying boilertype. High level inlet combustion air louvers

in the boilerhouse take advantage of the

warm air trapped at ceiling height.


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4 4 A stainless steel double skin multi-section


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4.4 A stainless steel double skin multi-section

flue, matched to the boiler smoke box

diameter, is considered the most effective

method of flue gas dispersal. It can be freestanding self supporting, free standing

structurally supporting, wall supported or

internally supported in an existing brick

chimney. A minimum boiler flue angle(rake) of 45o from boiler to vertical stack

should be provided. Test points are

required for flue gas sampling, balancing

and establishing correct smoke

test/CO2/SO2 percentages. Excess air(cold flame) burning leads to unnecessary

heating and further reduces heat transfer

time. This contributes to poor efficiency.


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4.5 Sectional boilers in cast iron or mild steel

are generally the accepted form of

construction. Oil fired condensing boilersare acceptable but are more suitable when

firing natural gas or LPG fuels. Condensing

Economisers or heat exchangers are more

widely accepted in stainless steel, as theyare smaller. Pre-heated return water going

to the boiler from the heat exchanger can

achieve up to 10% overall improvement on

efficiency. On large boiler installations, the

secondary heat exchanger should bepositioned after a flue gas

desulphurisation process.


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4.6 The installation of a single large boiler may

not always be the best solution, especially

when operating at low demand without ashunt pump. Where space is available,

modular boilers have the advantage of

multiple turn-down stages, allowing

individual units to operate close to theirmaximum efficiency at all times. Cascade

sequencing, a short circuit prevention valve

system, reduces heat loss potential in a well

designed system. A full financial

assessment is required to determine theideal modular boiler set for a particular

installation.


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Heating Design4.8 LPHW heating systems, with feed

and expansion tank, are preferred. The

use of other systems, for example

pressurised heating systems, can be an

option but should be justified. A

combination of condensing and

conventional boilers is a recognisedpossibility in plant room arrangements


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4.9 The two pipe reverse return system provides

common resistance when balancing equal

index circuits. Fan assisted

convectors have a high maintenance cost,due to clogged finned coils and noisy fan

units. This should be costed in the

Appraisal when deciding on the type of

system to be used.


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4.10 The system should be zoned and controlled

appropriately to take account of differing

functions, different operating hours fordifferent departments and orientation.


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4.15 When detailing the specification for

automatic control systems, the followingshould be taken into account:

i. the output to the system is provided

from two or more plant items,

sequence selection facilities should beprovided to alter lead/lag functions and

to even out plant wear;

ii. turn down burner facilities, whether

high/low on/off, or modulating by

variable speed using frequencyinverters, are desirable;


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iii. multiple motor starter control panels

having duty and standby motor

starters should be sectionalised, withduty starters in a separate

compartment from standby starters

and each section provided with a

compartment isolator;iv. all control valves should be capable of

being locally isolated for maintenance

purposes;

v. control panels should incorporate run

and trip indicator lights with manual,auto and off, switches for plant

motors;

vi. control functions should be in

d ith th i t f


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accordance with the requirements of

individual sections (eg optimum

start/stop, flow temperature weather

compensation, flow interlocks, run-on

timers etc);

vii.optimum Start/Stop controls should be

incorporated on a central basis.

Controls should be programmable andenable day extension, day(s) omit

(holidays and weekend) night set-back

and frost protection override facilities;

andviii.all control panels should be coded and

a suitable description should be

provided for use/information of

maintenance/premises staff.


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Building/Energy Management

Systems (BMS/EMS)

4.16 An Energy Management System(EMS), or in some circumstances, a

Building Management System (BMS),

should be included in all designs.


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4.17 The Clients agreement to and

understanding of the BMS/EMS should be

obtained prior to incorporation into the

works. A BMS should be installed where it

is economically viable and practicable to

have all services within a building monitored

and controlled. It should be arranged toundertake all controls, status and condition

monitoring, alarm signaling and reporting,

plant operating and switching functions and

should include maintenance and inventoryscheduling and life safety/security

monitoring.


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4.19 When detailing the specification for theBMS/EMS, the following should be

implemented:

i.it should have some spare capacity

both in the out stations and in thecentral processor to allow subsequent

enhancements;

ii.it should be capable of stand alone

and remote monitoring/control

operation;


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iii. the design must ensure

electromagnetic compatibility with

other electronic systems or devices in

the building;

iv. it should not prevent manual

overriding control of any item of plantor equipment;

v. it should be capable of logging

performance data;

vi. all safety devices and interlocksshould be hardwired;


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viii. it must be fully commissioned and left

in complete working order without the

need for further software input; and

ix. the supplier should provide, as part ofthe contract, a minimum training

period to enable users to become

familiar with the operation of the

system prior to hand-over.


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Ventilation

4.20 A naturally ventilated building is preferred to

one relying on mechanical ventilation. In

mechanically ventilated areas, design

should not attempt to achieve conditions

significantly better than those which would

have resulted had natural ventilation been

an accepted solution.


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4.21 Consideration should be given to the

installation of mixed mode systems,

whereby natural ventilation is relied upon for

the majority of the year, reverting to the

operation of mechanical systems only when

internal or external temperatures reach apredetermined maximum. The infiltration

(natural ventilation) rate should be

assessed, assuming windows will be closed

in the unoccupiedperiod.


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Smoking Policy

4.22 The Consultant should seek advicefrom the client regarding the policy to be

adopted on smoking, since this will

influence a number of design parameters.


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PART 5 - ELECTRICAL SERVICES

General5.1 Electricity usage represents about

95% of all energy consumption in a building,it may account for up to 5% of the

expenditure on all energy fuels. It is

important, therefore, to fine tune the load to

the building to meet known demand and to

consider in some detail the electric

consuming equipment within the building.


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Lighting 5.2 The lighting installation should

be designed using levels of intensity andglare as specified in the manual. Each

room should be carefully designed on its

own merits for lighting layout with luminaries

parallel to windows. The mostadvantageous local switching arrangements

with separate controls should be considered

and the control range should be from 100%

to 5%. The range of different sizes and

types of lamps should be limited to reducereplacement and maintenance costs.


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5.3 The following types of luminaries and

controls should be installed:

i. luminaries with electronic ballasthigh frequency or low loss gear with

automatic daylight sensors for dimming, if

appropriate;

ii. movement or soundpresence/absence detectors with time

delay facilities. Detectors should dim

luminaries to 5% where rooms are not

occupied for short periods;

iii. CFL and T5 fluorescent luminaries,instead of spotlights and tungsten wall

washer type fittings; and


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ix. low power consuming equipment

should be specified where practicable.

Automatic shutdown facilities shouldbe incorporated into items such as

computers and photopcopiers.


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PART 6 - WATER USAGE

6.1 The control of water consumption can be

achieved by installing push-button taps on

showers, economisers on urinals, restrictors

on hot/cold taps and by ensuring that thewater supply to the site is appropriately

sized. Water meters with a capability for

remote monitoring should be installed for

each facility.


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DESIGN CHECKLIST


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PART 1 - DESIGN FACTORS

1. Windows shaded, where necessary to reduce solar gains.

2. Glazed area optimized for natural daylighting and solar gain.

3. Landscaping.


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PART 2STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

1. Structural mass of the building matched to the intended use.

2. Thermal bridges taken account of in OTTV value calculations.

3. Thermal insulation standards exceed Building Regulations requirements.4. Design checked for avoidance of harmful condensation.

5. Structural air leakage (air infiltration) minimized.

6. Window and door seals are suitable for the degree of exposure.

7. Maximum use made of natural daylighting.

8. Double glazed units specified.

9. Light coloured internal finishes are specified.


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PART 3 - ENERGY TARGETS

- Values and Standards

- Design Energy Targets


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PART 4 - MECHANICAL SERVICES

Heating and Hot Water

1. Cost effective heating plant selected to meet the design heating loadand working near peak output.

2. Time, temperature and zone controls specified to effectively meet user needs

3. Separate heating installations are provided to meet seasonal loads.

4. Length of service runs minimized.


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Energy Management Controls

1. Utility meters are specified on the oil, electricity and water supplies.2. Power factor correction equipment is specified on the electrical services.

3. Electricity meters specified are capable of registering 30 min demands.

4. For control, monitoring and maintenance purposes a Building Management

Systems (BMS)/Energy Management Systems (EMS) has been specified.


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PART 5 - ELECTRICAL SERVICES

Lighting

1. High efficiency lamps are specified for all suitable areas.

2. Lighting is switched to minimize use and provide flexibility of use.

3. Daylighting controls are specified for suitable areas.

4. Occupancy sensing controls are specified for intermittently used areas.

5. Feature lighting and inefficient lamp types are not specified.


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Power

1. Load balanced over 3 phases.

2. High efficiency, variable speed, 2 speed motors and pumpsare specified

3. Automatic controls for electrical heating are specified and

time controls can be programmed.

4. Shutdown facilities provided in areas where large numbers

of Equipment provided.


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THANK YOU

energy design guideline

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