ENERGY:Fossil Fuels

• Primary and Secondary Energy Sources

• Oil Production, Economics, and Impacts

• Coal and Other Fossil Fuels

• Energy Conservation (use less more efficiently)

History of How the Work Got Done

• Human Labor (Slaves)

• Domestic animals• Wind and water• Steam (ships and

locomotives)• Gasoline (internal

combustion followed by turbine engine)

• Nuclear

Energy Consumption in

the USA

• Sequence of use– Wood – Coal– Oil – Natural gas– Water (hydro)– Nuclear power– Solar & Wind (?)

Electric Power Generation - Steam

Electric Power Generation - Hydro

Match Dominant Primary With Secondary Energy Sources

• Primary– oil-based

fuels

– natural gas

– coal

– nuclear power

– more than one of the above

• Secondary– transportation– industrial

processes– heating and

cooling spaces– generation of

electrical power

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

Millions of years of ….

1) photosynthesis exceeding respiration (decomposition).

2) detritus accumulation.

3) burial of detritus.

4) pressure & heat (metamorphosis).

Crude Oil Reserves and Production

10% Rule?

Hubbart Oil Production Predictions

Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.

• U.S. Oil production would peak (1970s)

• Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Increased or Decreased Since the 1970s?

• Consumption of fuels derived from oil

• Discoveries of new oil in the united states

• Production of oil in the united states

• The gap between production and consumption

• United States dependence on foreign oil

Cost of Oil Imports

Increased or Decreased Because of Higher Cost of Oil Imports?

• Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil.

• Renewed production from old oil fields.

• Efforts toward fuel conservation.

• Consumption.

• Development of alternative energy sources.

• Dependence on foreign oil.

U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil

Who Has The Oil? Proven Reserves in Billions of Barrels

Region Reserves

North America 75.7

South and Central America 79.1

Europe 20.2

Former Soviet Countries 57.0

Middle East 676.4

Africa 67.6

Far East and Oceania 42.3

Total 1018.3

Foreign Oil DependenceProblems:• Variations in cost of purchases• Threat of supply disruptions• Limitations of nonrenewable resource

Impacts:• Pollution of oceans• Coastal oil spills • Trade imbalances• Military actions

Why Was Persian Gulf War Fought?

• To free the people of Kuwait?

• To protect Kuwait oil fields from Iraq?

• To drive up domestic oil prices?

• To force OPEC to come to terms on oil prices?

What a Barrel of Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers

• $14 is initial price per barrel• + $80 for military support services • = $94 is actual price per barrel

Future Fossil Fuel Supplies

• Oil & Natural gas - 50 year supply

• Coal - 380 year supply

• Oil shales and oil sands - complex extraction technologies

Major Coal Deposits in the United States

Electrical Power From Burning Coal Advantages or Disadvantages?

• Pollution from secondary energy source

• Pollution from primary energy source• Habitat alterations• Environmental effects of mining

Environmental problems with coal…

• increasing CO2 levels leads to global warming

• coal combustion produces more CO2 than oil or natural gas

• acid rain associated with burning high-sulfur coal

• acid drainage from coal mines (sulfur exposed to oxygen/water

> sulfuric acid)

• surface (“strip”) mining damage

More than 70% of coal derived by surface mining (strip-mining)

• Remove over-burden (rocks/soil) first• 90% of coal can be removed if relatively flat

terrain

Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita

The Elements of the Conservation Reserve

• Increasing fuel efficiency in cars

• Use florescent lights

• Increase home insulation

• Cogeneration

Traditionally Space Heating

Cogeneration