Energy Related Organelles

By:

Madison Greening, David Hughes, Kathryn Butler, Kelsey Ivory

Mitochondria Chloroplast

Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells (including plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Found only in plants and algae

Protists contain large mitochondria and fewer of them, Egg cells can contain up to hundreds of thousands of mitochondria

Chloroplasts have at least two membranes separated by narrow inter-membrane spaces

They can measure anywhere between 2 to 8 micrometers in length and 1.5 micrometers in diameter

They can measure anywhere between 2 to 5 micrometers

Mitochondria have two membranes; the interior membrane is convoluted with inward folding called cristae.

Chloroplasts contain stacks of thykoloids called grana.

Continuously changing shape and reproducing (mitochondria reproduce more often than chloroplasts)

Continuously changing shape and reproducing (occasionally pinch in two)

-Cellular respiration-Contain mtDNA-Free ribosomes (which work with the

mtDNA to manufacture enzymes which help with cellular respiration)

Located in the Cytoplasm

-Photosynthesis-Contains chloroplast genome (DNA)-Free ribosomes

Located in the Cytoplasm

RELATED TO ALL OTHER ORGANELLES (because all other organelles use energy to function)

RELATED TO ALL OTHER ORGANELLES (because all other organelles use energy to function)

Mitochondria:

The sites of cellular respiration (the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of oxygen), hormone synthesis, and heat generation in brown fat cells (which are used to protect young animals from the cold and are used to bring hibernating animals out of hibernation)

Chloroplast:

An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorb sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Autotrophs (plants and algae) use energy from the sunlight to convert the compounds CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates (like glucose) through

photosynthesis.

Heterotrophic organisms (like us) are not capable of making our own food (unlike autotrophs). The food we eat either comes directly from plants, or from animals that them, themselves, eat/have eaten plants. Heterotrophs break the chemical bonds in food molecules between glucose and oxygen, thereby

returning CO2 and H2O to the environment, and as a byproduct energy is

released. This process takes place in the mitochondria and is referred to as cellular respiration. This is what provides your body with energy.

6CO2 + 12H20 + Energy from light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6C02 + 6H2O + Energy

Chloroplasts•Dual membrane.•Multiple stacks called Grana of disks called Thylakoids.•The Stroma surrounds the Grana and contains DNA and other proteins which contribute to the functioning of the organelle.

•In every plant and form of algae there are organelles called "chloroplasts" which basically perform the opposite function of the mitochondria. •Chloroplasts also reproduce on their own and contain their own DNA. Chloroplasts are nearly genetically identical to cyanobacteria, formerly known as "blue green algae." •Without chloroplasts, plants would be unable to produce oxygen (or sugars/energy) from carbon dioxide (therefore the plant would die, because its cells would not be getting enough energy .•Cyanobacteria were the first form of life to transpire and create oxygen in the atmosphere.

Plant cells without chloroplasts:

Cypress Canker Infection:

Thermal stress in plants initially causes alterations in chloroplast thylakoidal membranes, therefore interfering with the process of photosynthesis.

Powdery Mildew Infection:

•Chloroplasts isolated from powdery mildew-infected sugar beet leaves showed:•A reduction in the rate of electron transport and in the accompanying ATP formation•Little or no change in the rate of ATP formation in cyclic photophosphorylation. •The inhibition of noncyclic photophosphorylation appeared to lead in the parent leaves to a decreased rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and a change in products resulting in a relative increase of amino acids. •These changes were accompanied by alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure and by a reduction in the activity of enzymes necessary for the formation of organic acids.

•Basically this means the amount of CO2 being absorbed is reduced. The structure of the chloroplasts have changed and now produce less organic acids and more amino acids.

•(Definition by dictionary.com:•Photophosphorylation: the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis•Ultrastructure: detailed structure of a biological specimen, such as a cell, tissue, or organ

Mitochondria:•Dual membrane.•The inner membrane surrounds the Matrix.•The Matrix is an area of highly concentrated enzymes.•The inner membrane is folded into Cristae, which protrude into the Matrix of the organelle.

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome

• KSS• Rare neuromuscular • Onset around 20 years old• Result of large amounts of mtDNA deletions (parts of

DNA missing)• Symptoms include: limitation of eye movement, retina

deterioration, drooping eyelids and an accumulation of pigmented material in the ocular membrane

• Not inherited• No cure

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

• LHON• Inherited disease that causes vision loss• Result of mutations in mitochondrial genome• Passed from mother to all children because egg

provides embryo with mitochondria• Onset in teens/twenties• Effects males more• Symptoms: acute vision loss in one eye, a few

weeks later in the other eye, escalating to severe optic atrophy (loss of fibers in optic nerve)

• No accepted treatment

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