Energy Storage and Electrified Rail Systems

(technologies, market and business cases)

Richard Drake, P.E.

R&D Program Manager

NYSERDA

About NYSERDA

• Established in 1975 by State Legislature– Executive level organization

• Mission: Identify solutions to State’s energy and

environmental challenges in ways that benefit the State’s

economy.

• Forge public/private partnerships with businesses,

municipalities, residents, and energy stakeholders to

accomplish this goal.

About NYSERDA

• ~ 350 employees, four NYS locations

• ~ $600M annual budget FY10/11

Programs are organized into five portfolios:

– Energy Efficiency and Renewable Programs

– Energy Innovation and Business Development

– Energy Education and Workforce Development

– Energy and the Environment

– Energy Data, Planning and Policy

NYSERDA’s Transportation & Power Systems Programs

Transportation R&D� hybrid & plug-in vehicles, public

transit bus & rail, transportation systems - infrastructure, transportation demand management

� long standing, collaborative relations with NYSDOT, NYSTA, MTA, NYCT and numerous regional operators

� historically focused on product development with cost shared agreements, royalties and an emphasis on NYS businesses and job creation

Power Systems R&D

� Renewable Power and Smart Grid related product development and demonstration

� Solar PV, Wind, kinetic hydro, energy storage , fuel cell, and waste heat recovery

� $15M annual budget, 20 new projects/yr

� Energy storage projects: research -$25 M New York Battery and Energy Storage Technology Consortium (NY-BEST), Demonstrations- 20 MW flywheel ancillary services; 250 MW CAES system

Rail Electric Energy Storage

• NYSERDA project experience (2005-2011)

– NYC Transit Energy Storage Analysis and Modeling Tool Development – LTK Engineering Services

– R-160, R142 Train Regeneration Study- Turner Engineering

– Wayside Energy Storage Flywheel test - Urenco

– Wayside NiMH battery test/evaluation – Kawasaki gigacell

– Wayside Ultra capacitor Development & Demo. –EPX Corp.

– Onboard Ultra capacitor analysis/ design – EPX Corp.

– Wayside Li Ion battery test/evaluation- Sojitz, E3 GS Yuasa

– Wayside flywheel Demonstration (terminated)-Pentadyne

Rail Electric Energy Storage

• Applications: - capture regenerative braking energy

- voltage support, substation upgrade alternative

– Regenerative braking capability is the norm on new

equipment.

– However, unless a nearby train is accelerating the

energy is typically dissipated in onboard or wayside

resistors

Rail Electric Energy Storage

• Benefits:

– Improve efficiency, reduce energy costs

– Level power flow

– Mitigate voltage sag

– Reduce substations

– Reduce waste heat

– Eliminate wayside resistors

Acknowledgements:• Data and analysis in this presentation has been extracted from:

– NYC Transit – “Traction Power Energy Storage System Analysis”; LTK Engineering

Services, Final Report NYSERDA Project (1)

– “Traction Power Report”;MTA Blue Ribbon Commission on Sustainability(2)

– Final Report: “The Selection and Application of Wayside Energy Storage

Technologies of Rail Transit and Electric Utilities”; Transportation Research

Board; Transit Cooperative Research Program (3)

– “Wayside Ultra-Capacitor Energy Storage Systems for Transit Applications,

Electric Power WorX Corp., Final Report NYERDA Project 10388 (4)

– “ Battery Powered System for Trackside Energy Storage”; Kawasaki Heavy

Industries”; Final Report NYSERDA Project 11043 (5)

– “NYCT Traction Power Energy Storage Demonstration”; E3, Sojitz Corporation of

America; Cost Effective Analysis, NYSERDA Project 18794(6)

How big is the market? (3)

•New City York Transit (subway):

• services over 5 million passenger/day,

• includes over 660 miles of track, 468 stations

• 6,400 cars traveling 485 million miles/year

• makes 91 million stain stops per year

• uses 2.2 billion KWhr/yr in traction power

Rail System Power Requirement

Characteristics (3)

ESD power and capacity vs. system type

Energy Storage Application (E3) (6)

Regenerative Brake

Train Braking Power & Energy vs. Time (4)

Typically, Storage does not absorb all

energy (losses, receptivity) (6)

Braking- Regeneration Energy Savings (4)

Typical Metro Rail single stop regeneration energy savings vs. EES size

Calculated Economic Benefit from braking

regeneration enhancement, NYCT L-line (6)

Voltage Sag Reduction from Energy

Storage (6)

Voltage Support Application (no storage) (3)

Voltage Support Application (3)

3 MW new Substation Solution 4 MW Energy Storage Solution

Voltage Support Application

Economics

• Energy Storage reduces voltage sag at 1/3 the capital cost of a rectifier

substation. $3.2 million vs. $10 million. @ 5% IRR = $350K/yr. savings

• Energy storage system sized for voltage support provides slight increase

system receptivity 1%-5% with modest energy savings over substation

alternative. Savings exceed 10 year storage module replacement cost.

Energy Storage Technologies (2)

Comparison of wayside storage

technologies (2)

Wayside Energy Storage commercial

Products (2)

In Development:

Bombardier “EnerGstor” Super capacitor

Electrical Power Word Corp. Ultra-capacitor

NYC Transit Energy Storage Technology Test Facility

NYC Transit Test Site (5)

Kawasaki NiMH Battery on test (5)

Kawasaki NiMH Battery on test (5)

1 MW Ultra-Capacitor System (shop test)Electrical Power WorX Corp. (4)

1 MW Ultra Capacitor ModuleElectrical Power WorX Corp. (4)

E3 GS Yuasa Wayside Installation (6)

Energy Storage Efficiency Improvement

- key factors -

• System Receptivity (how much regen. Can the system absorb?)

– Train traction power characteristics

– Train headways (scheduling)

– Number of tracks and ties

– Substation spacing and system load flow

• Storage capacity installed (is it matched )

• System voltage set points and ES control

algorithms

Summary

• Wayside energy storage is viable lower cost alternative to rectifier substation upgrade– 1/3 to 1/2 capital cost

• Energy savings from regenerative braking dependant upon system receptivity, voltage set points– 5% - 30% found via simulation; 15%-20% typical

• Several technologies and products appear to be viable – Ultra-capacitors; batteries (li-ion, NiMH), flywheel?

• Best economics achieved when installations provide multiple benefits

Richard L. Drake, P.E.Program Manager

Transportation & Power Systems R&D

(518) 862-1090 ext. 3258

rld@nyserda.org

Thank you!