engineering geology laboratory -...

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LAB

Department of Civil Engineering

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LABORATORY

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE: GUDLAVALLERU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Name : …………………………………………………………

Regd. No : ………………………………………………………….

Year & Semester : ………………………………………………………..

Academic Year : ……………………………………………………….



GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE::GUDLAVALLERU

DEPARTMENT

OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Engineering Geology - Lab Manual




SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE:: GUDLAVALLERU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDEX

S.no Date

Name of the Experiment Signature

of the

faculty

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12



MINERALS

QUARTZ (Sio2)

Habit and crystal system : Crystaline and hexagonal system

Colour and huster : Variety colourless, transparent, snow white, viterous, transchent

Scratch ability and hardness : Cannot be scratched by knife, H=2.5 to 2.7

Streak : White

Cleavage : Nil

Fracture : Un even at place conchoidel

Specific gravity : Crystalline, habit, horizontal, faces, piezo electric, absence of

cleavage through crystalline breaks with sharp cutting edges,

conchoidal faces.

Uses / Importants : Important rare forming mineral 7th standard mineral in Mohr’s

scale, glass making electronic lenses, wireless apparates,

radar watches and clocks, industrial and agro granures and

powder glass cutting.

OPAL (Sio2.H2O)

Habit and crystal system : Massive

Colour and huster : Milk white, dirty white resinous

Scratch ability and hardness : Cannot be scratched by knife, H=4.5 to 5.5

Streak : White

Cleavage : Nil

Fracture : Uneven at Many places, conchoidal

Specific gravity : Low 1.9 to 2.3

Special properties : Resembles Magnetic, alkali gravity, some varities

Uses / Importants : Filler, translucent, variety cats eye, used in jewellary.



MAGNETITE (Fe304)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, isometric system, octahedron and also

massive

Colour and huster : Iron, Block, Metallic

Scratch ability and hardness : It cannot be scratched by knife hardness H=5.5

Streak : Block

Cleavage : Four sets of oblique cleavage, massive

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : High 5.5

Special properties : Strongly Magnetic

Uses / Importants : Ore of Iron, Ferrite rod, radio Antina

HEMATITE (Fe203)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, hexagonal, massive

Colour and huster : When fresh bright steel gray when altered reddish brown,

metallic

Scratch ability and hardness : It cannot be scratched and hardness H = 5.5

Streak : Reddish brown, cherry brown

Cleavage : Oblique cleavage

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : High 5.5

Special properties : Heavy, cherry red colour, some varities are magnetic due

to branches of magnetic

Uses / Importants : Ore of Iron, dyes.

BAUXITE (Al203.2H20)

Habit and crystal system : Massive commonly pisolitic

Colour and huster : Dry white, stained, reddish brown, yellowish by wides,

dull sometimes resinous

Scratch ability and hardness : Can be scratch easily by knife

Streak : White

Cleavage : Nil

Fracture : Uneven earthy

Specific gravity : Low 2.3 to 2.5



Special properties : Pisolitic habit, some varities, low specific gravity

Uses / Importants : Chief ore of alumina, oil refining, bauxite cement,

refractory bricks, water purification, paper making,

ceramics, chemicals, mineral salts.

MUSCOVITE MICA [H2KAL3 (sio4)3]

Habit and crystal system : Flaky, monoclinic system, pseudo hexagonal

Colour and huster : Colourless, transparent, silver white, in bulk with dark

brown pearly

Scratch ability and hardness : Scratched by fingernail and hardness H = 2 – 2.5

Streak : White shining

Cleavage : One set of perfect basal cleavage

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : Medium 2.7 to 3

Special properties : Extremely thin, elastic, transparent. Colourness flakes,

bad conductor of elasticity

Uses / Importants : Electric and electrical issulator, gas light. Chimes,

spinker, fancy points, ornements.

BLOTITE MICA [H3K (mgfe3)AL(sio4)3]

Habit and crystal system : Flaky, Monoclinic system, pseudo hexagonal

Colour and huster : Brownish block, transparent, peerly

Scratch ability and hardness : Scratched by nail and hardness H = 2 to 2.5

Streak : Pale yellow

Cleavage : One set of perfect basal cleavage along with thin flaker

separate of easily

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : Medium 2.9 to 3.1

Special properties : Brownish block to black colour

Uses / Importants : Important rock forming, minerals boiler funnanas window

screed



ORTHOCLASE [FELDSPAR [KAL.(Si308)]

Habit and crystal system : Massive, commonly monoclinic system

Colour and huster : White, Pinc, Viterous

Scratch ability and hardness : Cannot be scratched by knife and hardness [H = 6]

Streak : White

Cleavage : Two sets perpendicular

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : Medium 2.6

Special properties : Alkaline 2 sets perpendicular

Uses / Importants : 6 standard mineral in Mohr’s scale, glass making, glazing

agent, electric issulation, ceramics etc.

AUGITE [ Complex silicate of Ca, Al, Mg, F3]

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, monoclinic system, crystal are short and

shout eight sided cubical cleavage fracture

Colour and huster : Dark gray, grayish block, block, viterous

Scratch ability and hardness : Can be scratched by knife and harness H = 5.5

Streak : greenish white

Cleavage : 2 sets almost perpendicular

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Nearly perpendicular cleavage

Uses / Importants : Important rock forming mineral

CHLORITE (Hydrous maAl silicate)

Habit and crystal system : Foliated

Colour and huster : Greenish white to greenish block resinous

Scratch ability and hardness : Can be scratched with difficulty by finger nail. Easily by

knife and hardness H = 2.0 – 2.5

Streak : Plane greenish white

Cleavage : Nil (Non – crystalline)

Fracture : Uneven




Special properties : Soft can be cut, curved

Uses / Importants : Earning

CALCITE (CaC03)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, hexagonal system

Colour and huster : White, grey, pink, transulent, colourless transparent

Scratch ability and hardness : Scratched easily by knife and hardness H = 3

Streak : White

Cleavage : 3 sets of oblique perfect Rhombo hedral

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Perfect Rhombo hedral cleavags, reacts readily with

dilute - HCL

Uses / Importants : Third standard mineral on Mohr’s scale of hardness nicol

prism is Range findeis, polarizing mica microscopes Co2,

calcium carbide, nitro line cost lime nitrogen (Cacol)

bleaching powder, soil tooth paste, glass, scap, paper

printess, flux in smelting

GARNET (Complex silicate of Ca mg & fe)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, Isometric system, Decahydral system (12

Rhombic facis)

Colour and huster : Brownish block, Reddish brown, honey brown, when fresh

viterous to metallic.

Scratch ability and hardness : Can’t be scratched by knife and hardness H = 6.5 to 7.5

Streak : Reddish brown when altered

Cleavage : Inter obtained, very distinct, parallel to deca hydral faces

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : Medium to high 3.2 to 4.5

Special properties : Crystal frequently distributed

Uses / Importants : Seramic stones

TALC

Habit and crystal system : Massive, Foliated

Colour and huster : Pale green, Apple green, pearly

Scratch ability and hardness : It can be scratched by knife and hardness H = 1 – 1.5

Streak : Pale white



Cleavage : Nil

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Very soft and smooth

Uses / Importants : 1st standard mineral in Mohr’s scale of hardness, filer material

in paper

DOLOMITE ( Camg (C03)2)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, hexagonal system

Colour and huster : White, grey pink, colourless, transparent, pearly

Scratch ability and hardness : Can be scratched by knife and hardness H = 3

Streak : White

Cleavage : 3 sets of oblique perfect Rhombo - hydral

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Rhombo hydral cleavage, colourless varieties

Uses / Importants : 3rd standard mineral in Mohr’s scale of hardness, Nicol prism

in Range findess.

MAGNESITE (MgCo3)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, besagoral

Colour and huster : White, grey, pink and pearly

Scratch ability and hardness : Scratched with knife and hardness H = 3.5 to 4

Streak : White

Cleavage : 3 sets of oblique cleavage, Rhombo hedron

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Pearly Luster, Reacts with concentrated - HCL

Uses / Importants : Refractory at 17000c, special cements, fertilizers

GALENA (pbs)

Habit and crystal system : Crystalline, Isometric system, cubes, cleavage

fragmentsColour and huster : Lead grey, silver grey, bright and metallic

Scratch ability and hardness : Can be scratched easily by knife and hardness

H = 2 to 2.5

Streak : Lead grey



Cleavage : 3 sets of mutually perpendicular cubic cleavage

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Soft heavy and diamagnetic

Uses / Importants : Ore of heal Alloys, crystals used in Radio sets, heavy

aggregate concrete for protective walls in atomic and

Nuclear Reactors.

JASPER

Habit & Coastal system : Massive

Colour & Iustude : Red colour

Scratchability & Hardness : Nearly 7 cannot be scotched by knife

Streak : Light pink

Cleavage : Absent

Fracture : Cancodial

Specific gravity : Medium (2.57 – 2.67)

Special properties : - - -

Uses (or) Importance : - - -

OLIVINE

Habit & Coastal system : Massive

Colour & Iustude : Olive green, Lusture (dull)

Scratchability & Hardness : Hardness (6-7) cannot be scratched y knife

Streak : Light green, pale colour

Cleavage : Absent

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : Medium (3.2 – 3.5)

Special properties : Commonly unsaturated mineral


HORNBLENDE

Habit & Coastal system : Granular form (or) Prismatic aggregate

Colour & Iustude : Dark greenish black, Vitreacy to sub vitreours, nearly

opaque

Scratchability & Hardness : Scratchble by knife, Hardness (5-6)

Streak : Light green (or) pale green (or) white



Cleavage : 2 sets, prismatic

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : Medium (3 – 3.5)

Special properties : Most common type of amphibde


BIOTITE

Habit & Coastal system : Flask, lamellor, Monoclinc system, psevdo

Colour & Iustude : Brownish block, Transperent, Pearly, dark greenish block

(or) block

Scratchability & Hardness : Scratched by nail & hardness (2 -2.5)

Streak : Pale yellow, white colour

Cleavage : one set of perfect basal cleavage along with thing flakar

Fracture : Uneven, Still havag

Specific gravity : (2.9 – 3.1)

Special properties : Brownish block, Block colour, common rock forming mica

Uses (or) Importance : Important rock forming minerals, boiler furnaces, windows

serect

ASBESTOS

Habit & Coastal system : Fibrous

Colour & Iustude : Pale, green, silky

Scratchability & Hardness : Can be scratched by knife & hardness (2-2.5)

Streak : Nil

Cleavage : Nil

Fracture : Nil

Specific gravity : 2.2 low 2

Special properties : Fiber, Fine, Strong, Easily separated, Fire proof, Heat

proof

Uses (or) Importance : Asbestos break & clutch, theatures, curtens, bamb proof

structures, paper, air & as it fiteration

KYANITE

Habit & Coastal system : Bladed, Radiating fibrus

Colour & Iustude : Blue with dart patches vitrious to sub-vitrious



Scratchability & Hardness : Can not be scratched by knife along length H=4-5 (5.5-

6.5) is along width.

Streak : White

Cleavage : Present 2 sets

Fracture : Uneven


Special properties : Bladed form a common refraction mineral


PYRITE

Habit & Coastal system : Crystaline, Iso metric system cubes, pentogaral, deca

hydral also grounlar, massive

Colour & Iustude : Light golden yellow, bright metalic

Scratchability & Hardness : It can not be scratched by knife & harness H: (6-6.5)

Streak : Greenish block

Cleavage : Cubic indistinct

Fracture : Uneven

Specific gravity : High 5

Special properties : Mutually year in adjacent sides resembles, gold, soluble

in HNO3.

Uses (or) Importance : Eretracting sulphar, preparation of sio2, H2So4,

peotilizers, dyes, wooden preservative.

PYROLUSITE

Habit & Coastal system : Massive, Spangy, apaque

Colour & Iustude : Dart brownish balck, dull

Scratchability & Hardness : Variable

Streak : Light (or) Pale colour

Cleavage : Indistinct

Fracture : Un even

Specific gravity : High 4.5 - 5

Special properties : Soils the fingeres, important magneas ore mineral

Uses (or) Importance : Nil

GRAPHITE

Habit & Coastal system : Massive, granular, apaque



Colour & Iustude : Black, Shining greasy

Scratchability & Hardness : Can be scratched by finger nail H = 1 to 2

Streak : Dull

Cleavage : Present, not distint

Fracture : Un even

Specific gravity : Low ( 2 to 2.3)

Special properties : Macs paper

Uses (or) Importance : Used in pencils

CHROMITE

Habit & Coastal system : Crystalline, Isometeric, Commonly occurred granulars

Colour & Iustude : Dark grey, Metallic

Scratchability & Hardness : Can’t be scratched H = 4.5

Streak : Brownish, Black

Cleavage : Nil

Fracture : Un even

Specific gravity : High ( 3.7 to 4.7)

Special properties : Slightly magnetic due to iron content

Uses (or) Importance : Cheap ore of chromium refractions


Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village :: Gudlavalleru


Geology Lab

GREU GRANITE (Flutonic and igneous rocks)

Colour : Grey, grewish white, pink, some varieties multicolored

Structure and grain size : Equigranular, Medium grained

Mineral Composition : Accessional minerals 1.Quartz 2.Orthoclase 3. Plagioclase

4. Biotite mica

Accessory mineral : Magnetite

Cementing material : Nil


Special properties : Presence of abundant quartz it can be cut and curved, it gives

excellent polish like merror surface



Uses / Importants : Building ornamental stones, moments, railway ballast, road metal,

roller concrete, slabs, door steps, pillars.

PINK GRANITE (FLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCK)

Colour : Pink, Reddish brown, blush red

Structure and grain size : equi-granula, medium grained

Mineral Composition : Accessional minerals 1.Quartz 2. Orthoclase 3. Plagio clase

4. Horn blende.




Special properties : Pink, Red colour abundant Quartz, it can be cut curved, excellent

Quartz giving mirror surface

Uses / Importants : Ornamental stones, monuments stones

GABBRO (PUTONIC BASIC IGNEOUS ROCKS)

Colour : Dark grey to block

Structure and grain size : Equigranular, coarse graned

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals

(1) Plagio clase (Twineed plate) (2) Accessory minerals

(3) Iron Pyrites bright golden grains (4) Magnatite

Cementing material : -

Specific gravity : 2.8 to 2.9

Special properties : Dark grey colour, Coarse grained plagioclase, can be cut, curved,

polished, ferro magnetic

Uses / Importants : Ornamental, Rood metal, Concrete aggregate, railway road.

PEGMATITE (HYPER BASSAL ACID AND IGNEOUS ROCKS)

Colour : White at places pink, multi coloured

Texture and grain size : Pagmatatie or graphic coarse, very coarse grained


(1) Quartz (2) Orthoclase white or pink

(3) + Biotite mica atered to chlorite Accessory minerals

(a) Manetite (b) Iron pyrites



Special properties : Graphic or pegmatic, inter growth between Quartz and orthoclase



Uses / Importants : Worked (or) valuable minerals like Quartz, orthoclase.

DOLERITE (DIABASE, HYPER BASALT BASIC IGNEOUS)

Colour : Dark grey to block

Texture and grain size : Optic texture, fine to medium grained

Mineral Composition : Assential minerals (i) plagio clas (2) Pigate

Accessory mineral : Iron pyrates



Special properties : Heavy takes excellent, polish queering mirror surface it can be cut

curved.

Uses / Importants : ornamental, memorial, concrete agragate, Door steps, Road metal etc

COMPACT BASALT (VOLCANIC AND IGNEOUS ROCKS)

Colour : Dark Gray

Texture and grain size : Compact, fine grain

Mineral Composition : Assential mineral (1) Plagio clase (2) Augite




Special properties : Dark gray, fine grained ferro magnetic

Uses / Importants : Road metal, Concrete aggregate, Building stones, Railway stations.

CONGLO METERE (MECHANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY)

Colour : Reddish brown, chocolate brown

Texture and grain size : Redisheous texture, coarse grain

Mineral Composition : Assestial mineral (1) Smooth rounded pebbles

Accessory mineral : Nil

Cementing material : 203


Special properties : Smooth rounded pebbles of minerals and Rocky, cemented by Fe205

Uses / Importants : Worked for tasper, (1) Ornamental purpose.



RED SAND STONE (MECHNICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS)

Colour : Reddish brown, brick, red, pink

Texture and grain size : Arnaceous, medium grained

Mineral Composition : Essential mineral (1) Sand particles (2) Orthoclase (3) Muscovites

Accessory mineral : Nil



Special properties : Armaceous, Sand particles

Uses / Importants : Building, ornamental structural, road ballast stones

SHALE (MECHANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTRY ROCKS)

Colour : Reddish brown, Brick red

Texture and grain size : Argillaceous

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Clay (2) Fine grained sediments

Accessory mineral : -

Cementing material : Fe203


Special properties : Lamination, Soft Rein points

Uses / Importants : Films, cement manufacture, light weight materials

LIME STONE (FORMED FORM SEDIMENTARY ROCK)

Colour : Reddish brown, Brick red, multi colored

Texture and grain size : Concretionary

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Clay (2) Fe203


Cementing material : Loss and self cemented


Special properties : Concretionary, coarse, soft it can be cut and curved

Uses / Importants : Building stone, Road metal poor grade concrete Iron ore

LATERITE

Colour : White, Pink, green

Texture and grain size : Granular, Medium grained

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Calcite (2) CaCo3






Special properties : Reacts really with HCL, soft it can be cut and curved

Uses / Importants : Ornamental, decorative gums, panels.

QUARTIZITE

Colour : Greenish yellow, pale white, Lusterous

Texture and grain size : Chistose

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Talc



Specific gravity : 2.7 to 2.8

Special properties : Very soft

Uses / Importants : Filter, cosmetics grassing

SLATE

Colour : Grey, dark grey, rarely pink

Texture and grain size : Schistose, granular


(1) Sencitic mica (2) Quartz (3) Chlorite (4) Felspar (5) Clay

minerals



Special properties : Rock, cleavage, can be split, cut, planned, drilled

Uses / Importants : Roofing, granular, school bags, boards, table taps

GNEISS

Colour : Grey banded, pink, greenis

Texture and grain size : Gneissose fine to medium

Mineral Composition : Light coloured band (1) Quartz (2) Orthoclase dark coloured horn

blend


Specific gravity : Medium 2 - 7

Special properties : Banded, can cut curved

Uses / Importants : Building stones (1) ornamental rail roads

CHARCONITE

Colour : Greywish white, bluish grey

Texture and grain size : Granulose, medium grained

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Quartz (2) Orthoclase (3) Plagio clase

(4) Hypostnese





Special properties : Bluish grey, Quarts also blue granite

Uses / Importants : Building stones, ornamental structural, orna stone

CHARNOLITE

Colour : White, grey, pink, brick rod

Texture and grain size : Granular, fine, medium to coarse grained

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Quality

Specific gravity : 2.7

Special properties : Brittle, breaks, easily, sharp, edges, vitreous

Uses / Importants : Road metal, Rail road, Ballast, Glass cutting

MARBLE (CRYSTALLINE LIME STONE)

Colour : White, pink, grey, green, multi colored

Texture and grain size : Granulose medium grained

Mineral Composition : Essential minerals (1) Calcite CaCo3



Specific gravity : -

Special properties : Reacts readily with HCL. Soft can be cut curved sculptured

Uses / Importants : Ornamental, decorative, germs, panels, status, mortars, shape etc.

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