english level b2. course 1 (academy)

English Level B2. Course 1 (Academy)

VOCABULARY

At least The minimum.Average Normal, usual, mean, typical.Ballet Classical dance. Usually performed to music.Board game A game played at a table.

Often you use a dice and small markers or counters.Some common board games are Snakes and Ladders and TrivialPursuit.

Bookworm To refer to someone who reads a lot.Cards Small, rectangular pieces of card with numbers and pictures.

Used to play games, e.g., poker.Chess A game for two players.

There is a white set of pieces and a black set of pieces withvarious names: pawn, knight, bishop, etc.The aim is to take your opponent's pieces and attack their king.

Classical music Traditional, serious and refined type of music.Often performed by an orchestra.

Comic A type of magazine with stories illustrated by pictures.Disco music Music that people dance to in discos.

Very lively.Discount A reduction in price or cost.Facility A service or area that is part of a hotel or similar.Full-time All day.

E.g.: I have a full-time job, I work from nine to five, five days aweek.

Fully-equipped Complete.With everything you need.

Gym A place where people go to do exercise on machines or in groupclasses.

Gymnast A person who performs difficult physical moves.Heavy metal A type of music associated with very loud electric guitars and

drums.Indoor football A modified version of the sport football, played inside a building

on a smaller field with artificial grass.Indoor: An adjective describing the inside of a house or building,not the outside. Covered. Inside.E.g.: I go swimming in an indoor pool in the winter.

Leisure Free time.Lounge The area of a house where we relax.

Usually with a sofa and television.Market research The study that companies do to ask consumers questions.

Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route

Copyright © CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.

Meeting An organised encounter of two or more people. Often for work.E.g.: We need to arrange a meeting to talk about the new plan.

Nurse A person who works in a hospital, helping doctors and patients.On average Usually, normally.Outside Exterior.Part-time To work less than a full day or fewer hours than a full-time job.Photography The act of taking photographs.

Hobby or profession.E.g.: I am interested in photography.

Pop music Popular, modern and commercial type of music.Fashionable with young people.

Quick Fast, with speed.Separated To be apart.Snack Food that we eat in between meals.Soft drinks Drinks that do not contain alcohol.

Often fruit flavoured.Song A piece of music with lyrics.

E.g.: She sang a song about love in the school play.Sport Football, tennis, swimming are all examples of sportStamp A small, adhesive square that we buy and stick on envelopes to

send letters.Surprise Something that we weren't expecting to happen.

E.g.: People often plan a surprise party for someone's fortiethbirthday.

Table tennis A game using small round bats and a small plastic ball, playedon a table with a net.Ping pong.

Team A group of people who compete or participate in a sport oractivity.E.g.: Liverpool United is a famous football team.

Theatre A place to see plays and performances.To catch up on To do work that has been delayed.To do exercise To do physical activities, e.g. running or gymnastics.To get ready To prepare for something.To get together To meet friends.To give a ring To call by telephone.To have a rest To take a short break, relax.To support To follow or back a particular team or political party.

E.g.: I support Liverpool football club, I go to all their games.To take a year out To leave study or work for a year in order to travel or do

something different.



To train To practise specific skills to improve in a certain area.Especially in sport.E.g.: Footballers usually train every day.

Unemployed To be without a job.Widow A woman whose husband has died.Yoga A type of exercise.

Exercises to help relaxation and flexibility.

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

Ballet is very good for posture.

We haven't played table tennis in a long time.

Scientists recommend that children start to do sport because it is such a healthy habit.

Her husband is dead, she is a widow now.Before companies launch new products, they complete interviews with their customers aspart of their market research.

Nowadays, people don't go to the theatre as much because they stay at home or go to thecinema instead.

Would you like to come to the classical music festival with me?

She loves disco music so if you want to go dancing, just ask her.

There's a heavy metal concert on tonight if you want to go.

Our band plays all kinds of music, but we like pop music the best.

I listen to songs with my headphones on.

When I was young we used to play cards after dinner.

I started collecting comics when I was 10 and I've got quite a few rare ones.

I want to use this meeting to discuss our new advertising campaign.

I am keen on photography.

I'm on a diet so I shouldn't eat snacks.

He has a large stamp collection from all over the world.

My brother enjoys board games.

We only serve soft drinks, no alcohol.

The lounge is the most comfortable room of the house, where we sit on the sofa and reador watch television.

I've joined a very modern gym with lots of the most high-tech equipment.



She's an amazing gymnast because she trains every day.

My son is really keen on indoor football.Jimmy is very good at playing chess.

Which team do you support?

I have been doing yoga for years now. It helps me to stay relaxed and flexible.

If you want to stay healthy, you should do exercise three times a week.

He trains every day for six hours.

Nurses are professional health workers that help doctors and patients in the hospitals theywork.

I wanted to give you a surprise.

She works in an office full-time, from Mondays to Fridays.

They're not divorced, they're separated while they see what will happen next.

Let's be quick! The train is leaving soon and we must go faster.

I support the local football team and always go to their games when I can.

SENTENCES

I really don't have much leisure time.

There are facilities for young mothers.

Peter's such a bookworm!He never plays with his computer.

If you are over 65, you get a discount.The average English family has a house, a car, two children and a dog.

Why don't we have lunch outside?Where do you work?I haven't got a job at the moment. I'm unemployed.

She's having a rest; she's very tired.

Come in! Sarah's getting ready.Sit down and have a drink.

The classrooms are fully-equipped.



SHOWROOM: LIKES AND DISLIKES - FREQUENCY ADVERBSAND EXPRESSIONS

He always does exercise.

She does exercise every day.

She often does exercise.

He does exercise twice a week.

She sometimes does exercise.

He hardly ever does exercise.

She does exercise once a year.

He never does exercise.

SHOWROOM: THE PRESENT - PRESENT CONTINUOUS

My father is driving home from the office.

My mother is cooking the dinner.

My grandfather is having a rest.

My little brother is playing in the garden.

My big sister is getting ready to go out.

I am doing my English homework.

USEFUL PHRASES

On average, I wrote 7 or 8 pages a day.

I've got at least 10,000 stamps.

We are looking for a part-time bartender (evening only).Please phone: 0181695772.

I think it's a good idea to take a year out and travel before you go to medical school.

We must meet and catch up on all your news...

Give me a ring before you go out tonight.

I think we should get together to talk about the new project.



GRAMMAR

Expressing like or dislike

All the verbs that express like or dislike of an activity go with a verb in the gerund form:

LOVE: She loves walking on the sand.LIKE: I like cooking pastries.DON’T MIND: I don’t mind ironing.DISLIKE: We dislike being late for the cinema.HATE: I hate going shopping.CAN’T STAND: I can’t stand being disturbed when I’m reading.

Sports

Play basketballPlay tennisPlay footballPlay chessPlay cards Do yogaDo gymDo ballet Go swimmingGo runningGo skiing



Frequency expressions

Frequency adverbs:

Use: Adverbs of frequency are used, as the name suggests, to express the frequency of anaction. That is the reason why these adverbs usually stand with the Present Simple, which isusually used for actions that are a habit.

Position in the sentence: The frequency adverbs go before the main verb:

He usually answers the phone.

He has never eaten Indian food.

except the verb “To be”:

This room is never quiet.

List of frequency adverbs:

never

hardly ever

rarely

occasionally



sometimes

often /frequently /regularly

usually /normally

always

Other expressions of frequency:

We can also express frequency using time expressions like: once a week, twice a month,everyday, etc.

Position in the sentence: These time expressions go at the end of the sentence according to theusual English sentence structure:

Subject + Verb + Object + Complements (1st modal + 2nd local + 3rd temporal)

She goes running in the park every day.He studies hard at home every weekend.



Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

a) Forms:

PRESENT SIMPLE

Affirmativeform

Subj. + V (-s) + Compl.I work for that company.She lives in New York.

Negative form

Subj. + DO/DOES + not + V + Compl.

I don’t believe in aliens.She doesn’t know your address.

Interrogativeform

DO/DOES + Subj. + V + Compl.?

Do you like my new hairstyle?Does it often rain here?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Affirmativeform

Subj. + To be + V-ing + Compl.

I am reading a magazine.This girl is asking for you, Tom.

Negative form

Subj. + To be + not + V-ing + Compl.

They aren’t enjoying this party.He isn’t talking on the phone.

Interrogativeform

To be + Subj. + V-ing + Compl. ?

Are you learning Japanese?Is Jerry coming to the partytonight?

b) Use:



PRESENT SIMPLE

Actions that happen again and again,routines and habits:- I get up at 8 o’clock everyday.- It rains a lot in Ireland.Facts that are always true and never change,or that stay the same for a long time:- The world is round.- He works as a university lecturer.Verbs that are not used in continuous forms:- Jim doesn’t want to study French.* (See list below)To refer to the future according to a scheduleor a calendar:- The course finishes on June 20th.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Actions that are happening at the moment ofspeaking:- Don’t forget the umbrella! It’s raining.Activities that are happening this week, thismonth, this year, although they are nothappening in the moment of speaking:- I’m reading a very interesting book thismonth.To express a planned future arrangement:- I’m visiting my penfriend in Paris nextSpring.

Verbs that usually are not used in progressive or continuous forms:

- Verbs of the senses:

HEAR, TASTE, SMELL, SEE

- Verbs of thinking and opinions:

KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, UNDERSTAND, RECOGNISE, REMEMBER, MEAN



- Verbs of having and being:

POSSESS, OWN, HAVE, BELONG

- Verbs of emotions and feelings:

WANT, PREFER, NEED, APPRECIATE, LOVE, LIKE, HATE, DISLIKE

- Verbs that express appearance:

SEEM, LOOK, APPEAR

Pronunciation of the final –s

Remember that in English the “-s” or “-es” that we add in the Present Simple of the thirdperson singular can be pronounced in three different ways.

1. We say /s/ when a words ends in an unvoiced sound like: /f/, /k/ /p/, /t/, /θ/. For example:coughs and stops.

2. We say /z/ when a word ends in a voiced sound like: /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /ò/, /v/.For example: comes and goes.

3. We say /iz/ when a word ends in: /s/, /t∫/, /dʒ/, /z/, / ∫ /, /ʒ/. For example: watches and misses.



VOCABULARY

Appointment A designated time to see someone.E.g.: I have an appointment with the dentist at four o'clock.

Brother-in-law Your husband or wife's brother.Bucket A container. Often used to carry water.Ceiling The inner roof or upper limit of a room.Chimney A passage, which directs the smoke and fumes from an open-

fireplace to the outside.Clever Intelligent. Bright.Cosy Giving a feeling of comfort and security.Countryside The area of land outside a city.

There is usually little or no development or industrial activity.Cousin Your aunt or uncle's child.Crazy Mad, a little insane.Dessert The last course of a meal, usually sweet.Downstairs The lower or ground floor of a house.Exciting Something that is very interesting, stimulating, pleasurable or

new.Father-in-law Your husband or wife's father.Fireplace The place where you can have a real fire inside a house.Floor The surface under your feet inside a house.For ages For a long time.Front door The main door of a house or building.Fun Enjoyable, good.Furnished A house or flat which has furniture.

E.g.: We can rent furnished or unfurnished accommodation.Greenhouse Often made of glass. A place to grow plants in a protected

environment.Hole A cavity, a pit, a hollow place.Luxurious A place with very comfortable and expensive decoration and

furniture.Mother-in-law Your husband or wife's mother.Nephew Your brother or sister's son.Niece Your brother or sister's daughter.Old-fashioned The opposite of modern.On your own Without company or other people.Parents-in-law Your husband or wife's parents.Pushchair The three or four wheeled vehicle we use to transport babies and

young children.Responsible Reliable, someone who can be trusted.

Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale


Roof The upper covering of a building.Sister-in-law Your husband or wife's sister.Spacious To describe an area with a lot of room or space.Staircase The steps between two floors of a building or house.Suburbs The residential area outside a city.Teenager A young person between the ages of thirteen and nineteen.Tiring Something that causes a person to feel tired or fatigued.To adopt To care for and be responsible for a child.

To take the legal role of a parent.To cope To manage a situation.

E.g.: I have a lot of work but I can cope; I am doing it little bylittle.

To garden To do physical work in a garden or to look after plants.To get on To enter a bus, train or plane.To look forward to To feel positive about a future event.Unfurnished A house or flat without furniture.Upstairs The upper floor or level of a house.View The sight you have from a window or place.

E.g.: We had a view of the sea from the hotel window.Wall The vertical parts of a house that separate rooms.Worry To be preoccupied with something. To spend time thinking about

a problem.Writer Someone who writes books, stories or articles.




Your results at school are fantastic. You are very clever.

It was really exciting to move into our new flat.

Mum, there is a hole in my sweater.

Put Molly in her pushchair, we're going for a walk.

He can't stop thinking about the problems that make him worry.

Now that I'm a writer, I can decide how many hours I work a week and when I do them.

The bucket is full of water. I will use it to clean the floor.

My parents-in-law are lovely people.

This is Jack, my father-in-law. He lives with us.

We're taking my mother-in-law for a special day out.

My brother-in-law is younger and taller than me.

My sister-in-law and I often go out to the cinema together.

I don't think you've met my cousin from London.

My nephew has been sad all day because his brother broke his toy.

My niece likes reading so I bought her this book.

You are a teenager now!

Sitting here on the sofa is so comfortable and cosy.

After the main course, I fancied some fresh fruit and chocolate cake for dessert.Gardening is the kind of hobby that helps you to relax and feel in touch with nature.

Do you rent the flat furnished?Yes, it has everything I need.

I'm looking for a flat to rent. But I want it unfurnished.

My new studio is much more spacious.

This farm grows vegetables in the warmth of a greenhouse.

He loves going for long walks in the countryside.



SENTENCES

She wears very old-fashioned clothes.She is not modern at all.

Lovely! We've got a view of the sea.

They live in the suburbs and take the train to the city every morning.

Parties are always fun.

Looking after small children is very tiring.

Are you responsible for this?

You are crazy to go swimming in this weather!

We bought a luxurious car last month.

I have an appointment with Dr. Ryan at three o'clock.

We adopted Chan as a baby.

How are you getting on with your book?Slowly...

SHOWROOM: SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS -SENTENCES

We were walking in the park when it started to rain.

John called while you were working.

You were dancing with a beautiful girl when I saw you.

She was cleaning the kitchen when the children came in.

They were talking about him when he came into the room.

I was having a bath when I had an idea.

We were travelling on the same bus and we started talking.

Someone entered the house while the family was sleeping.



USEFUL PHRASES

He's really looking forward to Christmas.

I look forward to hearing from you.Come on. You've been in there for ages!

It's ages since you bought me flowers!

How did you get on at the interview?OK, I think. But I don't know if I'll get the job.

I can't cope with all this work!

Look at your room! There are clothes and books all over the place.

Clever boy! You did it all on your own.

I don't like going to restaurants on my own.

Why on earth did you do that?

CONSOLIDATION - SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS

She was ironing, when the lights went out.They were playing cards, when the lights went out.He was having a shower, when the lights went out.The baby was crying, when the lights went out.The children were watching television, when the lights went out.She was making a salad, when the lights went out.It was starting to rain, when the lights went out.We were doing our homework, when the lights went out.



GRAMMAR

Used to

Use: The form “Used to” expresses:

- an action that was a habit in the past, but isn’t anymore:

He smokes just a couple of cigarettes a day, but he used to smoke a lot.

- a fact that was true in the past, but isn’t anymore.

This souvenir shop used to be a greengrocer’s.

Compare:

Finished action in the past:

Last night I watched that film you had recommended to me.

Action taking place in a particular moment in the past (of certain duration):

I was watching a film when my brother came in.

Action that was a habit in the past:

I used to watch a lot of films.

Form: “Used to” is only used in the past form. It is never used in the present form.

Compare:I usually go to the cinema on Sunday. (Present)

I used to go to the cinema on Sunday. (Past)They live in the country. (Present)

They used to live in the country. (Past)

AffirmativeI used to doI used to live with my parents.

NegativeI didn’t use to doI used not to doI didn’t use to eat sweets.He used not to smoke.

Interrogative



Did you use to ...?Did you use to like milk?

There was / There were

The forms “there was” and “there were” in past tense are equivalent to the forms “there is”and “there are” in present tense:

There was a book here a moment ago. (Singular)

There were three pictures on the floor. (Plural)

PRESENT SINGULAR PLURALAffirmative There is There areNegative There isn’t There aren’t

Interrogative Is there...? Are there...?PAST SINGULAR PLURAL

Affirmative There was There wereNegative There wasn’t There weren’t

Interrogative Was there...? Were there...? EXAMPLES:

There is a picture on the wall.There isn’t any milk in the fridge.Excuse me, is there a supermarket near here?There are some flats to rent.There aren’t any windows in the bathroom.Are there a lot of people waiting?There was a book here a moment ago.There wasn’t any bread left in the shop.Was there a man looking at us?There were three pictures on the floor.There weren’t any flowers in the vase.Were there many trains at the station?



Past simple vs. Past continuous

a) Forms:

Affirmativeform

PAST SIMPLE

Subj. + V -ed (regular verbs) + Compl.

I talked to him yesterday.She asked him about his age.

* (See list of irregular verbs atthe end of this manual)

Negative form

Subj. + DID + not + V + Compl.

I didn’t believe him then.She didn’t answer my question.

Interrogativeform

DID + Subj. + V + Compl.?

Did you enjoy the party?Did you take the train yesterday?

Affirmativeform

PAST CONTINUOUS

Subj. + was/were + V-ing + Compl.

They were reading a magazine.A girl was asking for you, Tom.

Negative form

Subj. + was/were + not + V-ing + Compl.

They weren’t watching that film.She wasn’t studying for her test.

Interrogativeform

Was/were + Subj. + V-ing + Compl. ?

Oh, sorry. Were you sleeping?Was Jerry talking to Jenny in thelounge?



b) Use: These tenses are used to express...

PAST SIMPLEActions and situations that started andfinished at a particular moment in the past.

I bought a new house last year.

PAST CONTINUOUSActions that were in progress at a determinedmoment in the past, although they startedbefore and finished afterwards.

At ten o’clock last night, I was watching afilm.

When two past tenses appear in one sentence:

Past simple + Past simple:

We talk about two consecutive actions, one happened (usually introduced by “when”) andthen the other happened.

When it started to rain I ran to my house.

Past continuous + Past simple:

We talk about two actions happening at the same time.

While I was having a bath the phone rang.I was having a bath when the phone rang.

We use the Past simple to denote a short action and refer to a specific point in time. Incontrast, the Past continuous stands for a long action that lasted a certain amount of time.

In the example shown, the phone will have rung for no more than a minute, whereas a bathmay take an hour or more. So the bath started before and ended after the phone rang and,thus, is a longer action than the ringing of the phone. Past continuous + Past continuous:

We talk about two simultaneous actions in the past. Both happening at the same moment.

While I was trying to study, he was making a terrible noise.



Comparatives

El comparativo se utiliza para hablar de una cosa en relación a otra. En español, cuandoqueremos decir que algo o alguien es más grande, alto, bajo, inteligente, interesante, etc., queotra cosa o persona, utilizamos el adverbio más seguido del adjetivo + que.

En inglés es muy similar, pero tenemos que distinguir entre comparativos con adjetivos cortosy con adjetivos largos.

1.- Para hacer el comparativo con adjetivos de una o dos sílabas (cortos), se añade al adjetivoel sufijo “-er”, seguido de la conjunción than en caso de que sea necesario.

slow + -er slower (más lento)

This car is slower than my car.Este coche es más lento que mi coche.

Si el adjetivo acaba en “-y”, la “-y” cambia a “i” y se añade “-er”:

happy happierheavy heavierearly earlier

I am happier than you.Yo estoy más feliz que tú.

Si el adjetivo acaba en consonante más vocal más consonante y la vocal está acentuada, laúltima consonante se dobla (con la excepción de palabras que terminan en “w”):

hot hotter

big bigger

thin thinner

P. ej.: That house is bigger than your house.Esa casa es más grande que tu casa.

Comparativos irregulares:

good betterbad worsefar farther / furtherlittle less

2.- Para hacer el comparativo con adjetivos de más de dos sílabas (largos), la estructura essimilar al español, ya que sería more + adjetivo + than (en caso de que sea necesario).



more + adjetivo + (than)

difficult more difficult (más difícil)dangerous more dangerous (más peligroso)beautiful more beautiful (más bella, más guapa)

Anna is more beautiful than Jane.Anna es más guapa que Jane.

This exercise is more difficult.Este ejercicio es más difícil.

Hasta ahora hemos tratado el comparativo de superioridad, pero también existe elcomparativo de inferioridad que, en español, se traduce por “menos + adjetivo + que”.

En inglés, la forma de construir este tipo de comparativo es muy similar, ya que no tenemosque hacer distinción entre adjetivos cortos y largos.

less + adjetivo + than

Esta forma de comparación puede ser utilizada como alternativa al comparativo desuperioridad, ya que se puede decir:

Ella es más alta que yo.She is taller than me.yYo soy menos alta que ella.I am less tall than her.

Comparison with adjectives and nouns

ADJECTIVES

Comparative of superiority

more ... than ... (long adject.)She is more intelligent thanyou.

-er than ... (short adject.)She is taller than Jim.



Comparative of inferiority

less ... than ...Jim is less tall than her.

not as ... as ...Jim is not as tall as her.

Comparative of equality

as ... as ...Ron is as tall as her.

NOUNS

Comparative of superiority

more ... than ...She has more problems thanBill.I drink more milk than juice.

Comparative of inferiority

less ... than ... (uncountable nouns)

People now drink less winethan before.

fewer ... than ... (countable nouns)

He has fewer children thanSean.

Comparative of equality

as much as (uncountable nouns)

We have used as much sugar aswheat to make the biscuits.

as many as (countable nouns)

There were as many adults aschildren at the cinema.

The comparative forms of superiority and inferiority can go with quantifiers in order toemphasise or to soften the comparison:

MUCH, A LOT, FAR are used in the same way.

Travelling by bus is much cheaper than by car.My last exam was a lot more difficult than this one.He is far less interested than I expected.



A BIT, A LITTLE, SLIGHTLY are used in the same way.

Could you speak a little more slowly, please?That meeting was a bit less short than today’s.This box is slightly bigger than the other one.

ADJECTIVES

Superlative of superiority

the most (long adjectives)He’s the most interesting guy inthe group.

the -est (short adjectives)His hair is the longest in theclass.

Superlative of inferiority

the leastShe is the least shy person I’veever known.

NOUNS

Superlative of superiority

the mostHe has got the most money.

Superlative of inferiority

the leastHe has got the least work.

the fewestHe has got the fewest worries.

Irregularities in comparative and superlative forms:

As we have seen in the units before, the adjectives of one and two syllables that end with -y, -er,-le, -ow, form the comparative adding“-er” at the end of the basic adjective form (happy: happier). For the superlative we add“-est” (happy: happiest).

However, some of the adjectives are irregular:

On short adjectives that end in “-e”, we add only “-r” and “-st”:

Late Later LatestFine Finer Finest

On adjectives that consist in one syllable and end in Vocal + Consonant , we double the finalconsonant before adding the suffix:



Thin Thinner ThinnestFat Fatter Fattest

On short adjectives that end in “-y”, we replace “y” for “i” before adding the suffix:

Happy Happier HappiestLucky Luckier Luckiest

There are also a few adjectives that are totally irregular in their comparative and superlativeforms. These are:

Good Better BestBad Worse WorstFar Further Furthest(sometimes also: Farther, Farthest)



VOCABULARY

Adolescence The ages between 13 and 19 when a child is becoming an adult.Agenda Similar to a diary.Aggressive Violent or abusive.

Showing a very violent attitude.Assistance Help.

To give physical or other aid to someone.Award Prize or recognition for work or performance.Breathing The act of inhaling and exhaling air.

We use our lungs to breathe.Central Near the centre.

In the general area of the middle of a town or area.Challenge Something that is difficult to do.Contestant A person who enters a competition.Fitness Being physically healthy.Frequency How regularly something happens.Group Various things in a common unit.Horrible Not at all nice, disagreeable.

Disgusting, nasty.Improvement To make something better than it was.Independent Without any external influence or power.Invitation A letter or card to ask if a person wants to attend a party or

celebration.Javelin A long and light stick with a pointed end that is used in a

sporting event.Overweight The condition related to weighing too much for one's height.Pace Speed or rhythm.Reply An answer or response.Similar Almost the same in some ways.

Having many aspects that are the same as another thing.Slim Thin, not at all fat.To cope (with) To deal with something difficult successfully.To keep down To make someone or something stay at a low level; to avoid

increasing something.To keep up (with) To make a great effort to stay at the same level as someone or

something.To kick To hit something or somebody with your foot.To miss out To fail to benefit from something.Top The highest point.Towards To go in the direction of something.

Time to exercise - Additional vocabulary


Trophy An object that is offered as a prize for winning a competition.


There were several important items in the meeting's agenda. One of them was the newpersonnel schedule.

After falling over during the match, the player needed assistance from the doctors.

She is an organised person and that is why she can cope with so much pressure at work.

In order to improve your running skills, you need to train with enough frequency; at least 3times a week.

People try to improve their fitness when they go to the gym.

My waist is too slim for these trousers. They are too big.

I know that at the moment I am a few kilos overweight, but I am trying to reach my idealweight.

The school's football team is formed by a group of children from different classes.

She won the competition and her award was a gold cup.

The prize for the contestant who wins tonight's show is a £2,000 cheque.

The trophy they gave him for winning the cycling race was a gold cup.

It is hard for me to keep up with your rhythm when you train. I need you to go slower.

In Javelin Throw you need to throw a metal-tipped javelin using one arm.

I am talking on the phone, can you please keep the volume down?

He kicked the ball as hard as he could and scored a goal.

I am really sorry I missed you out in my last email. I will include you in my next email.

All these keys are similar in shape, but different in colour.

Climbing Mount Everest is a big challenge. It is difficult and you need to make a greatphysical effort.

During that period of your life called adolescence, you need to get the habit of exercisingfrequently.

Rugby can be an aggressive sport if players are violent against each other.

Breathing efficiently brings in more oxygen for your body to use each minute. It willimprove your running skills.

She saw a horrible spider and started to shout. She is scared of all types of spiders andinsects.

She is always on her own. I think she is too independent to play in a basketball team.



I am happy to accept your invitation to the basketball game. I can't miss it!

The runners in the marathon try to keep a fast pace in order to arrive to the finish line andimprove their lap times.

Renting offices that are in a central location is more expensive than renting those in theoutskirts.

In the last years, one of the greatest improvements in cameras are the lenses. Their sensorsare much better than in the past.

Can you please reply to my question? Your answer is very important for me.

Thundery clouds are moving towards the north of the country. There will be storms laterthis afternoon.

He climbed to the top of the mountain just to admire the beautiful landscape.



VOCABULARY

Abroad In a foreign country. In a country that is not one's place of birth.

Accommodation Somewhere to stay, e.g. a hotel.Adventure A genre of film or literature that is based on the idea that the

characters will encounter lots of challenges and excitement.Air hostess The person who looks after the passengers on a plane.

Also known as a "flight attendant".Anyway In spite of something.

E.g.: It was raining a little but we decided to go for a walkanyway.To continue speaking after an interruption.E.g.: Anyway, as I was saying before the phone rang.

Brochure Similar to a magazine. It gives us information.E.g.: We often take a holiday brochure from a travel agent whenwe are looking for a holiday.

Camping site A place where people can pay to stay in tents.Castle A large stone building.

E.g.: Kings and queens often lived in castles.Chance Coincidence.

E.g.: I saw her by chance as I was walking down the street.Opportunity.E.g.: I have to go to the audition - it's my big chance.

Coach A large vehicle like a bus. Popular for tourists.The person who trains sports people.

Culturalappreciation

When you enjoy or give thanks to something that's from adifferent country or background.

Cultural centre A place in a town or village where people can perform plays orput on exhibitions.

Guest house A small house where people can stay for a night or for a shortholiday.

Hill Geographical feature. Similar to a small mountain.Hitchhiker A person who stands by the side of the road waiting for a car to

stop and let them travel in their car or lorry for a short while.Honeymoon The holiday people go on after they get married.Lucky To describe someone of something that has luck.

E.g.: He was lucky to find his wallet, I'm surprised that someonedidn't take it.This is my lucky pencil - I always take it to exams with me.

Museum A place with exhibitions and artifacts.Often dedicated to specific themes or subjects.

Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do


Optional Not essential. One can choose if one wants it or not.E.g.: There are a lot of optional extras to choose from when youbuy a new car.

Passenger A person who is travelling on any form of transportation.Passport The official identity document used to travel between countries.Resort An area of land which is dedicated to tourism.Rucksack A type of bag we can carry on our back.

It's common to use a rucksack when we go walking or camping.Sand The fine substance on the beach.Sea The salt water that covers a large surface of the planet.Sightseeing To go and visit the famous places in a town or area.Skiing A winter sport.

Two long thin skis are attached to the feet.Sleeping bag A large, warm bag where you can sleep when outside the house.

It is usually fastened with a zip.Suitcase Where we carry our clothes when we go on holiday.Sunbathing To lie in the sun to get a suntan.Telly Colloquial word for television.To bring up To care for, protect and educate a child until they are adult.

To raise.To have a look To look at, to examine or study.To mean To signify.

E.g.: What does 'jolly' mean? It's similar to happy.To tour To go from one place to another on holiday or to give a

performance of a play or music.Tourism The activity of travelling to a place and visiting it for pleasure.Tourist guide A person who takes tourists to important or interesting places

and tells them about the local history etc.University A place of study.

People go to university after school or college.Youth hostel A place where young people can stay at low cost.




Have you seen this brochure about monuments in this area?

A guest house is cheaper than a hotel.

I always carry my shopping in a rucksack.

The air hostess was very nice and helpful.

Sunbathing is safer early in the morning.

The coach was new and very comfortable.

They are planning to tour the country.

I wasn't sure I was going to like skiing, but I love it.

This student is unpacking her bags because she has moved into her new accommodationtoday.

Doing adventure sports like climbing or windsurfing gives you a lot of adrenalin, risk, andexcitement.

As well as being a fantastic piece of modern architecture, the museum is full ofcontemporary paintings and exhibits.

This beach stretches for miles and is covered with fine white sand.

The sea is a large expanse of salt water between islands and continents.

Now she has started studying at university, and she is beginning to feel more adult andindependent.

You can see he's been to a lot of countries by just looking at his passport.This is my grandfather's suitcase, it's very old-fashioned.

Trying all this delicious new food is really helping me gain cultural appreciation.

She works in the tourism industry so she spends a lot of time travelling.

I haven't got a sleeping bag!

We picked up a hitchhiker as we were coming back.

We preferred staying at a camping site more than spending our holidays at a hotel.

She switched on the telly because there was something she fancied watching.



SENTENCES

I lived abroad for many years.

Benidorm is one of Spain's most important holiday resorts.

She has never left her village.

A youth hostel is the cheapest place to stay.

My son is working as a tourist guide in Greece.

The passengers are leaving the train.

We're going sightseeing.Do you want to come?Students don't have to study German.It's optional.You are lucky.It's the last one.

You must visit the church if you get the chance.It's very beautiful.

The children were brought up by their grandmother.

SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT

Darling, when was the last time you went to France?

Well, mum... I think I haven't been to France for 7 years!

Oh really? That means that you haven't travelled to France since 2009.

Exactly, it has been 7 years since the last time I went there. What about you? When was thelast time you travelled?

It has been a long time. I haven't travelled for almost 10 years.I can't believe it! That's such a long time!

I know! Actually, I haven't been on a plane since 2006.We have to travel together soon! I am going to plan a trip!Great! Good idea.



SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT VS. SIMPLE PAST -SENTENCES

We bought this house ten years ago.We've lived here for ten years.

I got married when I was twenty.I've been married for ages.

The dog was a present for his birthday last week.He's only had it for a few days.

He started working here as a young man.He's worked here for thirty years.

They met at school.They've known each other all their lives.

USEFUL PHRASES

You lucky thing! All those presents...It's very hot today.

You're telling me!I have to tell you something.Yes?

Well, mm, what I mean to say is...What?I love you.I can't come to work tomorrow.

What do you mean, you can't come to work?Mm. I have to go to the doctor's.

Do you have change for a note, by any chance?Yes, I think so... here you are.I've just had a letter from Eileen.

Oh, have you? Can I have a look?



GRAMMAR

Still, Yet, Already

YET: Is used with the Present Perfect to express if the action has taken place until the momentof speaking or not. “Yet” is used in questions and in negative sentences. “Yet” goes always atthe end of the sentence.

Have you eaten yet?I haven’t eaten yet.

ALREADY: Is used with the Present Perfect to express that an action has taken place beforethe expected time. “Already” is used in affirmative sentences and it goes at the center of asentence between the auxiliary and the main verb.

I have already eaten.

“Already” can also be used at the end of the sentence to emphasise and indicate great surpriseabout the action that has been finished before expected.

Compare:

I’m hungry. Has he prepared the dinner yet?

With:

Has he prepared the dinner already? What a pity! I wanted to invite him out.

I can’t believe it! He finished preparing the dinner already!

STILL: Is used to express a situation or continuous action that has not changed or finished. Itis used in affirmative sentences and questions. It goes before the main verb:

He still works there.Is he still getting dressed?

“Still” can also be used in negative sentences, but in this case it goes before the negative verb.The meaning is not the same as when using “yet”.

Compare the two sentences in English:

We agreed to meet here at three but she hasn’t come yet. (But it still isn’t three or just a littlebit after three, so it is possible that she will arrive any moment.)

We agreed to meet here at three but she still hasn’t come. (It is a lot later than three and shestill isn’t here. “Still” expresses impatience or surprise that something expected hasn’thappened yet and probably won’t.)



Have a look at the diagram to see the different uses and meanings of “already”, “yet” and“still”:

STILL / YET

Affirmativesentences

STILLI’m still waiting for you.

Negativesentences

YETI haven’t eaten yet.

STILLIt’s four o’clock and I stillhaven’t eaten.

Interrogativesentences

STILLIs it still raining?

ALREADY / YET

Affirmativesentences

ALREADYHe has already refused to go.

Interrogativesentences

YETHave you finished your work yet?

ALREADYHave you finished all that workalready!?

Have + just

JUST: Is used with the Present Perfect to express that an action has taken place in the momentof speaking. It goes between the auxiliary and the main verb.

I have just eaten.I have just been to Austria.



Have + ever

EVER: Is used with the Present Perfect in questions and means “any possible moment untilnow”. It goes before the main verb.

Have you ever travelled in a hot-air balloon?Have you ever tried African food?

Present Perfect vs. Past Simple

PRESENT PERFECT

Affirmativeform

Subj. + HAVE/HAS +Participle + Compl.

I have travelled a lot.She has read many books.

Negative form

Subj. + HAVE/HAS + not/never + Participle +

Compl.They haven’t seen that film yet.He has never been to Italy.

Interrogativeform

HAVE/HAS + Subj. + Participle + Compl. ?

Have you talked to him today?Has she spent all her money yet?

PAST SIMPLE

Affirmativeform



Negative form





Interrogativeform



Past participle

The past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding “-ed” to the infinitive of the verb:

listen listenedask asked

The past participles of the irregular verbs must be learned by heart.

b) Use:

PRESENT PERFECTTo refer to actions in the past without timespecification:- I have been to the USA twice.To refer to actions in the past that are notfinished yet:- I have learnt to drive this week.With “ever, never, before, already, yet, thisweek, this year”, etc.:- Have you ever read this book?

PAST SIMPLETo refer to an exact moment in the past:- I went to the USA in 1997.To refer to a finished action in the past:- I learnt to write when I was six.With “yesterday, then, ago, last week, lastyear”, etc.:- I read it last year.

The “Present Perfect” is, as the name suggests, a tense that is related to the present, becausethe time reference in which the action is taking place has not finished yet (today, this week, thismonth, etc.), or because the effects of the action are still felt in the present. Compare:



Mathew has lost his notebook and now he can’t do his homework. (Present Perfect)

Mathew lost his notebook but he has found it and now he’s doing his homework. (Past Simple)



VOCABULARY

Ability Something a person can do. A talent or skill.Advice Suggestion about how to act or what to do.

E.g.: She works in a bank so I'm going to ask her for adviceabout saving money.

Amateur Not a professional. Often used to talk about sports people.Audience The people who go to watch a performance of a play or music

group.Category A section or type.

E.g.: I have to put all these books into the correct categories -fiction, history, etc.

Comedy A type of film, book or television programme that is humorous.In the theatre, a play that has a happy ending.

Competition A game or contest where teams or individuals use their skill towin against others.Also to refer to a company who sells the same product as yours.You are in competition for customers. They are the competition.

Concert A live musical performance.Creativity The act of being creative, imaginative.Documentary An informative programme.

Often featuring wildlife or other general interest subjects.Enjoyable Pleasant, nice, agreeable.Equipment The necessary items or tools to do a job or play a sport.

You need a bat and ball to play baseball.Excursion A day trip. A visit.Fortnight Two weeks, fourteen days.Hand-made Not made by a machine.Help yourself Expression to invite someone to serve themselves.Horror film Film with ghosts or scary scenes.I'd rather To express preference of one thing over another.I'm afraid Expression used in formal situations when giving bad news.

E.g.: I'm afraid the flight has been delayed by two hours.Judges The people who decide the winner of a competition.

E.g.: The judges voted for contestant number three.Public officials with the authority to decide cases in a court oflaw.

Membership card The proof that a person is a member of a club or team.Night on the town An evening when you enjoy the nightlife of a city or town.On hand Near, close.

E.g.: My family are always on hand when I need help.Overall Global. Entire. Total.

One fortnight in Austria / It's a beautiful day / Plans for the new year


Pastime Like a hobby. Something to do in our free time.Play A work for the theatre.

E.g.: Shakespeare is most famous for plays like Romeo andJuliette.

Plenty More than enough.Prize A reward for winning or doing well.Professional A person who is trained in and is earning a livelihood in a

specific field or activity.Scenery The background in a theatre.

E.g.: The scenery is very realistic.The things we can see when we are outside.E.g.: This is such beautiful scenery, I could live here.

Science fiction Genre that focuses on the future and space.Souvenir shop A place where people can buy small objects to remember their

holiday.Suspense The feeling of excitement or anticipation that one feels when we

are waiting for something to happen.E.g.: Go on, tell me what happened - don't keep me in suspense.

Technical Referring to anything that involves mechanics or computerisedsystems. Detailed.E.g.: This computer manual is very technical, it's difficult tounderstand if you are new to computers.

To admire To regard with approval and respect.To look up to.

To book To reserve.E.g.: We have to book a holiday soon.

To fill in To complete a form.To miss To feel sad that one is away from one's family.

E.g.: I like this city but I miss my Mum and Dad.To arrive late for something such as a train.E.g.: We woke up late and so we missed our train.

To participate To take part or to join in with others in an activity.To sound To seem or give the impression of something.To throw away To reject or eliminate something that is not useful.Unfriendly The opposite of friendly. Someone who is unfriendly towards

another person makes them feel that they do not want to be theirfriend.

War film A film with a story based on war.




I love pastimes.

You're a wonderful audience!

Let's have a competition!

There's nothing better than seeing a comedy show to make you laugh.

At the concert the audience raised their hands and danced and sang to the live music.

They were terrified during the horror film, but couldn't stop watching the scary scenes.

War films that tell the story of battles and fighting armies are a popular genre in cinemasworldwide.

Have you ever been to the theatre to see actors perform a play?

Let's have a look in the souvenir shop.

He was an unfriendly man who was quite cold and distant towards me.

We have been friends for years and admire and respect each other for the things we do andsay.

Did you see the documentary about zebras last night?Yes, it was really good.

We love science fiction because it imagines the future of civilisation and technology onour world and on others.

Some artists show great creativity by using their imagination to make something original.

I won this prize for a story I wrote.

The judges have come to a decision.

Can I see your membership card, please?

Have you got time to participate in a short survey?

I've just started to work as a professional photographer.

Have you got all your equipment?I think so.

Your overall mark is excellent. Well done!

We must always remember to throw away empty containers.



SENTENCES

If you want my advice, I think you should wait before you get married.

They changed the scenery in the middle of the play.

The children are going on a school excursion to the local museum.You'll love this novel.It keeps you in suspense until the last page.

You are in the wrong category.Small pets are over there.

Your son has ability, but he needs to pay more attention.

Your husband plays well for an amateur.

Thank you for a very enjoyable evening.

The instructions are full of technical words.Shall we go out?If you don't mind, I'd rather stay at home.

Look at these hand-made figures.Aren't they beautiful?

Hurry up! Or we'll miss the beginning of the film.



USEFUL PHRASES

Do you have to work this weekend?

I'm afraid so... but I'll be free on Monday.Have you done the shopping?

I'm afraid not. I didn't have time...

Don't worry, I'll be on hand if you have any problems.

Help yourself to biscuits. There are plenty there.Thanks, I'm hungry.

You must fill in this form and bring four passport photos.Right, thank you.

Did you have a night on the town, then?Yes, I did.So Frank and I are going camping this weekend.

It sounds like fun.



GRAMMAR

Preposiciones de movimiento

En inglés hay muchas preposiciones que, dependiendo de las frases en que se encuentren,tendrán un significado u otro.

Las siguientes preposiciones van acompañando a verbos que denotan movimiento, por lotanto son consideradas preposiciones de movimiento.

En este caso hemos utilizado como verbo de movimiento el más evidente, es decir, el verbo “ togo”, “ir”.

to go up subir, ir hacia arriba

to go down bajar, ir hacia abajo

to go past pasar (sin detenerse)

to go under ir debajo de

to go around ir alrededor de

to go through ir a través de

to go over ir por encima de

Aunque el verbo que nos encontremos sea otro, el significado conjunto se puede deducir apartir de las preposiciones; así pues, las ideas básicas que conllevan estas preposiciones son:

Preposición Idea quetransmite Ejemplo

UP arriba Go up the hill.(Sube la colina.)

DOWN idea de bajar Go down the hill.(Baja la colina.)

PAST por delantede

Go past the hotel.(Pasa por delante delhotel.)

UNDER por debajo deGo under the bridge.(Pasa por debajo delpuente.)

AROUND alrededor deGo around theroundabout.(Rodea la rotonda.)

THROUGH a través de Go through the tunnel.(Atraviesa el túnel.)



OVER por encima deGo over the bridge.(Pasa por encima delpuente.)

A continuación presentamos otras preposiciones que acompañan a verbos de movimiento:

Preposición Idea quetransmite Ejemplo

FROM desdeGo from Ely to Eagle.(Ve desde Ely hastaEagle.)

TO haciaWalk to the house.(Camina hacia lacasa.)

TOWARDS hacia

Walk towards thehouse.(Camina hacia lacasa.)

INTO hacia dentroGo into the shop.(Entra en la tienda.)

OUT hacia fuera Come out of the shop.(Sal de la tienda.)

ACROSS a lo largo de Go across the park.(Cruza el parque.)

OFF fuera Jump off the horse.(Salta del caballo.)

Future simple

El futuro simple se usa para hablar de acciones que transcurrirán en el futuro. Normalmentese usa el futuro simple para hacer predicciones o hablar de decisiones no planeadas. El futurosimple se forma con will o shall y el infinitivo del verbo sin “to”:

I will / I shall eat I’ll eatComeréYou will eat You’ll eatComerás, comerá Ud., comerán Uds., comeréis vosotrosHe will eat He’ll eatÉl comeráShe will eat She’ll eat



Ella comeráIt will eat It’ll eatEllo (cosa / animal) comeráWe will / shall eat We’ll eatComeremosThey will eat They’ll eatEllos / ellas comerán

En primera persona (I, we) se puede usar shall o will, aunque en inglés moderno se usa máswill y se reserva shall para hacer sugerencias.

Shall we take a taxi?¿Tomamos un taxi?

En cualquier caso, la forma contraída siempre es ’ll.

La forma negativa se construye añadiendo la partícula negativa not al auxiliar will; pero laforma más común es la abreviatura won’t:

I will / I shall not eat I won’t / shan’t eatNo comeréYou will not eat You won’t eatNo comerás, no comerá Ud., no comerán Uds., no comeréis vosotrosHe will not eat He won’t eatEl no comeráShe will not eat She won’t eatElla no comeráIt will not eat It won’t eatEllo (cosa / animal) no comeráWe will / shall not eat We won’t / shan’t eatNo comeremosThey will not eat They won’t eatEllos / ellas no comerán

Para la forma interrogativa basta con invertir el orden de “sujeto + will + verbo” por el de“will + sujeto + verbo”:

Will / Shall I eat? ¿Comeré?Will you eat? ¿Comerás, comerá Ud, comerán Uds, comeréisvosotros?Will he eat? ¿Comerá él?Will she eat? ¿Comerá ella?



Will it eat? ¿Comerá ello? (cosa / animal)Will / shall we eat? ¿Comeremos nosotros?Will they eat? ¿Comerán ellos / ellas?

Para responder a una pregunta en futuro simple se usa la forma corta, que se forma con elsujeto más el auxiliar will en afirmativa y won’t en negativa:

Will you come?Yes, I will.No, I won’t.

Going to

La construcción “going to” se usa para expresar futuro en inglés en dos casos:

1. Cuando queremos expresar intención:

I’m going to study harder next semester.Voy a estudiar más el próximo semestre. (Ya lo tengo decidido.)

2. Cuando predecimos un futuro inmediato que ya se ve venir:

He’s going to fall.Se va a caer. (Veo que está a punto de tropezar con el bordillo.)

Como habrás podido comprobar corresponde más o menos a la perífrasis española “ir a”.



Going to vs. Will

Compare the difference between the forms “Going to” and “Will”:

Regarding intention:

Going to: when we already decided to do something.

The fridge is empty.I know. I’m going to go shopping this afternoon.I already knew that it was empty and because of that I planned to go shopping thisafternoon.

Will: when we make a decision at the moment of speaking.

The fridge is empty.Oh, really? I’ll go shopping, then.I just got to know that the fridge was empty, so at the same moment I decided to goshopping.

Regarding predictions:

Going to: when we talk about a future fact that, at the moment of speaking, is evident tohappen.

She’s going to have a baby.It is evident because of her belly.

Will: when we make a prediction without evidence to rely on.

Her baby will be a boy.It is not certain: I can be right or wrong about that.



Expressing future

In English, there is no future tense like in other languages. That is why we use different formslike the present tense or wordy explanations like “To be going to + verb” or “Will + verb”.

PRESENT TENSES:

PRESENT SIMPLE: Is used to express future actions or situations that will happen accordingto a certain calendar or schedule.

The train to Edinburgh leaves at ten thirty.(The train leaves every day at the same time.)Winter begins the twenty-second of December.(Winter begins every year on the same day.)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Is used to refer to near future situations that are already arranged.

Jane is getting married in May.(Everything is already planned and arranged.)What time is Peter arriving tomorrow?(I know that it is arranged, but I don’t know the exact time.)

GOING TO: The form “To be going to + verb “ is used to:

1. Express intentions or plans that are not arranged yet:

I’m going to buy a new car.(I have the intention, but I still don’t know exactly which one, how or where.)

2. Refer to something in the near future that is certain to happen:

Be careful! You’re going to fall.(I am seeing how somebody is going to stumble on something he hasn’t seen.)

WILL / WON’T: The form “Will + verb” and the negative form “Won’t + verb” are used to:

1. Express a prediction:

Don’t worry! I think you will pass the exam easily.No, I won’t. It’s too difficult.

2. Express decisions made at the moment of speaking:

Would you like something to drink, sir?Mmm... I’ll have a glass of mineral water, thank you.

3. Make an offer; express intention of doing something:



You look tired. I’ll finish your work. Go home and have a rest.

4. Make a promise or threat:

I will never hurt you.

Present Continuous vs. Going to

Compare the difference between using the present continuous and the form “going to”:

Going to: refers to intentions or plans that maybe aren’t arranged yet.

When I get my driving licence, I´m going to buy a car. (My plan or intention is to buy a car when I get my driving licence, but it is possible that Inever will get it.)

Present Continuous: refers to decisions and arrangements.

We can’t meet this afternoon. I’m buying a car. (We can’t meet this afternoon because I already have an appointment with the cardealership in order to buy a car, or at least I have some cars on my mind and I will make mydecision this afternoon.)



VOCABULARY

Account The record of the money someone needs to pay for variousservices.E.g.: Put the meal on my account and I'll pay at the end of themonth.

Arrow An arrow points to something: -------->It's both a symbol and a weapon that was used by Robin Hood.

Casual clothes Informal clothes.Commission The extra that is paid for a service, or as part of a salary.

E.g.: I am a salesman, so I get commission if I sell a lot.Confident To have no doubts or insecurities.Driving licence The printed document that shows a person can legally drive.Exchange rate The amount of one currency that one receives in return for

another.Expert A person who has a lot of experience in something.Figures Often used as a synonym for statistics and data. Numbers.Firm A company.

Hard to the touch, solid.For heaven's sake! Expression used to show frustration.Funny A way to describe something or someone that makes us laugh.

Humorous.Honest True. Someone who doesn't tell lies.Housework The jobs such as cleaning and tidying that we do in the home.Injection An intravenous way to give medication or a vaccine using a

sharp needle.Interview A formal situation where one or more people ask one another a

series of questions.E.g.: The job interview went well although I was nervous to seethree interviewers.

It's no use There is no logical solution or help.E.g.: The television is broken, it's no use trying to repair it.

Leading lady The female protagonist in a film or play.Modest To describe someone who does not like to attract attention.

Someone who is shy about their talents.On the other hand Expression used to show two sides of a situation.

E.g.: I like beach holidays but on the other hand it can get a bitboring just lying around all day.

Pain Discomfort often as a result of an injury or illness.Polite With good manners. Showing respect.

To give an appropriate response for a certain social situation.

Housework / Before travelling / May I go out now?


Poverty The state of not having sufficient food or resources to survive.To be poor.

Quality The level of excellence.E.g.: His work is top quality.

Smart Formal clothes and appearance.To be well-dressed.

Stage The place where actors or musicians perform.It is usually in front of the spectators.

Suitable Appropriate.E.g.: I need to find something suitable to wear to the party.

Superb Excellent.E.g.: He's a superb cook, I always enjoy eating at his house.

Tidy Organised. In order.To be prepared To be ready or equipped.To do overtime To work extra hours.To do the dusting To remove the thin layer of dust from furniture.To do the ironing To iron clothes in order to remove creases and folds.To do the shopping To go to the shops and buy food.To do the sweeping To clean the floor with a broom.To do the washing To wash the clothes.To do the washing-up

To clean all the plates and utensils after a meal.

To feed To give food to animals.To find out To discover.

E.g.: The police will find out who the murderer is and put them inprison.

To get organised To put things in their place. To make things tidy.To get someone in To arrange for someone to enter a disco or concert.To lay the table To prepare the table for a meal by placing the knives, forks, etc.

on it.To learn by heart To memoriseTo lie To say something that is not true.To make a fuss To overreact or pay too much attention.

E.g.: Please don't make a fuss, I didn't hurt myself.To make a mess To leave a room untidy.

E.g.: The children made a mess in the kitchen - they were cookingbut didn't tidy up.

To make a mistake To commit an error, do something wrong.To make anappointment

To arrange to meet or visit someone, e.g. the doctor or thedentist, at a particular time and place.

To make an effort To try hard.



To make animpression

To cause an impact.

To make the beds To tidy the beds after they have been slept in.To make up for To compensate.To park To put a car in a safe position, stop and get out.To pretend To act out or play a part.

E.g.: He's not really asleep, he's pretending.To sort out To organise or solve a problem or difficult situation.To take it in turnsto

To alternate or rotate participation.E.g.: We can take it in turns to drive to work.

To water To give water to plants.




It's a very funny book. I can't stop laughing.

You look very smart in that suit.

In England it is very important to be polite.

Janet's outside, watering the garden.

We went to the park and fed the ducks.

The ballet dancer is on the stage.

The figures for this year are much better, I'm happy to say.

Poverty is still a problem all over the world.

Everybody wore casual clothes to the party.

An expert came to fix the electrical installation.

Thanks so much for returning my wallet that was very honest of you.

Stop being so modest and please accept this present! You deserve it after all the help youhave given me.

This is the new firm I work in since I moved from the other company.

You need to have an account with us if you want to make a transaction.

I always carry my driving licence to prove my identity.

I'll check the exchange rate for you before we change the currency.

Don't look so worried, the injection won't hurt at all.

It looks like she's got a pain in her stomach.

This arrow points in the direction you must take.

Excuse me sir! Would you like me to park your car for you?

I don't want him to find out about the surprise party, so I'll delete the messages everyonehas sent.



SENTENCES

Did you see the interview with the President on TV, last night?

She has all the qualities of a good secretary.

He earns 10% commission for what he sells.

These chocolates are superb. May I have another?

Do you think this is a suitable present for aunt Mary?

I feel very confident about the exam. I think I'll pass.

I'm going to sort out my papers this afternoon.

He lied to her. He said he had made the cake himself, but it wasn't true.

We're pretending to be a train.

You must be prepared for anything!

Do you mind doing overtime, Diana? We've got so much work.

You've really made a mess, haven't you?

Jenny makes such a fuss about doing the washing-up that I'd rather do it myself.

Can you please make an effort to finish painting this week?

What sort of impression do you think I made on your parents?

He made many mistakes in his essay.



USEFUL PHRASES

For heaven's sake, turn the radio down, I can't hear myself think!OK, OK.

Shall we take it in turns to do the shopping?Alright, I'll go today.The job is very interesting.

Yes, but on the other hand, it's only part-time,So the money's not very good.Yes, that's true.What are you doing?

We have to learn this poem by heart, for tomorrow.Alright, I'll listen to you.

We must get someone in to mend the staircase.Yes, I know. It's dangerous!

I'm sorry! I'll buy you a new one to make up for breaking it.You needn't really...No, I feel I must.We had terrible weather for the first week.But the second week made up for it.Was it nice and hot, then?Oh! It was beautiful.I'm going to ask Mrs Harris for some sugar.

It's no use asking her, she never gives you anything.Ask Mrs Rackham.



GRAMMAR

Do & Make

The meanings of these two verbs are very similar, but they are not used in the same way. Hereis a list of nouns that go with one of the two verbs:

DO MAKEThings related to the house: A messHousework A listThe shopping A fussThe washing-up An effortThe cooking An impressionThe cleaning A mistakeThe ironing The bedsThe sweeping FriendsThe dusting Arrangements An excuseA job A noiseOvertime WarAn exam PeaceThe packing LoveHomework A phone callGood A planA favour MoneyMilitary service An offerSomething / TroubleNothing / A speechAnything An appointment... Some food ...



Modal verbs

Permission

To ask for or give permission we can use the modal verbs “can” and “may” and the form “tobe allowed to”.

a) Can - It is used to ask for / give permission in an informal way, when we have a personalrelation with the person we ask for / give permission.

Can I use your phone?You can borrow the car tonight.

b) May - It is used to ask for or give permission in a more formal way, when we feel less closeto the person we ask for / give permission, or when we don’t know the person. We can also use“could”, which is more formal than “can”.

May I use your phone?You may leave the room.

c) To be allowed to - This is a passive construction and the verb “to be” has to be conjugatedin a way that corresponds with the subject.

Have a look at the following examples:

Am I allowed to sing a song?

You aren’t allowed to talk aloud in the library.

She is allowed to use the fax in the office.

Ability

To express ability we use the verb “can” in present tense, “could” in past tense and “to beable to” in all tenses.

a) Can / Could - As you know, the verb “can” has only one form in the present, and one in thepast tense, “could”. In the first case we express ability in the present, and in the second case itis the ability in the past tense. We talk about ability in the sense of knowing how to dosomething.

I can swim.I could swim.I can type.I could type.



b) To be able to.- Can be used with all the tenses to express ability.In present tense it has the same meaning as “can”, but “to be able to” is not so frequentlyused.

He is able to read a French newspaper.

He can read a French newspaper.

In the past it can have the same meaning as “could”.

He was able to swim when he was a child.

He could swim when he was a child.

Nevertheless, when we use “to be able to” saying that somebody is able to do something in acertain moment in the past, we cannot say “could”. Compare:

He could swim. (He could do so every possible moment.)He was able to swim across the river. (in a determined moment)

In all the other tenses “to be able to”.

To express ability in the future, we use “will + be able to”.

He will be able to play the piano.

She won’t be able to speak German in two years.

In the perfect tenses we also use “to be able to”:

She has been able to swim. (Present Perfect)

They have been able to play the piano.

He had been able to learn that poem. (Past Perfect)



VOCABULARY

Blanket A warm cover that we can put on a bed in winter.Bowl A deep plate or dish where we can mix the ingredients for cakes

or a place to keep fruit.E.g.: We usually serve soup in a bowl.

Charm Social skill or grace that makes people relaxed.Curtain Material that covers a window or separates different areas in a

room.Dishwasher A machine used to wash, rinse and dry dishes and cutlery.Fancy Decorative.Flexible Not rigid, easy to bend or change.Habit Something that we do regularly as part of our life.Laundry Clothes, sheets, etc. that need to be washed, that are being

washed or that have just been washed.Liquid Not solid.

Water and other drinks are all liquids.Machine An object that is made to do a specific job.

Machines are used in factories to make things.Materials Items or objects that we need to do a certain task.Napkin A square of cloth that is used to clean one's mouth or hands

when eating.Painting A piece of art that shows a picture or design on canvas.Personality The way a person behaves, their character.Private Not public.

An area or information that is for certain people only.Separate Individual, not joined.Spray A can or bottle that releases a fine film of liquid. E.g.: Hairspray

is a type of spray.Tablecloth Piece of cloth used to cover the table.Tiny Very small, difficult to see.To come across To find something or meet someone by accident.To decorate To add attractive elements to something.To dust To clean the surface of furniture or a room with a cloth to

remove the fine powder of dirt that is formed naturally.To expire To be after the date that something is valid until.To imagine To try and picture something in the mind.To knock To hit something repeatedly to produce a noise and be noticed.To pollute To make polluted, to contaminate.To satisfy To be good enough.

To meet a standard.

Housing - Additional vocabulary


To stare To look at something in a fixed or intense way.To vacuum To clean the floor using a vacuum cleaner.

E.g.: We usually vacuum the carpet every day.Waterproof Not allowing water to go through.


Our house by the beach has white curtains made of a very light material, so that all the lightcomes in.

In winter there is nothing better than getting home and curling up under a warm blanket.Do not spill any liquids on the parquet flooring; otherwise, you will damage it.

We need to buy a bigger bowl to mix the ingredients for your birthday cake.

The walls in our home are covered in our children's paintings, for us they are preciouspieces of art.

Do not forget to put napkins on the table when you set it. We need them to clean our handswhile we eat.

I couldn't remove the stain from the tablecloth we use in the kitchen table, so I had to buy anew one.

We never start the dishwasher until it is full with dishes. It is our way to use water wisely.

Can you please help me hang up the laundry I just washed? I need to have that shirt dry fortomorrow's meeting.

This spray is used to polish furniture.

Home appliances are the electrical machines such as the dishwasher, clothes dryer orfreezer. They are used to accomplish household functions such as cooking or cleaning.

At home we try to avoid the use of aerosol sprays because they pollute the environment.

When my cat is hungry, it stares at me with its eyes wide open.

I hope this computer satisfies all your needs. We think it is very complete.

Your credit card has expired, so it is not valid any more. If you want to use it, you need torenew it.

I love imagining my dream home. It is big and with a big garden.

He always knocks on the door before opening it.Reading a book while I drink a cup of coffee on Sunday mornings is one of my favouritehabits.

This house has a fancy decor. I prefer a simpler one without big lamps or intricate designs.

They try to stay in separate rooms to concentrate and study but they always end up sitting



on the same sofa.

The material our furniture is made of is oak wood.

The springs that the sofa has inside makes it flexible and comfortable.

He found the tiny stone that fell off her ring on the floor. It was so small she couldn't see it.

Our suite in the hotel has a private Jacuzzi. I can't believe it is just for us!

Some designers say that your personality is reflected in the way you dress. They can see thetype of person you are by looking at your clothes.

He is a man of great charm. Children really like him and never cry when he holds them.

She is a professional house decorator. She has decorated the house of many famous actorsand actresses.

I came across my old neighbour. I didn't expect to see him near here.They are doing some construction work outside and we forgot to close the window. Now Ihave to dust the whole house!

He is vacuuming up the floor because he found some cake crumbs on the carpet.

They used a waterproof paint for the balcony railing. Rain won't damage it.



VOCABULARY

Agency An intermediary business that helps other businesses or people.E.g.: An employment agency helps people to find work andcompanies to find employees.

Automatically (Adverb) The opposite of manually.E.g.: Doors that open automatically, open when you are close tothem without you having to touch them.

Beautifully (Adverb) To do something in a pleasing manner; she dancesbeautifully = she's so graceful and elegant when she dances.

Beforehand Previous to another action. E.g.: I was late for work, but I calledbeforehand to tell them.

Booking A reservation in a hotel.E.g.: We have a booking under the name of Smith.

Bound 1. To be likely or very probable. E.g.: He's bound to be late = I'msure he'll be late.2. The past of the verb to bind which means to tie or to jointogether.

Catalogue A book created by a company to illustrate its products andinformation about them.

Chauffeur A paid driver of a private car.Civil (Adjective) in a legal manner.

E.g.: A civil servant is someone who works for the government.Client Someone that pays for goods or services from a particular

company is a client of that company.Comfortably (Adverb) Opposite to painfully or hard. They lived comfortably =

They had enough money to live well.Company 1. A business or enterprise.

2. When you are with other people you are "in company".Complex 1. (Adjective) Difficult, complicated.

2. To have a complex = to be very conscious about somethingpersonal.E.g.: He's not very tall and he has a complex about his height.

Comprehensivecover

Highest level of insurance that someone can have.

Co-traveller A person who goes with you on a trip or journey.Cover Something that is used to put over another thing or to protect it,

keep it warm, dry or clean.Culture Something that is shared by a group of people from the same

geographic location; the things they eat, traditions, theirlanguage are all parts of their culture.

Death (Noun) The end of life. This happens when someone dies andstops breathing. It is the opposite of birth.

Booking a business trip - Typical situation


Difference (Noun) The opposite of similarity. It shows why two things arenot the same.

Document 1. Paper with something important written on it.2. A file produced in Word or Excel on the computer.

Email A message sent via the internet from one user to another.Exactly Precisely. E.g.: This table is exactly 123.5 cm long.Exchangeable (Adjective) If something is exchangeable it means you can change

it for something else.Expenditure The amount of money spent.

E.g.: This year's expenditure was 3 million euros.Fact Something that is always true; water becomes ice when kept

below 0° - this is a fact.Fleet A collective noun for a group of cars, ships, aeroplanes.

E.g.: A fleet of ships = a group of ships that belong to the samecompany or person.

Fully Completely, entirely. E.g.: I fully understand what you are saying= I understand everything you are saying

Hire 1. To rent something for a short period of time; you can hire acar.2. To contract someone to do a job. E.g.: He's hired a newsecretary, she starts on Monday.

Important If something is important you should pay attention to it, it is apriority.

Incredibly Emphasis on very. E.g.: She's incredibly intelligent = She's very,very intelligent.

Independent Opposite of dependent.E.g.: If you are financially independent it means you make yourown money and pay for everything with the money you make.

Injury When you have a cut or a broken bone in your body you have aninjury.

Itinerary Information about where, how and when you are doing thingswhile you are away on a trip.

Japan A country in Asia that is famous for sushi.Legroom The space in an aeroplane or train between you and the seat in

front of you.Limo Abbreviation for limosine; a very long, typically black car that

has a private driver.Limousine A very long, typically black car that has a private driver.Link Something that joins two things together either physically or

emotionally.Natural Something that has not been modified by man. Opposite to

artificial.Peace The opposite of war. A time of no fighting.



Phantom An apparition, a ghost; something that was apparently seen, butthere is no evidence of it.

Recently Not long ago, in the near past.E.g.: I have recently learned to cook this dish.

Reclining (Adjective) To be in a position between vertical and horizontal.E.g.: A reclining chair is one that you can put the back into amore horizontal position.

Refundable (adjective) If something is refundable it means that you can takeit back to the place where you bought it from and get your moneyback.

Relationship (noun) A bond or connection between two people or entities. E.g.: He has a good relationship with his boss, they get on verywell and they respect each other.

Run-down (Adjective) If something or someone is very tired and is not ingood condition they are run-down.

Separate To divide. The opposite of together. E.g.: Please separate intotwo groups; the boys in one and the girls in another.

Simply (Adverb) Easily, clearly, without difficulty.Smooth The opposite of rough. Smooth describes the texture of

something. E.g.: A baby's skin is very smooth.Star 1. A small, bright, yellow light in the sky at night.

2. A very, very famous person. E.g.: A famous actor is also knownas a star.

Stress (verb) To worry a lot and feel nervous / anxious about something.Suggestion (noun) When you offer an idea to someone you make a

suggestion. E.g.: I don't know where to go for dinner. Can you make anysuggestions?

Tacky (adjective) Low class, no style, in bad taste.Taxi A car with a driver that you pay to take you from one place to

another.Terrorism (noun) When a political group uses violence to get what they

want.Theft (noun) A burglary, a robbery. E.g.: There was a theft last night

at the jewellery store; 1 million euros were taken in jewellery.Ticket For the cinema, theatre or a flight, in order to get in you need to

show a ticket.To copy To duplicate, to do something in exactly the same way again.To opt To choose, to elect, to take an option.Tokyo The capital of Japan.Top The opposite of bottom. The highest point.

E..g. There is snow on top of the mountain.



Track 1. (verb) To track something is to follow something and knowwhere it is at all times.2. (noun) A circuit for practising sport. E.g.: A running track.

Traveller A person who moves from one place to another visiting differentcountries.

Unrest A chaotic state, social tension The opposite of peace ortranquillity. E.g.: The unrest at the demonstration made it impossible to hearthe speaker.

Updated Something that has been completed with all the currentinformation has been updated. E.g.: A database or a file can be updated with the most recentinformation.

Yen The money used in Japan.

TYPICAL SITUATION - TRAVEL AGENCY - BOOKING ABUSINESS TRIP. LISTEN AND REPEAT

A: Hi there, I would like to book a business trip.B: Well sir, you've come to the right place. Here at Delta Travel we specialise in

organising smooth running and stress free business trips. When and where are yougoing to be travelling to?

A: To Tokyo on the 23rd of March returning on the 28th.B: And, how many people will be travelling?A: There will be two of us.B: Can I take your name and that of your co-traveller, please?A: Of course, I'm Graham Aldridge and I will be travelling with Victoria Samson.B: Which class would you like to travel in? Bear in mind that business and first class

tickets are refundable or exchangeable if for any reason you were to miss your flight.This service is not available with economy class tickets.

A: What's the difference in price between first class and business class?B: For the dates you have chosen, a business class ticket will be €1300 per person, and

a first class ticket will be €1700.B: In first class you have fully reclinable seats, that mean you can sleep incredibly

comfortably, and the in flight menu was developed by one of Japan's top chefs...B: In business class you have a lot of legroom, but the seats do not become beds...A: I will opt for first class. It will be worth it if we can sleep during the flight and arrive

in Tokyo ready to do business.B: OK, would you like travel insurance?A: What would I be covered for?B: Personal injury, death, damage, theft and lost luggage.



B: We have also recently updated our policy to include injuries as a result of terrorism,civil unrest or natural disasters.

B: Our most comprehensive cover costs just €2 per day, so for two travellers, over 5days, it would cost €20.

A: You can't put a price on peace of mind... I'll take the insurance please.B: What style of accommodation would you like? Would you prefer a smaller

independent hotel or a large 5 star complex? In fact, for those dates there is a specialoffer on the Hotel Regal, which is a beautifully luxurious 5 star hotel in the centre ofTokyo.

A: That sounds great.B: Would you like separate rooms?A: Yes, please.B: The rooms that are on special offer are €80 per person per night, so it will come to

€800.A: OK.B: Would you like us to arrange car hire?A: No thank you, but we would like a chauffeur-driven car on the 25th, which is the day

of our meeting with our most important client. But the hotel can organise that, can'tthey?

B: It's always a better idea to have everything organised beforehand. Here at DeltaTravel we have a great relationship with a chauffeur service in Tokyo. Here is theircatalogue. Were you thinking of hiring a limousine?

A: No, I'm not a big fan of limos, I think they're a bit tacky... Are there any Bentleys orRolls Royce in their fleet of cars?

B: Yes, I can arrange for a Rolls Royce Phantom to pick you up from the hotel, the costis €100 per hour.

A: That would be perfect. I want the car to take us to a restaurant and pick us up fromthe restaurant when we have finished dining, so I'm not sure exactly how long wewill need it for, probably about 4 hours.

B: Certainly. And would you like me to arrange airport links?A: No, I think we'll just get a taxi. We only need a fancy car to meet the client!

B: OK. Would you like to change any money?A: Yes, please, I'll change €200. I can always take out more over there with my credit

card, if I have to.B: OK, so €200 will be just over ¥25,000. Here's a run-down of the costs: 3,400 for

the flights, 800 for the hotel, 400 for the car hire and 20 for the insurance.B: So, in total that is €4,620, our fees are included in the price. Would you like to pay

with credit card?A: Yes please. I'll be using the company card, not my personal one!



B: OK, the payment has gone through. Here is a small guide to Tokyo, it hassuggestions on places to eat and where to go during the evening.

B: It also has a section on local customs and culture, which is very important for abusiness trip. We also give our business trip customers this small, leather-bounddiary which can be used for keeping track of expenditure or simply as a notebook towrite down times of meetings and flights, etc.

A: Thank you very much.B: Here is also a hard copy of your travel itinerary and your travel insurance policy, all

of these documents will have been automatically emailed to you as well.A: Thank you once again for your help.B: Thank you for choosing Delta Travel, I hope you have a good trip, and if you have

any doubts or questions, then you can either call us, email us or come into the office.A: Great, bye bye.B: Goodbye.



DIALOGUE

Hello, how are you doing?Fantastic, what are you doing tomorrow?What were you doing just before this lesson?I will hopefully be going trekking this weekend, if the weather is good. What sports oractivities will you do this weekend?Last weekend I made a really tasty cake. What was the last thing you made?When I was younger I seemed to have more time to do things, and my way of thinking usedto be so different. What ideals did you used to have when you were younger?I think most people change the way they view the world as they get older. How have yourbeliefs changed as you've grown older?How do you think the way we understand life has changed from your grandparent'sgeneration to now?I love to travel and learn other cultures. Tell me about a holiday you have had in a differentcountry.I prefer to travel on my own because you can do exactly what you want to do. You don'thave to make any compromises. Do you prefer to travel with people or on your own?What about sports? Is it more fun to do activities in groups or individually?Have you ever entered a competition? Tell me about it.I won a rock climbing competition when I was a teenager. Tell me about something youhave won.I'm sure I would win an award for washing up, if there were an international houseworkolympics. I'm always doing the washing-up in my house and, although I'm really good at it,I really hate it!What is your least favourite piece of housework to carry out and why?My house is quite small, so there is not much tidying up to do. What's your house like?Describe where all the furniture is in your living room.Who do you live with?I get on well with most people but I must try harder to get on well with my mother-in-law,but it is difficult.Why do you think people should try to have a good relationship with their in-laws?Although I don't get on particularly well with my mother-in-law, I did once go with her andmy husband to The Grand Canyon in the USA and it was one of the best experiences of mylife.Tell me about your best ever experience.Another time I got stuck in a lift with my mother-in-law and she started to panic and scream

Free time - Dialogue


and it was one of the most horrible moments in my life.Tell me about your worst ever experience.OK, well I hate to end on a bad note, but I have to head off. Take care, I'll speak to yousoon.



GRAMMAR

Past simple vs. Past continuous

a) Forms:

Affirmativeform

PAST SIMPLE



* (See list of irregular verbs atthe end of this manual)

Negative form



Interrogativeform



Affirmativeform

PAST CONTINUOUS

Subj. + was/were + V-ing + Compl.

They were reading a magazine.A girl was asking for you, Tom.

Negative form

Subj. + was/were + not + V-ing + Compl.

They weren’t watching that film.She wasn’t studying for her test.



Interrogativeform

Was/were + Subj. + V-ing + Compl. ?

Oh, sorry. Were you sleeping?Was Jerry talking to Jenny in thelounge?

b) Use: These tenses are used to express...

PAST SIMPLEActions and situations that started andfinished at a particular moment in the past.

I bought a new house last year.

PAST CONTINUOUSActions that were in progress at a determinedmoment in the past, although they startedbefore and finished afterwards.

At ten o’clock last night, I was watching afilm.

When two past tenses appear in one sentence:

Past simple + Past simple:

We talk about two consecutive actions, one happened (usually introduced by “when”) andthen the other happened.

When it started to rain I ran to my house.

Past continuous + Past simple:

We talk about two actions happening at the same time.

While I was having a bath the phone rang.I was having a bath when the phone rang.

We use the Past simple to denote a short action and refer to a specific point in time. Incontrast, the Past continuous stands for a long action that lasted a certain amount of time.

In the example shown, the phone will have rung for no more than a minute, whereas a bathmay take an hour or more. So the bath started before and ended after the phone rang and,thus, is a longer action than the ringing of the phone.



Past continuous + Past continuous:

We talk about two simultaneous actions in the past. Both happening at the same moment.

While I was trying to study, he was making a terrible noise.



Copyright © Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.

APPENDIX – IRREGULAR VERBS

Presente Pasado Participio Significado

be was / were been ser / estar

become became become llegar a ser begin began begun comenzar

break broke broken romper bring brought brought traer

build built built construir buy bought bought comprar

catch caught caught coger choose chose chosen elegir

come came come venir cost cost cost costar

cut cut cut cortar do did done hacer

draw drew drawn dibujar

dream dreamt / dreamt / soñar dreamed dreamed

drink drank drunk beber drive drove driven conducir

eat ate eaten comer fall fell fallen caer

feed fed fed alimentar feel felt felt sentir

find found found encontrar fly flew flown volar

forget forgot forgotten olvidar get got got conseguir

give gave given dar go went gone ir

have had had tener

hear heard heard oir hold held held sostener

hurt hurt hurt doler / hacer daño keep kept kept guardar

know knew known saber / conocer learn learnt / learnt / aprender

learned learned leave left left dejar (un sitio o una cosa)

lend lent lent prestar let let let dejar

lose lost lost perder make made made hacer

meet met met conocerse/encontrarse con put put put poner

The use of this manual is solely restricted to students of this course

read read read leer

ride rode ridden conducir (bicicleta o moto) ring rang rung llamar (por teléfono)

run ran run correr say said said decir

see saw seen ver sell sold sold vender

send sent sent enviar sing sang sung cantar

sit sat sat sentarse sleep slept slept dormir

smell smelt smelt oler speak spoke spoken hablar

spend spent spent gastar stand stood stood estar de pie / incorporarse

steal stole stolen robar

swim swam swum nadar take took taken tomar / coger

teach taught taught enseñar tell told told decir / contar

think thought thought pensar throw threw thrown arrojar / tirar

understand understood understood entender wear wore worn llevar puesto (ropa)

win won won ganar write wrote written escribir

english level b2. course 1 (academy)

Documents