english version chapter 9: space weather
TRANSCRIPT
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SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY
ENGLISH VERSION
CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER
9.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE SUN THAT AFFECT EARTH
A. The Sun
1. The sun consists of 2 gases – hydrogen & helium
2. Sun produces energy through thermonuclear reaction:
Hydrogen + Hydrogen Helium + Solar Energy
3. We can feel solar energy as heat & light
B. Sun Structure
1. Corona & chromosphere – can be seen during solar eclipse 2. Photosphere – the layer we normally see 3. Core: - 15 million °C - thermonuclear reaction occurs here
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C. Phenomena that Occur on the Sun’s Surface
We shall discuss 7 phenomena – granules, sunspots, solar cycle, prominences, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, & solar wind 1. Granules, sunspots, & solar cycle
- granules: hot grainy structure (6000°C) - sunspots: dark regions with lower temperature (3000°C) - sunspots happen where charged gas erupts - sunspots appear & disappear according to solar cyle - solar cycle lasts around 11 years
2. Prominence:
- Loop of glowing charged gas over sunspot
3. Solar flares:
- Charged gas eruption over sunspot
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4. Coronal mass ejections:
- Huge cloud of magnetic plasma eruption 5. Solar wind:
- the escaped charged gas/plasma from the sun - hazardous to lifeform - interact with Earth’s magnetosphere
D. Earth’s Magnetosphere & its Importance
1. Magnetosphere = region in outer space which is the combination of Earth’s magnetic field & solar wind:
Earth’s magnetic field + Solar wind Earth’s Magnetosphere
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2. Has the same shape as Earth’s magnetic field
3. Importance of magnetosphere: - protect life on Earth from harmful effects of solar wind - protect Earth from sun’s charged particles - reduce pressure exerted by solar wind on Earth’s atmosphere
9.2 SPACE WEATHER
1. Space weather = phenomena that occurs on the Sun’s surface or in space
2. Space weather on Sun’s surface:
Sunspots Prominence Solar flares Coronal mass
ejections
3. Space weather in space – solar wind
4. Space weather from the Sun releases charged gas particles, which cause these effects on Earth: - disruption of telecommunication in satellite or space probe - disruption of navigation system - disruption of electric power lines - formation of aurora around the Earth’s poles
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ENGLISH VERSION
CHAPTER 10: SPACE EXPLORATION
10.1 DEVELOPMENT IN ASTRONOMY
PTOLEMY COPERNICUS KEPLER
Geocentric model Heliocentric model
Heliocentric model
- Earth at the centre - Orbits are circular
- Sun at the centre - Orbits are circular
- Sun at the centre - Orbits are ellipse
10.2 TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION
We shall discuss 5 applications of technology – space telescope, rocket, satellite, space probe, & remote sensing
1. Space telescope:
Hubble Spitzer James Webb
- to observe space without interruption of Earth’s atmosphere
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2. Rocket:
Soyuz Saturn V Long March 2F
- send satellite, space shuttle, space probe, & human to space - use liquid hydrogen & liquid oxygen as fuel
3. Satellite:
Sputnik 1 MEASAT-1 TiungSAT-1
- orbit around Earth - controlled via remote sensing - used for many applications such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, defense, & geology 4. Space probe:
Voyager 1 (to outer Solar System)
Pioneer 10 (to Jupiter) New Horizons (to Pluto)
- spacecraft that travels far from Earth (such as to other planet or outside the Solar System)
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- gathers information & send them back to Earth - use solar energy or nuclear energy as fuel
5. Remote sensing:
Use of remote sensing in geology
- method of gathering information of Earth from a distance - use satellite - used in various fields: a. Agriculture – detect suitable area for farming b. Geology – detect various land formations on Earth c. Disaster management – detect pollution or forest fire d. Defence – detect enemy intrusions
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VERSI BAHASA MELAYU
BAB 9: CUACA ANGKASA LEPAS
9.1 AKTIVITI MATAHARI YANG MEMPENGARUHI BUMI
A. Matahari
1. Matahari mengandungi 2 gas – hidrogen & helium
2. Matahari menghasilkan tenaga melalui tindak balas termonuklear:
Hidrogen + Hidrogen Helium + Tenaga Suria
3. Kita dapat rasa tenaga suria sebagai haba & cahaya
B. Struktur Matahari
1. Corona & kromosfera - dapat dilihat semasa gerhana matahari 2. Fotosfera - lapisan yang kita biasa lihat 3. Teras: - suhu 15 juta ° C - tindak balas termonuklear berlaku di sini
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C. Fenomena yang Berlaku di Permukaan Matahari
Kita akan bincangkan 7 fenomena – granul suria, tompok matahari, kitaran suria, prominen, nyalaan suria, lentingan jisim korona, & angin suria 1. Granul suria, tompok matahari, & kitaran suria:
- granul: struktur berbutir panas (6000 ° C) - tompok matahari: kawasan gelap dengan suhu yang lebih rendah (3000 ° C) - tompok matahari berlaku di kawasan gas meletus - tompok matahari muncul & hilang mengikut kitaran suria - kitaran solar berlaku dalam tempoh masa 11 tahun
2. Prominen:
- Lengkungan gas berbara di kawasan tompok matahari
3. Nyalaan suria:
- Letusan gas yang berlaku di sekitar tompok matahari
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4. Lentingan jisim korona:
- Letusan awan plasma bermagnet yang besar 5. Angin suria:
- gas/plasma bercas yang terlepas daripada matahari ke angkasa - merbahaya kepada sel hidup - berinteraksi dengan magnetosfera Bumi
D. Magnetosfera Bumi & Kepentingannya
1. Magnetosfera = kawasan di angkasa lepas yang terbentuk daripada interaksi antara medan magnet Bumi & angin suria:
Medan magnet bumi + Angin suria Magnetosfera Bumi
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2. Mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan medan magnet Bumi
4. Kepentingan magnetosfera: - melindungi hidupan di Bumi daripada kesan bahaya angin suria - melindungi Bumi daripada zarah bercas matahari - mengurangkan tekanan yang dikenakan oleh angin suria kpd atmosfera Bumi
9.2 CUACA ANGKASA LEPAS
1. Cuaca angkasa lepas = fenomena yang berlaku di permukaan Matahari atau di angkasa lepas 2. Cuaca angkasa di permukaan Matahari:
Tompok matahari Prominen Nyalaan suria Lentingan jisim
korona
3. Cuaca angkasa lepas di angkasa - angin suria
4. Cuaca angkasa daripada Matahari melepaskan zarah-zarah bercas, yang memberi kesan Bumi: - gangguan telekomunikasi satelit atau prob angkasa - gangguan sistem navigasi - gangguan talian kuasa elektrik - pembentukan aurora di kawasan sekitar kutub Bumi
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VERSI BAHASA MELAYU
BAB 10: PENEROKAAN ANGKASA LEPAS
10.1 PERKEMBANGAN DALAM ASTRONOMI
PTOLEMY COPERNICUS KEPLER
Model geosentrik
Model heliosentrik Model heliosentrik
- Bumi di pusat Alam Semesta - Orbit berbentuk bulat
- Matahari di pusat Sistem Suria - Orbit berbentuk bulat
- Matahari di pusat Sistem Suria - Orbit adalah elips
10.2 TEKNOLOGI DALAM PENEROKAAN ANGKASA
Kita akan bincangkan 5 aplikasi teknologi – teleskop angkasa, roket, satelit, prob angkasa, & penderiaan jauh
1. Teleskop angkasa:
Hubble Spitzer James Webb
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- untuk memerhati objek angkasa lepas tanpa gangguan atmosfera Bumi
2. Roket:
Soyuz Saturnus V Long March 2F
- untuk hantar satelit, kapal angkasa, prob angkasa, & manusia ke angkasa - menggunakan hidrogen cecair & oksigen cecair sebagai bahan bakar
3. Satelit:
Sputnik 1 MEASAT-1 TiungSAT-1
- mengorbit Bumi - dikawal melalui penderiaan jauh - digunakan untuk banyak aplikasi seperti telekomunikasi, ramalan cuaca, pertahanan, & geologi
4. Prob angkasa:
Voyager 1 (keluar Sistem Suria)
Pioneer 10 (ke Musytari)
New Horizon (ke Pluto)
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- dihantar jauh dari Bumi (seperti ke planet lain atau luar Sistem Suria) - mengumpul maklumat & hantar kembali maklumat ke Bumi - menggunakan tenaga suria atau tenaga nuklear sebagai sumber tenaga 5. Penderiaan jauh:
Penggunaan penderiaan jauh dalam geologi
- kaedah mengumpul maklumat mengenai Bumi dari jauh - menggunakan satelit - digunakan dalam pelbagai bidang: a. Pertanian - mengesan kawasan yang sesuai untuk pertanian b. Geologi - mengesan pelbagai bentuk muka bumi c. Pengurusan bencana - mengesan pencemaran atau kebakaran hutan d. Pertahanan - mengesan pencerobohan musuh
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