english version chapter 9: space weather

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CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 1 SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY ENGLISH VERSION CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER 9.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE SUN THAT AFFECT EARTH A. The Sun 1. The sun consists of 2 gases – hydrogen & helium 2. Sun produces energy through thermonuclear reaction: Hydrogen + Hydrogen Helium + Solar Energy 3. We can feel solar energy as heat & light B. Sun Structure 1. Corona & chromosphere – can be seen during solar eclipse 2. Photosphere – the layer we normally see 3. Core: - 15 million °C - thermonuclear reaction occurs here

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Page 1: ENGLISH VERSION CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER

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ENGLISH VERSION

CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER

9.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE SUN THAT AFFECT EARTH

A. The Sun

1. The sun consists of 2 gases – hydrogen & helium

2. Sun produces energy through thermonuclear reaction:

Hydrogen + Hydrogen Helium + Solar Energy

3. We can feel solar energy as heat & light

B. Sun Structure

1. Corona & chromosphere – can be seen during solar eclipse 2. Photosphere – the layer we normally see 3. Core: - 15 million °C - thermonuclear reaction occurs here

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C. Phenomena that Occur on the Sun’s Surface

We shall discuss 7 phenomena – granules, sunspots, solar cycle, prominences, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, & solar wind 1. Granules, sunspots, & solar cycle

- granules: hot grainy structure (6000°C) - sunspots: dark regions with lower temperature (3000°C) - sunspots happen where charged gas erupts - sunspots appear & disappear according to solar cyle - solar cycle lasts around 11 years

2. Prominence:

- Loop of glowing charged gas over sunspot

3. Solar flares:

- Charged gas eruption over sunspot

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4. Coronal mass ejections:

- Huge cloud of magnetic plasma eruption 5. Solar wind:

- the escaped charged gas/plasma from the sun - hazardous to lifeform - interact with Earth’s magnetosphere

D. Earth’s Magnetosphere & its Importance

1. Magnetosphere = region in outer space which is the combination of Earth’s magnetic field & solar wind:

Earth’s magnetic field + Solar wind Earth’s Magnetosphere

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2. Has the same shape as Earth’s magnetic field

3. Importance of magnetosphere: - protect life on Earth from harmful effects of solar wind - protect Earth from sun’s charged particles - reduce pressure exerted by solar wind on Earth’s atmosphere

9.2 SPACE WEATHER

1. Space weather = phenomena that occurs on the Sun’s surface or in space

2. Space weather on Sun’s surface:

Sunspots Prominence Solar flares Coronal mass

ejections

3. Space weather in space – solar wind

4. Space weather from the Sun releases charged gas particles, which cause these effects on Earth: - disruption of telecommunication in satellite or space probe - disruption of navigation system - disruption of electric power lines - formation of aurora around the Earth’s poles

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ENGLISH VERSION

CHAPTER 10: SPACE EXPLORATION

10.1 DEVELOPMENT IN ASTRONOMY

PTOLEMY COPERNICUS KEPLER

Geocentric model Heliocentric model

Heliocentric model

- Earth at the centre - Orbits are circular

- Sun at the centre - Orbits are circular

- Sun at the centre - Orbits are ellipse

10.2 TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION

We shall discuss 5 applications of technology – space telescope, rocket, satellite, space probe, & remote sensing

1. Space telescope:

Hubble Spitzer James Webb

- to observe space without interruption of Earth’s atmosphere

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2. Rocket:

Soyuz Saturn V Long March 2F

- send satellite, space shuttle, space probe, & human to space - use liquid hydrogen & liquid oxygen as fuel

3. Satellite:

Sputnik 1 MEASAT-1 TiungSAT-1

- orbit around Earth - controlled via remote sensing - used for many applications such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, defense, & geology 4. Space probe:

Voyager 1 (to outer Solar System)

Pioneer 10 (to Jupiter) New Horizons (to Pluto)

- spacecraft that travels far from Earth (such as to other planet or outside the Solar System)

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- gathers information & send them back to Earth - use solar energy or nuclear energy as fuel

5. Remote sensing:

Use of remote sensing in geology

- method of gathering information of Earth from a distance - use satellite - used in various fields: a. Agriculture – detect suitable area for farming b. Geology – detect various land formations on Earth c. Disaster management – detect pollution or forest fire d. Defence – detect enemy intrusions

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VERSI BAHASA MELAYU

BAB 9: CUACA ANGKASA LEPAS

9.1 AKTIVITI MATAHARI YANG MEMPENGARUHI BUMI

A. Matahari

1. Matahari mengandungi 2 gas – hidrogen & helium

2. Matahari menghasilkan tenaga melalui tindak balas termonuklear:

Hidrogen + Hidrogen Helium + Tenaga Suria

3. Kita dapat rasa tenaga suria sebagai haba & cahaya

B. Struktur Matahari

1. Corona & kromosfera - dapat dilihat semasa gerhana matahari 2. Fotosfera - lapisan yang kita biasa lihat 3. Teras: - suhu 15 juta ° C - tindak balas termonuklear berlaku di sini

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C. Fenomena yang Berlaku di Permukaan Matahari

Kita akan bincangkan 7 fenomena – granul suria, tompok matahari, kitaran suria, prominen, nyalaan suria, lentingan jisim korona, & angin suria 1. Granul suria, tompok matahari, & kitaran suria:

- granul: struktur berbutir panas (6000 ° C) - tompok matahari: kawasan gelap dengan suhu yang lebih rendah (3000 ° C) - tompok matahari berlaku di kawasan gas meletus - tompok matahari muncul & hilang mengikut kitaran suria - kitaran solar berlaku dalam tempoh masa 11 tahun

2. Prominen:

- Lengkungan gas berbara di kawasan tompok matahari

3. Nyalaan suria:

- Letusan gas yang berlaku di sekitar tompok matahari

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4. Lentingan jisim korona:

- Letusan awan plasma bermagnet yang besar 5. Angin suria:

- gas/plasma bercas yang terlepas daripada matahari ke angkasa - merbahaya kepada sel hidup - berinteraksi dengan magnetosfera Bumi

D. Magnetosfera Bumi & Kepentingannya

1. Magnetosfera = kawasan di angkasa lepas yang terbentuk daripada interaksi antara medan magnet Bumi & angin suria:

Medan magnet bumi + Angin suria Magnetosfera Bumi

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2. Mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan medan magnet Bumi

4. Kepentingan magnetosfera: - melindungi hidupan di Bumi daripada kesan bahaya angin suria - melindungi Bumi daripada zarah bercas matahari - mengurangkan tekanan yang dikenakan oleh angin suria kpd atmosfera Bumi

9.2 CUACA ANGKASA LEPAS

1. Cuaca angkasa lepas = fenomena yang berlaku di permukaan Matahari atau di angkasa lepas 2. Cuaca angkasa di permukaan Matahari:

Tompok matahari Prominen Nyalaan suria Lentingan jisim

korona

3. Cuaca angkasa lepas di angkasa - angin suria

4. Cuaca angkasa daripada Matahari melepaskan zarah-zarah bercas, yang memberi kesan Bumi: - gangguan telekomunikasi satelit atau prob angkasa - gangguan sistem navigasi - gangguan talian kuasa elektrik - pembentukan aurora di kawasan sekitar kutub Bumi

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VERSI BAHASA MELAYU

BAB 10: PENEROKAAN ANGKASA LEPAS

10.1 PERKEMBANGAN DALAM ASTRONOMI

PTOLEMY COPERNICUS KEPLER

Model geosentrik

Model heliosentrik Model heliosentrik

- Bumi di pusat Alam Semesta - Orbit berbentuk bulat

- Matahari di pusat Sistem Suria - Orbit berbentuk bulat

- Matahari di pusat Sistem Suria - Orbit adalah elips

10.2 TEKNOLOGI DALAM PENEROKAAN ANGKASA

Kita akan bincangkan 5 aplikasi teknologi – teleskop angkasa, roket, satelit, prob angkasa, & penderiaan jauh

1. Teleskop angkasa:

Hubble Spitzer James Webb

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- untuk memerhati objek angkasa lepas tanpa gangguan atmosfera Bumi

2. Roket:

Soyuz Saturnus V Long March 2F

- untuk hantar satelit, kapal angkasa, prob angkasa, & manusia ke angkasa - menggunakan hidrogen cecair & oksigen cecair sebagai bahan bakar

3. Satelit:

Sputnik 1 MEASAT-1 TiungSAT-1

- mengorbit Bumi - dikawal melalui penderiaan jauh - digunakan untuk banyak aplikasi seperti telekomunikasi, ramalan cuaca, pertahanan, & geologi

4. Prob angkasa:

Voyager 1 (keluar Sistem Suria)

Pioneer 10 (ke Musytari)

New Horizon (ke Pluto)

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- dihantar jauh dari Bumi (seperti ke planet lain atau luar Sistem Suria) - mengumpul maklumat & hantar kembali maklumat ke Bumi - menggunakan tenaga suria atau tenaga nuklear sebagai sumber tenaga 5. Penderiaan jauh:

Penggunaan penderiaan jauh dalam geologi

- kaedah mengumpul maklumat mengenai Bumi dari jauh - menggunakan satelit - digunakan dalam pelbagai bidang: a. Pertanian - mengesan kawasan yang sesuai untuk pertanian b. Geologi - mengesan pelbagai bentuk muka bumi c. Pengurusan bencana - mengesan pencemaran atau kebakaran hutan d. Pertahanan - mengesan pencerobohan musuh

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