Englishes: British, Englishes: British, Scottish, GlobalScottish, Global

Dialect, idiolect, sociolect Dialect, idiolect, sociolect

Received Pronunciation (RP) Received Pronunciation (RP)

(Received) Standard English, (Received) Standard English,

Oxford English, Public School English, Oxford English, Public School English,

BBC English BBC English

„„talking proper/posh”; „la-di-dah” talking proper/posh”; „la-di-dah”

1791: Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of 1791: Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (John Walker) the English Language (John Walker)

Education Act of 1870: rise of public Education Act of 1870: rise of public schoolsschools

„„He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes and a dark-coloured anorak. He and a dark-coloured anorak. He carried a walking stick and spoke with carried a walking stick and spoke with a good accent, the police say.” a good accent, the police say.”

„„It is impossible for an Englishman to It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some open his mouth without making some other Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. other Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. Shaw)Shaw)

Paul Scott: Paul Scott: The Jewel in the CrownThe Jewel in the Crown (Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick)(Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick)

Dialects, RP and societyDialects, RP and society

Thomas Hardy: Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’UrbervillesTess of the D’Urbervilles: : Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the

National School under a London-trained National School under a London-trained mistress, spoke two languages: the mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect at home, more or less, ordinary dialect at home, more or less, ordinary English abroad and to persons of quality” English abroad and to persons of quality”

dialect - accent dialect - accent Non-standard language: vocabulary, Non-standard language: vocabulary,

grammar, pronunciation grammar, pronunciation

I didn’t have no dinner tonight. I didn’t have no dinner tonight.

I seen an accident before I come here. I seen an accident before I come here.

Our teacher can’t learn us nothing. Our teacher can’t learn us nothing.

(OE ‘leornian’) (OE ‘leornian’)

I shall stay here while she comes. I shall stay here while she comes.

(„Wait while lights flash.”) („Wait while lights flash.”)

Cockney English Cockney English „„cockeneyes”, „cockenay” (Bow Bells) cockeneyes”, „cockenay” (Bow Bells) dropping the aitchdropping the aitch(„That’s an ‘edgeog. It’s really two words. („That’s an ‘edgeog. It’s really two words.

‘Edge and ‘og. Both begin with an aitch.”)‘Edge and ‘og. Both begin with an aitch.”) diphthongs: fate, great, high, why, don’t diphthongs: fate, great, high, why, don’t about – abaht; thousand – fahsn, Gawd about – abaht; thousand – fahsn, Gawd the glottal stop the glottal stop the linking ‘r’ the linking ‘r’ v and w v and w ‘‘th’ sounds (Fevvers, muvver, barf, fahsn)th’ sounds (Fevvers, muvver, barf, fahsn) question tags („innit”)question tags („innit”) intonation, pitch, tone („Ay-ee, Ba-yee, Cy-intonation, pitch, tone („Ay-ee, Ba-yee, Cy-

ee”)ee”)

sources of Cockney sources of Cockney Romany: pal, chavvy, mushRomany: pal, chavvy, mushYiddish: shemozzle, nosh Yiddish: shemozzle, nosh Arabic and other Oriental: bint, cushy, Arabic and other Oriental: bint, cushy,

dekko, shufti, doolallydekko, shufti, doolallyFrench (WW2): parleyvoo, San fairy French (WW2): parleyvoo, San fairy

ann, toot sweetann, toot sweetMate, chum, guvnor, cock, love Mate, chum, guvnor, cock, love Blimey (Gorblimey), Cor, Wotcha Blimey (Gorblimey), Cor, Wotcha aggro aggro

Literary Cockney Literary Cockney Sam Weller in Dickens’ Sam Weller in Dickens’ The Pickwick The Pickwick

PapersPapers (Wellerisms: „Bevare of (Wellerisms: „Bevare of vidders”)vidders”)

G. B. Shaw: G. B. Shaw: PygmalionPygmalion Kipling: Kipling: Barrack-Room BalladsBarrack-Room Ballads East Enders (soap); Only Fools and East Enders (soap); Only Fools and

Horses (sitcom)Horses (sitcom)

Cockney slangCockney slang

Adam and EveAdam and Eve Brahms and Liszt Brahms and Liszt Rosy Lee Rosy Lee trouble and strife trouble and strife butcher’s; cobbler’sbutcher’s; cobbler’s Jimmy Riddle; Bristols Jimmy Riddle; Bristols to rabbit; raspberryto rabbit; raspberry Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury

CragCrag BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis) BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis)

Geordie EnglishGeordie English

talk, walk – wahktalk, walk – wahk

Clear ‘l’ Clear ‘l’

Uvular ‘r’ Uvular ‘r’

Don’t, goat, know Don’t, goat, know

Down, town Down, town

Scouse(r) EnglishScouse(r) English

„„lobscouse”lobscouse” Fair=fur, spare=spur Fair=fur, spare=spur SingiSingingng Pin, sing Pin, sing ‘‘r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry) r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry) Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun) Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun) k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/ k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/ Adenoidal speech Adenoidal speech BrooksideBrookside (soap opera) (soap opera)

Yorkshire dialectYorkshire dialect

Fast, car, pathFast, car, path House, down – hoos, doon House, down – hoos, doon Up, cut, much Up, cut, much ‘‘th’ sounds th’ sounds Summat Summat Norse words: beck, lake (laik) Norse words: beck, lake (laik)

Scottish English, ScotsScottish English, Scots

‘‘r’ sound („rhotic”) (laird, beard, bird) r’ sound („rhotic”) (laird, beard, bird)

Vowel length rule Vowel length rule

Rise vs rice, brewed vs brood, Rise vs rice, brewed vs brood,

Do, poor, use – boot, tool Do, poor, use – boot, tool

Voiceless velar fricative (loch) Voiceless velar fricative (loch)

Where, while Where, while

Scots Scots

Gaelic: glarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn, Gaelic: glarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn, clachan, capercailzie, sloganclachan, capercailzie, slogan

ceilidh, slainte ceilidh, slainte Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch, Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch,

glaikitglaikit Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass, Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass,

lowp, maun lowp, maun Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft

Literary Scots (Lallans Literary Scots (Lallans Scots)Scots)

Robert Burns (18th cent.)Robert Burns (18th cent.) Scottish Renaissance (1920-s, 30s) Scottish Renaissance (1920-s, 30s) Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane

IndiaIndia

Hindi loanwords: bungalow, pundit, Hindi loanwords: bungalow, pundit, pukka, juggernaut, jungle, pukka, juggernaut, jungle,

the Hobson-Jobson (dictionary, 1886)the Hobson-Jobson (dictionary, 1886)

Three Language Formula Three Language Formula

South AfricaSouth Africa: Afrikaans : Afrikaans

trek, spoor, veldt trek, spoor, veldt Jamaica and West IndiesJamaica and West Indies: Creole : Creole

„„Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat so.” so.”

Singlish Singlish

West AfricaWest Africa: Krio : Krio

Pidgin Englishes Pidgin Englishes

(eg. Tok Pisin in New Guinea) (eg. Tok Pisin in New Guinea)