enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern region of bangladesh
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Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Enhancing Farmer’s Resilience toward Droughts: Perspective from Northwestern Region of Bangladesh
Umma Habiba, Rajib Shaw and Yukiko Takeuchi
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies2
BackgroundObjective of the study❑Methodology ❑Results ❑Conclusion
Overview of the Presentation 2
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Impacts of Drought in Bangladesho Annually affected area: 12.49 million hectares of cultivable T-aman crop in kharif season 9.32 million hectares of rabi crops in rabi season
o Yield reduction: 45 to 60 % in T-aman and 50 to 70 % in rabi crops
3
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Drought in Bangladesh
Pre-Kharif, Kharif and Rabi drought-prone areas of Bangladesh(Source: Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), 2010)
4
oMajor droughts occurred in Bangladesh are 1973, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2009
oDrought mostly appear in pre-monsoon (March-May) and post-monsoon season (October-November)
Pre-kharif season:16 March-30 June
Kharif season:1 July-15 October
Rabi season:16 Oct-15 March
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Annual average total rainfall (mm) from 1991-2008
Monthly mean rainfall (mm) distribution in drought-prone area
Causes of Drought in Bangladesh (1) 5
Avg. 2,300mm
Avg. 1,329mm
Around1,000mm
(Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department, 2011)
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Causes of Drought in Bangladesh (2)
Rainfall and evapotranspiration in the study area
6
Dry season: November- May (of 7 months)
Monsoon season:June - October(of 5 months)
(Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department, 2011)
% of irrigation coverage
Depth o f groundw
at er table (m)
Depletion of groundwater depth
2008
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
At institutional Level
At infrastructure (Physical) level
At community and household (Social) level
Drought risk management practices
NGO activities
Establishment of irrigation channel through deep tube well (DTW)
Crop diversification, Change cropping pattern, other income generating activities
Governmental activities- EWS, relief , demonstration program
Drought Risk Management Actions in Bangladesh 7
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
To develop a tool that is able to measure the socio-economic, institutional and physical resilience of a drought affected area
•To find out drought impacts on farmers livelihood and existing adaptive practices to cope with it
•To document adaptive practices, and suggest policy and actions links
Research Objectives 8
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
SIP Approach
Development of SIP Approach (1)
•How to measure resilience on the basis of socio-economic, institutional and physical aspect of a drought affected area?
SIP approach: 3 dimensions, 11 primary indicators and 55 secondary indicators
Analysis: Weighted Mean Index ands Average Weighted Mean Index
9
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
S
I
P
Development of SIP Approach (2)
Literacy rate
Knowledge about drought
Having predictability
Taking preventive measures
Awareness about drought
➪ SIP approach consist of - 3 dimensions - 11 primary indicators - 55 secondary indicators
Collaboration
Co-ordination
School/college
Highlighting drama
Community leader/imam
Electricity supply
Fuel supply
Dam
Water reservoir
Drought warning system
10
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Upazila Level Resilience Assessment (Study details)o Conducted at: upazila level (sub-district) in Rajshahi and Chapai Nawabganj
o Key aim of the study: To measure the socio-economic, institutional and physical resilience of a drought affected area
o Methodology: Develop SIP approach
o Sample no: 14 (14 upazilas of two district) - 9 from Rajshahi district - 5 from Chapai Nawabganj district)oTarget group: Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) o Data collection period: 6 Jan- 19 Feb, 2010
Tanore
Mohanpur
Charghat
Bagha
Shibganj
Paba
Baghmara
Nachole
Gamastapur
Bholahat
Durgapur
Puthia
NawabganjGodagari
Chapai Nawabganj
Rajshahi
N
Study area
Legend
District boundary
Upazila boundary
11
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Resilience levels of Rajshahi and Chapai Nawabganj districts
Puthia
Tanore
Mohanpur
Charghat
Bagha
Shibganj
Paba
Baghmara
Nachole
Gamastapur
Bholahat
Durgapur
Nawabganj
Godagari
A- Overall
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
Puthia
Tanore
Mohanpur
Charghat
Bagha
Shibganj
Paba
Baghmara
Nachole
Gamastapur
Bholahat
Durgapur
NawabganjGodagari
B- Socio-economic
Very high
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Puthia
Tanore
Mohanpur
Charghat
Bagha
Shibganj
Paba
Baghmara
Nachole
Gamastapur
Bholahat
Durgapur
Nawabganj
Godagari
C- Institutional
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
Puthia
Tanore
Mohanpur
Charghat
Bagha
Shibganj
Paba
Baghmara
Nachole
Gamastapur
Bholahat
Durgapur
Nawabganj
Godagari
D- Physical
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
Upazila Level Resilience Assessment (Key results) 12
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Conducted at: Village level
Aims: To enhance drought resilience at farmer’s level through adaptive practices
Target Group: Farmer
No of Questionnaire : 718 farmers from those two district 358 farmer from irrigated village 360 farmer from non-irrigated village
Data Collection Period: 2 October- 26 November, 2010
Farmers’ Adaptive Practices towards Drought 13
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Key points:Agriculture as well as daily life and health were badly affected by drought
Impacts of Drought on farmer’s Livelihood
Impacts of
Drought
14
Sample no: Irrigated village: 358Non-irrigated village: 360
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Sample no: Irrigated village: 358Non-irrigated village: 360
Legend:
1. Agronomic practices
2. Water Harvesting
3. Water resources exploitation
4. Crop intensification
5. Alternate crops cultivation
6. Other income generating activities
7. Others
Farmer’s Adaptive Practices towards Drought
Adaptive Practices
15
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Dimensions Primary indicators
Secondary Indicators Selection of Drought Adaptive options from Secondary Indicators
Socio-
economic
Education and awareness
■ Literacy rate ■ Knowledge about drought ■ Having predictability ■ Taking preventive measure ■ Awarded about drought
■ Having predictability ■ Taking preventive measure
Health ■ Access to safe water ■ Time period having access of safe water ■ Extent of diseases ■ Primary health care facility ■ Recovery
■ Primary health care facility
Usage ■ Food consumption ■ Reserved food grain ■Migration ■ Changing occupation ■ Non agricultural farming
Social capital ■ Social cohesion ■ Participation ■Water related conflict ■ Build consensus ■ Acceptance of leader
Economicaspect
■ Income source ■ Other income generating activities ■ Use of savings ■ Sell off assets, land or livestocks ■ Credit, subsidy
■ Other income generating activities ■ Use of savings ■ Sell off assets, land or livestocks
Institutional Policy ■ Incorporation into plan ■ Effectiveness of the plan ■ Support by GO and NGO ■Water management activities ■ Public awareness program
■ Public awareness program
Management ■ Collaboration ■ Co-ordination ■ School/college ■ Highlighting dramas ■ Community leader/imam
■ Community leader/imam
Co-ordination ■ Training ■ Demonstration ■ Credit/loan■ Aids ■ Subsidy
■ Aids
Physical Infrastructure development
■ Electricity supply ■ Fuel supply ■ Dam ■ Water reservoir ■ Drought warning system
■ Electricity supply (Alternative energy sources)■ Water reservoir ■ Drought warning system
Irrigation ■ Irrigation system ■ Irrigation facilities (DTW, STW, over head tank etc) ■ Supplemental irrigation ■ Dependency on rainfall ■ Rain water harvest
■ Supplemental irrigation
Land use ■ Built up area ■ Vegetative area ■Water bodies ■ Drought tolerant crop ■ Fruit tree plantation
■ Drought tolerant crop ■ Fruit tree plantation
16Formulation of Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP) 16
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Name of the most prioritized Drought Adaptive Practices:1.Dairy farm/ community savings and credit system2. Received information from TV, radio3. Community health care service 4. Establish dairy farm 5. save money 6. Sell agricultural goods7. Extension worker 8. Public awareness program 9. Cash/ electricity10. Establish drought information center 11. Vegetable gardening 12. Establish mango orchard 13. Use of plastic pipe 14. Dredge the river and use of river water 15. Use of diesel
17Prioritized Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP)(At Community Level)
Key points:More than 50% of the farmer’s in both
irrigated and non-irrigated areas agreed with these 13 DAP. Moreover, 80% of
the farmer’s highlighted only 3 DAP that is the topmost prior adaptive practices
17
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
ResilienceAssessment
Solution for enhancingDroughtResilience
Sustaining Drought Resilience through Implementation
SIP Approach3 dimensions11 primary indicators55 secondary indicators
Drought Resilience Mapping
15 drought adaptive options
30 drought adaptive practices at community level
Development of Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP)
60 prioritized drought adaptive practices
Irrigated area Non-irrigated area
I& F L C L I &F L C L
15 15 15 15
Irrigated area
Non-irrigated area
40 41
81 barriers to adopt practices at community level
Upazila Level (Sub-district level)
Key Interviews (14)
Farmer’s level(Irrigated village & Non-irrigated village)
National levelLocal level
Key Interview s (718)Irrigated village(358)Non-irrigated village (360)Focus Group Discussion (4)
Workshop(2)National level (1)Local level (1)
Drought Policy Framework
Community
Assessment LevelProcess
Framework for Drought Risk Management Policy and Actions 18
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Conclusions 19
SIP approach highlights that physical measure such as irrigation alone can not solve the drought problem. It gives emphasis on the execution of institutional role towards drought such as translating drought risk reduction policy at local to national level, effective water management activities, and networking among GOs, NGOs and other institutions
The DAP, as the outcome of farmer’s adaptive practices, requires institutionalization and broader stakeholders dialogue to strengthen the linkage between community and national government
The drought risk management policy and action framework developed in this study brings together both community and national government in identifying time frame and responsibilities, thus strengthening the link between the DAP to national policy
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Thank you very much for your kind attention
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Dimension and Indicators used for SIP Approach
Dimensions Primary indicators
Secondary indicators
Socio-economic
Education and awareness
■ Literacy rate ■ Knowledge about drought, ■ Having predictability ■ Taking preventive measure, ■ Awareness about drought
Health ■ Access to safe water ■ Time period having access of safe water ■ Extent of diseases ■ Primary health care facility ■ Recovery
Usage ■ Food consumption ■ Reserved food grain ■Migration■ Changing occupation ■ Non agricultural farming
Social capital ■ Social cohesion ■ Participation ■ Water related conflict ■ Build consensus ■ Acceptance of leader
Economic ■ Income source ■ Other income generating activities■ Use of savings ■ Sell off assets, land or live stocks■ Credit, subsidy
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Dimension and Indicators used for SIP Approach
Dimensions Primary indicators
Secondary indicators
Institutional Policy ■ Incorporation into plan ■ Effectiveness of the plan■ Support by GO and NGO ■ Water management activities ■ Public awareness program
Management ■ Collaboration ■ Co-ordination ■ School/college■ Highlighting dramas ■ Community leader/imam
Co-ordination ■ Training ■ Demonstration ■ Credit/loan■ Aids ■ Subsidy
Physical Infrastructure development
■ Electricity supply ■ Fuel supply ■ Dam ■ Water reservoir ■ Drought warning system
Irrigation ■ Irrigation system ■ Irrigation facilities (DTW, STW, over head tank etc ■ Supplemental irrigation ■ Dependency on rainfall ■ Rain water harvest
Land use ■ Built up area ■ Vegetative area ■Water bodies ■ Drought tolerant crop ■ Fruit tree plantation
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
For example: Taking preventive measure
Selection and Prioritization of Drought Adaptive Practices
For the prioritization of each drought adaptive practice3 adaptive practices were proposed at the farmer’s level. Another prictice was kept in blank for the farmer to find out any additional option coming from them
Farmer’s prioritized and recommended Drought Adaptive Pra23
Individual and family level
A1.Changing cropping pattern
A2.Cultivate diversified crops
A3.Stored food
A4.
Community level
A1.Community savings and credit system
A2.Establish grain bank
A3.Establish dairy farm
A4.
•What kind of preventive measures are taken to face drought during the drought period? (Prioritize or rank actions, 1= most important, 2= important and 3= least important)
Formulation of Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP) (3) 23