Jibo O Jibika Mid-Term Evaluation

Enhancing Resilience to Food Security Shocks in AfricaTim Frankenberger, TANGO InternationalTOPS Knowledge Sharing MeetingWashington D.C.November 2012The ability of countries, communities and households to anticipate, adapt to and /or recover from the effects of potentially hazardous occurrences (natural disasters, economic instability, conflict) in a manner that protects livelihoods, accelerates and sustains recovery, and supports economic and social developmentDefining Resilience2Defining Resilience

A resilient system has the capacity to respond positively to change, maintaining or improving function; this includes monitoring, anticipating and managing known risks and vulnerabilities to existing shocks and stresses while being able to address uncertainties in the future. Changes and responses may be incremental or transformational. IRWG 2012Continuous cycles of crisis in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, south Asia; not enough time to fully recover between shocksCrises not the result of weather-related events only; complex interactions between political, economic, social and environmental factorsConflict and chronic poverty in many regions magnifies the impact of drought and other shocksCurrent drought crisis exposed shortcomings of international aid practices and national/regional policies

Why Resilience?Why Resilience?

Programming intended to enhance resilience is most necessary and appropriate where populations are chronically food insecure and are exposed to recurrent livelihood shocks and stresses

Specific strategies for enhancing resilience will be as diverse as the different contexts in which they are implemented

Improving resilience should not be defined by the what but much more by the why and the whereResilience: a strategy for addressing immediate and long-term problems

Given: droughts, conflict, price increases and other stresses/shocks are likely to continue Need for New Paradigm: climate change, political unrest, economic upheaval and other stresses/shocks do not need to become crisesWhen people are able to anticipate, cope with and respond positively to changes/shocks, the likelihood of shocks becoming disasters is minimized and the prospects for future livelihood security are increased.

A conceptual Framework for Assessing ResilienceProvides a comprehensive picture of the specific elements that contribute to resilience and clarifying the types of information that must be collected to measure it

Helps determine whether households, communities and larger populations are on a trajectory towards greater vulnerability or greater resilienceDisturbancee.g., natural hazard, conflict, food shortage, fuel price increaseVulnerability pathwayResilience pathwayShocksStressesLivelihood AssetsStructures/processesLivelihood StrategiesExposureSensitivityContextLevel of aggregationBounce back betterBounce backRecover but worse than beforeCollapseFood Security

Adequate nutrition

Environmental security

Food Insecurity

Malnutrition

Environmental degradation

Adaptive state to shockReaction to disturbancee.g., survive, cope, recover, learn, transformLivelihood OutcomesAdaptive capacitye.g., ability to deal with disturbanceContexte.g., social, ecosystems, political, religious, etc.(-)( + )Resilience FrameworkTANGO 2012. Adapted from DFID Disaster Resilience Framework (2011) , TANGO Livelihoods Framework (2007), DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (1999) and CARE Household Livelihood Security Framework (2002) Concept paper includes new resilience framework that combines the DFID disaster framework with a livelihoods framework.

8Resilience FrameworkContextEnvironmental, political, social, economic, historical, demographic and policy conditionsAffects and is affected by adaptive capacity (ability of HHs, communities, and governments to cope with shocks)Resilient systems are affected less by future shocks (feedback loop)

Resilience FrameworkLevel of aggregation - Resilience of what/who?Level of Analysis: the individual, household, community, institution, government, ecosystemnested hierarchy, i.e., resilient individuals and HHs are the foundation for resilient communitiesResilience at one level does not automatically result in resilience at higher levels, i.e., resilient households do not necessarily result in resilient communities

Ethiopia traditional mechanisms that redistribute wealth so all hhs benefit, preventing an individual HH from accumulating capacity to buffer themselves from shocks10Resilience FrameworkDisturbance Resilience to what?Shocks Rapid onset: floods, earthquakes, disease outbreaks, conflict, food price increasesSlow onset shocks: drought, food price volatility, environmental degradationStresses (trends: Climate change, food price volatility, environmental degradation, political instability, disease outbreaks, population increases)Easier to mobilize resources for rapid onset shocks than slow onset shocks and stresses (sensational)Idiosyncratic versus covariateResilience dependent on shock, i.e., no one-size fits all resilience

Idiosyncratic easier for communities; covariate easier to mobilize resources from donors (quick onset 2-3 weeks approval; slow onset 2-3 months)

Resilience to one shock doesnt translate into resilience overall11Resilience FrameworkExposure a function of the duration, magnitude, and frequency of shocksDuration length of time that a shock lastsMagnitude the severity and extent of a shockFrequency how often a shock occurs; high frequency of the same types of shock undermines ability to respond Ability to manage shocks varies by communities, i.e., how many times a community has experienced the same type of shock may impact ability to respondDisaster risk reduction approaches are aimed at reducing exposure

Frequency is related to magnitude (what level of preparedness is required)

One year drought requires 5 years to recover in terms of paying back loans; debt to asset ratio important12Resilience FrameworkAdaptive Capacity Access to and use of resources and strategies in order to deal with disturbanceAffect and are affected by contextual factors Livelihoods AssetsTransforming structures and processesLivelihoods Strategies

+/- effects of strategies and practices on social, environmental, political, etc. factors determines future ability to cope and thus, resilience13Livelihood AssetsTangible and intangible assets allow households to meet their needs and objectivesLivelihoods depend on a combination of six assets:FinancialPhysical PoliticalHumanSocialNaturalMost vulnerable households have fewer assets; least resilientTransforming structures/processesInstitutions operating within or have jurisdiction over community functionsNational, regional, local governmentsNGOs, CBOsReligious institutionsTrade associationsShared customs and normsFormal/informal governance mechanisms to manage resources, target safety nets, mitigate conflictGovernment policiesCrop/livestock insuranceAccess to Social protection (safety nets)

Natural capital can be destroyed through natural hazards or man-made conflicts and lost through theft; the only livelihood asset that is a stand alone, i.e., doesnt need individuals, communities or governments in order to function; is independent of human intervention (though there are some ecosystems that benefit from human management e.g., intentional burning of plains by NAs for fire-dependent species);

15Livelihood StrategiesProduction/income generating activities Household resource investment strategies (e.g., small enterprises, savings, insurance)Risk reduction and risk management strategiesCoping strategies - +/- strategies

SensitivityDegree to which a unit (e.g., individual, HH, community) is able to cope with shock or stress due to access to assets, access to external support(safety nets, etc.) and livelihood strategiesLimited adaptive capacity leads to high sensitivityPoor access to assets, income generating opportunities, and social safety nets, results in increased vulnerabilityActors within a system vary in their sensitivity to the same shock (e.g., women, youths, elderly, children)

Youths typically lack herds, have small land allotments17Reaction to Disturbance: Resilience Pathway vs. Vulnerability PathwayHouseholds or communities that are able to use their adaptive capacity to manage the shocks or stresses they are exposed to are less sensitive and are on a resilient pathway. If they manage to improve their adaptive capacity by learning from the experience they are very resilient.

Households that are not able to use their adaptive capacity to manage shocks or stresses are very sensitive and are likely to go down a vulnerability pathway.Livelihood OutcomesThese are the needs and objectives that households are trying to realize.If they are resilient, they will be able to meet their food security needs, they will have access to adequate nutrition, their environment will be protected, they will have income security, health security, and they will be able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives.If they are not resilient and are chronically vulnerable then they will likely be food insecure, malnourished, they will not have income security, they will be unhealthy, etc. Resilience: A New Paradigm for ProgrammingTo enhance resilience, governments, donors, and implementing agencies should promote integrated strategies that ensure support for three separate but complementary components Adaptive Capacity

Disaster risk management

Governance and other enabling conditionsResilience OutcomesImproved adaptive capacity Improved capacity to manage risks Improved development indicators Multi-Sectoral Resilience AssessmentAmong chronically vulnerable populations exposed to food security shocksJoint Problem AnalysisInvolving diverse stakeholders and contextualized at the sub-national levelHousehold and CommunityAdaptive CapacityPromote diverse livelihood strategies Promote asset accumulation and diversificationImprove human capital (health, education, nutrition)Enable improved access to credit Support smallholder market linkagesImprove access to technologies and potential for innovationStrengthen diverse social networksPromote gender empowermentSupport for healthy ecosystems (land, water, biodiversity)

Household and CommunityDisaster Risk Management- Strengthen and maintain informal safety netsSupport local peace building, conflict mitigation and natural resource management through informal governance structuresStrengthen risk reduction, risk mitigation and risk coping mechanisms (community-based early warning, contingency plans, household savings) Strengthen capacity for community organization and collective action

Governance and Enabling Conditions for Achieving ScaleSupport government ownership of resilience strategies - Promote responsive social and economic policies that support resilienceStrengthen administrative and technical capacity among- Advocate for formal social protection mechanisms (including emergency key institutions to promote resilience programming response, productive safety nets and risk insurance) Provide basic social services (health, education, rule of law) - Improve national early warning systems and capacity for risk analysisSupport climate change adaptation- Improve access to productive infrastructure (roads, water, markets, Promote national peace building and conflict resolution communication) initiatives- Promote multi-sector partnerships across agencies (government, U.N.- Advocate for long-term funding for resilience initiatives NGOs, private sector)Components of an Integrated Resilience ProgramImproving the Adaptive Capacity of Households and CommunitiesDiversification of livelihood strategies, productive assets, and social networksParticipation in well functioning marketsAccess to creditAccess to innovative technologiesImproved human capital (health, education, nutrition)Promote gender empowermentSupport for healthy ecosystems (land, water bio-diversity)

Components of an Integrated Resilience ProgramDisaster Risk Management at the Household and Community LevelsDisaster risk management strategies (ex-ante and ex post)Promote community-based early warning systems, contingency plansPromote household and community savingsSupport informal safety netsContribute to peace-building and conflict mitigationStrengthen capacity for community organization and community actionComponents of an Integrated Resilience ProgramGovernance and Enabling Conditions for Achieving ScaleGovernment ownership of resilience strategiesResponsive social and economic policies that support resilienceFormal social protection mechanisms (emergency response, productive safety nets, risk insurance)Improved access to infrastructure (roads, water, markets, communication)Multi-sector partnerships across agenciesProvision of basic social servicesstability

Absorptive coping capacity

(persistence)flexibility

Adaptive capacity

(incremental adjustment)change

Transformative capacity

(transformational responses)Intensity of change/transaction costsResilienceSource: Bn, Christophe, Rachel Godfrey Wood, Andrew Newsham and Mark Davies. 2012. Resilience: New Utopia or New Tyranny? Reflection about the Potentials and Limits of the Concept of Resilience in Relation to Vulnerability Reduction Programmes. IDS Working Paper, Volume 2012 Number 405. CSP Working Paper Number 006. Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and Centre for Social Protection (CSP). September 2012.

Temporal Dimensions of 3 Resilience OutcomesImproved disaster risk management is aimed to improving absorptive capacity to reduce disaster risk and absorb the impacts of shocks short-term (stability)Strengthen the adaptive capacity to improve response to social, economic and environmental change in the medium term (flexibility)Strengthen governance structures and enabling conditions to improve the transformative capacity of socio-ecological systems to achieve resilience at scale in the long term (change)Projects implemented at scale and over long timeframes in order to have lasting impact.Projects that empower communities, i.e., promote community engagement, solidarity, ownership of resources, and capacity to organize.A shift from humanitarian responses to longer-term responses that build capacity to cope with current and minimize future stresses and shocks.Mechanisms for long-term funding (e.g., sequencing, layering, pre-positioning).Healthy ecosystems and effective governance structures.

Resilience programming requires:Principles of Resilience ProgrammingPromote resilience as a common perspective and a common objective with government ownershipPrioritize selective and focused implementation of resilience building initiativesCommitment to integrated multi-sector approachesSupport a transition toward longer-term investments in disaster risk management, climate change adaptation, livelihood diversification and social protectionMeasuring ResilienceM&E systems for measuring resilience involve in-depth analysis of indicators under three broad resilience outcomes:Improved capacity to manage riskscoping strategy indexreduction in emergency responsesestablishment of risk management structuresinstitutions and systems

Measuring ResilienceImproved adaptive capacity diversification of livelihood strategies and assetsdiverse social networksaccess to information on changing market and climatic conditions openness to new practices and innovationAspirations Improved development indicators diet diversitynutritional statuspoverty outcome measures (proxies for income)Promising Practices for Building ResiliencePastoral Livelihoods Initiative (PLI)and PrimeUses crisis modifier approach to fund support for improved livestock production and marketing, alternative livelihoods, and early warning systems.African Risk Capacity Project (ARC)Provides a framework to finance drought risk responses through the provision of fast-dispersing contingency funds to governments across Africa. PSNP +Combines food and cash transfers with market-oriented support to achieve beneficiary graduation. Lessons learned through PSNP+ will be scaled up through the Household Asset Building Program (HABP).

Moving the Resilience Agenda ForwardFacilitate and promote political will to adopt approaches that are different that the pastAgree on common objectives across agencies regarding building resilienceAddress immediate needs and longer-term development objectives simultaneouslySeek consensus on contextually appropriate frameworks for resiliencepromote greater investment in resource poor environments by creating direct and indirect investment incentives for the private sectorCluster investments in social protection, disaster risk reduction, climate change adaption and market linkages in the same geographical areas