Enlightenment Ideas Spread

Map of Enlightenment

Paris

Paris, France, was the heart of the Enlightenment movement in Europe.

Many philosophers flocked to Paris to exchange ideas about society, economics, politics.

They challenged traditional, outdated, stale beliefs.

Philosophers wanted to change the established way of doing things.

Philosphers

Philosophers deemed ideas in the Age of Reason to be outdated, unscientific, and irrational. A just society should teach social justice and happiness for all instead of continuing illogical traditions.

Censorship

� Governments and church disapproved of philosophe writings because they contradicted traditional teachings and way of life.

� Church and government censored (restricted) new ideas

� Church and government banned and burned books that contained new ideas about society

� Writers were imprisoned

� Many writers disguised their ideas in fictional novels

� Educated readers realized they were really reading about the philosophe’s ideas

Salons

� Informal social gathering spots

� Ideas exchanged among writers, artists, philosophes, etc.

� Salons developed in Paris

� Noblewomen invited friends to homes for poetry readings

� Philosophes held intellectual discussions on numerous topics – society, economics, politics

Art and Literature Reflected New Ideas About European Society

Baroque Art

� Huge, colorful paintings, full of excitement

� Glorified historical battles or lives of saints

� Age of Louis XIV (French king)

CaravaggioSupper at Emmaus

CaravaggioThe Decapitation of St. John the Baptist

CaravaggioThe Sacrifice of Isaac

Peter Paul RubensDaniel in the Lion’s Den

Peter Paul RubenThe Descent From the Cross

Peter Paul RubenThe Garden of Love

Rococo

� Less religious themes

� Lighter, splendid, and charming

� Associated with reign of Louis XV-popular in France

� Encouraged imagination

� Painters showed subjects in rural settings surrounded by happy servants and pets

� Too superficial for the philosophes but well liked by upper and middle classes

Francois BoucherAllegory of Painting

Francois BoucherPastoral Setting

Francois BoucherShepherd Boy Playing Bagpipes

Jean-Honoré FragonardThe Swing

Antoine WatteauEmbarkation for Cythera

Music

� Classical music developed

� Ballets and operas

� Music became more affordable for middle classes

Johann Sebastian Bach

� Master composer

� Religious compositions for organ and choirs

� Wrote pieces for sonatas and harpsichord

J.S. Bach

George Friedrich Handel

� Composed Water Music

� Messiah – often performed during Christmas and Easter

George Friedrich Handel

Franz Joseph Haydn

� Important figure in development of classical music

� Developed music for symphony and string quartet

Franz Joseph Haydn(1732-1809)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart� Performed operas, symphonies, and emotional

religious music

� Died at 35

� Produced enormous amount of music during his short lifetime

W.A. Mozart(1756-1791)

Enlightened Despots

� Philosophes tried to convince ruling monarchs to accept their reformist ideas

� Some rulers rejected ideas of philosophes

� Rulers who did accept the ideas were called enlightened despots

� Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who used their power to make political and social change

Frederick IIaka Frederick the Great

� Absolute ruler of Prussia who accepted Enlightenment ideas

� Reduced torture and allowed free press

� Desired to make Prussia more efficient

� Reorganized government’s civil service and laws

� Tolerated religious differences; welcomed victims of religious persecution

Catherine the Great

� Empress of Russia

� Believed in Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty

� Made limited reforms

� Abolished torture

� Established religious tolerance

� Gave nobles a charter of rights

� Criticized serfdom

Maria Theresa

� Empress of Habsburg Empire (Austria)

� Worked to improve peasants’ way of life

� Considered to be an enlightened despot

Joseph II

� Son of Maria Theresa

� Eager student of Enlightenment

� Traveled throughout the countryside in disguise to learn problems of his people

� Supported religious equality for Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire

Joseph II

� He ended censorship; allowed free press

� Tried to bring Catholic Church under royal control

� Sold property of monasteries to care for the sick

� Abolished serfdom (a servant or laborer of olden times who was treated as part of the land worked on and went along with the land if it was sold)

Homework Assignment

� Review the following questions on the next slide.

� Write your answers on a sheet of paper.

� We will grade your responses in red pen tomorrow in class.

Powerpoint Questions

� 1. What is censorship? What were censored?

� 2. Where did philosophes discuss issues?� 3. What city was the heart of the Enlightenment?

� 4. Who was an enlightened despot?

� 5. What did Catherine the Great 1) abolish and 2) establish in Russia?

� 6. What reforms did Joseph II make to his kingdom? (6 points)

The End