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Remote Sensing Section

EnMAP

Environmental Mapping and

Analysis Program

Kaufmann et al., 2005GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam

[email protected]

4th ESA Chris Proba Workshop ESA-ESRIN Frascat, Italy


Introduction

In 2003 DLR-Agency started a selection process for a future Earth observation mission

9 different missions have been proposed

2 proposals have been selected for a phase A study:EnMAP: Hyperspectral Mission

TanDEM-X: SAR Interferometry Mission

Phase A study for EnMAP accomplished end of 2005, URD and MRD provided

Both proposed missions have been selected for implementationFinancial budget for EnMAP => € 65 Mio (Instrument + Bus + Launcher)

Start of phase B for EnMAP in October 2006

Envisaged launch date for EnMAP end of 2010

Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program

Overall Mission Goals

To provide high-spectral resolution observations of bio-geochemical and geophysical variables

To observe and develop a wide range of ecosystem parametersencompassing agriculture, forestry, soil/geological environments and coastal zones/inland waters

To enable the retrieval of presently undetectable, quantitative diagnostic parameters needed by the user community

To provide high-quality calibrated data and data products to be used as inputs for improved modeling and understanding of biospheric/geospheric processes


Multi- versus Hyper-spectral / Potentials

Makhtesh Ramoncolor composite of bands 1, 20, 48

N

appr. 1 km

chlorite

alunite

dolomitecalcite

kaolinite

gypsum

Hyper-spectral

Contiguous bands• maximum identification• increased classification

accuracy• high confidence

Few fixed bands• minimum identification• field knowledge and lab-

analysis required• low confidence

Multi-spectral


Identification/Quantification => Diagnosis

2.0 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.3540

50

60

70

80

90

100

D = 1 - Rmin / Rc

Rc

Rmin

Wavelength in microns

Ref

lect

ance

[%]

kaolinite

Individual Absorptionsof pigments, minerals, man made objects

Shape

Position

Depth Quantification

Identification

Each material on the Earth´s surface has a unique spectral characteristic


Simulation Approach (SWIR-Range)

Simulation parameters:

1950 nm - 2450 nm

510 spectra of 51 minerals

Six different bandwidth: 5,10,15,20,30,50 (FWHM)

All possible band centrings (steps of 1 nm)

Noise Model 50, 100, 200 (SNR)

780 spectral libraries – 23409 spectra each

Classifier: Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF)Reduction of feature depth to simulate exposed natural surfaces


Simulations for opt. Band Design & SNR

MODTRAN

full resolutionfield spectrum

full resolutionradiance

resampled radiance

SpectralResponseFunction

SNR 200

SNR 100

SNR 50

retrieved EnMAPspectra

resampledfield spectrum

noisy resampledradiance

Noise ModelMODTRANSpectralResponseFunction


SWIR - Results for Detectability of Minerals

Results of detectability calculations

Final results indicating optimumdetectability at 10-15 nm forSNR ~150:1 and nearly indepen-dent from centering position

Model for increasing SNR at increasing FWHM


Spectral Requirements

SpectralSamplinginterval

SpectralBandwidth

(FWHM)

Number ofBands

(total of 218)

VNIR-range

I 420 nm - 500 nm 10 nm 10 ± 1 nm 8

II 500 nm - 850 nm 5/10 nm 5/10 ± 1 nm * 70/35

III 850 nm - 1030 nm 10 nm 10 ± 1 nm 18

SWIR-range

Ia 950 nm - 1390 nm 10 nm 10 ± 1 nm 44

Ib 1480 nm - 1760 nm 10 nm 10 ± 1 nm 28

II 1950 nm - 2450 nm 10 nm 10 ± 1 nm 50* Water/Land Mode


VNIR Detector Trade-off

Investigations and meetings with manufacturers like E2V (UK) / Atmel (F) / Dalsa (NL) / Fillfactory (B) / Fairchild + Rockwell (USA)

Simulations have shown non-compliances in Frame Rate / Quantum Efficiency / Full Well Capacity / Noise / Pixel Size

off-the-shelf detector for EnMAP VNIR wavelength is not available

Customized arrays from E2V and Fairchild can provide sufficient SNR performance (1024 x 512, 24 µm pixels, on-chip binning by 2, 8 output channels

227 Hz frame rate)

E2V : known ESA/DLR supplier (+), existing technology (+), lower margin (-)

Fairchild : best performance (+), relative new technology under development (-)

E2V detector chosen as baseline


SWIR Detector Trade-offFirst choice of state-of-the-art detector materials :

MCT (Mercury Cadmium Telluride, HgCdTe)

Consultations of major manufacturers for scientific imaging : AIM (D) / Sofradir (F) / Rockwell (USA) / XenICs (B)

Simulations :Sofradir detector meets EnMAP requirements with low marginAIM (current GENSIS development) shows best performance

Sofradir : known ESA/DLR supplier (+), existing technology (+), low margin (-)

AIM : best performance (+), Integrated Detector & Cooler Assy (IDCA, +)German supplier, dedicated technology development under DLR-BO funding (GENSIS)

AIM detector chosen as baseline1024 x 256, 24 µm pixels, 8 output channels 227 Hz frame rate


Sensor Parameters

Requirements

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at 30% reflectance; 30°sun zenith angle; visibility 21 km; target 500 m a.s.l.

VNIR: > 500:1 (at 495 nm)SWIR: > 150:1 (at 2200 nm)

Spectral calibration accuracy 0.5 nm

Spectral stability 0.5 nm

Geometric co-registration ≤ 0.2 x GSD

Data Rate / Mass Memory 860 Mbit/s / 512 Gbit

Weight 170 kg (780 kg incl. bus)

Swath length (at least) 1000 km /orbit; 5000 km /day

Radiometric calibration accuracy < 5 %

Quantification / Radiometric stability 14 bit / < 2.5 %

Spectral smile/keystone effect < 20 % of detector element

Ground sampling distance (GSD) 30 m x 30 m (at nadir; sea l.)

Swath width 30 km


Orbit Parameters

RequirementsCoverage Global coverage in near nadir mode (≤ 5°);

Polar caps may be excludedRepeat cycle 23 daysPointing capability ± 30o cross-track pointingTarget revisit time 4 days with pointing capability

Pointing knowledge 100 m at sea level

Orbital period ca. 98 minutesOrbit inclination 97.96°

Local crossing time 11.00 hrs ± 15 min

Orbit altitude 643 km


EnMAP Instrument Architecture

SAR-Lupe Bus design heritage


Science Program / Fields of Applications

management of agricultural

and forest ecosystems

hazardassessment

parameterextractionand modeling

Co-operative Network

GFZ – DLR

EnMAPurbandevelop-ment

inland waterARES

dry-landdegradation


ARES – Aircraft SupportScan Principle Whisk-BroomFOV 65°IFOV 2.0 mradOversampling 1.43GSD 2.5 m - 10 m No. of Pixel 813 No. of Bands 151 (121+30)Rad. Resolution 14 bitCo-Registr. (refl.) < 0.05 pixelCo-Registr. (em.) < 0.05 pixelCo-Registr. (refl. - em.) < 0.10 pixel

Wavelengths No. of Spec. Sampl. Band-Width Rad. RequirementsBands Interval (FWHM) [W m-2 sr-1 µm-1]

470 - 890 nm 32 15-13 nm 15-13 nm 0.09 NER890 - 1350 nm 29 18-16 nm 16-14 nm 0.04 NER

1360 - 1800 nm 30 16-14 nm 14-13 nm 0.03 NER2020 - 2420 nm 30 15-13 nm 14-12 nm 0.02 NER

8.1 - 12.1 µm 30 147-131 nm 130-117 nm 0.1-0.3K NE∆T


Interested Parties

Agriculture/Forestry Biodiversity Ecology Wetlands Climate Change Water Soils/Landdegradation Geology/Mineralogy Arid Zones Cartography Urban Fisheries Meth. Development Cal./Val.

Germany Canada India Spain France Australia USA Netherlands Israel China South Africa Poland Italia New Zealand Sweden Switzerland Hungary Finland DenmarkParticipating Countries

Represented Disciplines


EnMAP - Project Structure

Scientific PI(GFZ)

Science Team

Space Segment(Industry PI)

Commercial Service Element

(Value Adder)

Mission Operation Segment (MOS)

(RB-MB)

Ground Segment(DLR)

Project Management(DLR Agency)

Instrument Operations Support (IOS)

(IMF-AP)

Payload Ground Segment (PGS)

(DFD-BI)

Processing and Cal/Val (PCV)

(IMF-PB)

Mission Advisory Board


Final Remarks

The EnMAP mission as presented is

a purely national financed solution starting into phase B in 10/06

fully compliant with the DLR AO

fully compliant with the requirements according to the EnMAPUser Requirements Document (URD) elaborated in phase A

feasible with the allocated financial budget

operated by DLR-GSOC (German Space Operations Center) and DLR-DFD (Deutsches Fernerkundungs-Datenzentrum)

open for international partnerships with respect to data utilization and data downlink and may include the operation of additional international ground stations


Thanks for you patience

Contact:http://www.gfz-potsdam.de

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