environmental assessment for tamil nadu rural...
TRANSCRIPT
Environmental Assessment for Tamil Nadu Rural
Transformation Project Report
Rural Development & Panchayat Raj Department
Government of Tamil Nadu
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Volume 1
Environmental Assessment (EA)
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACU Adult Cattle Unit
AHVS Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services
CAA Coastal Aquaculture Authority
CBO Community Based Organization
CEE Centre for Environment Education
CLG Common Livelihood Group
CP Community Professional
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone
DDS District Diagnostic Study
DIC District Industries Centre
DPSIR Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response
EA Environmental Appraisal
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environment Management Plan
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EG Environmental Guidelines
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESI Environmental Sustainability Index
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FFDA Fish Farmers Development Agency
FSI Forest Survey of India
FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
HTL High Tide Line
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IFMR Institute for Financial Management and Research
INM Integrated Nutrient Management
LTL Low Tide Line
MCM Million Cubic Meters
MFP Minor Forest Produces
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MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MT Metric Tonnes
NBR Niligiri Biosphere Reserve
NTFP Non Timber Forest Produce
NP National Parks
OP Operational Policy
PCB Pollution Control Board
PDO Project Development Objective
PGP Participatory Growth Plan
PWD Public Works Department
SHG Self Help Group
SSFE Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises
TNEPRP TamilNadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Programme
TNRTM Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Marketplace
TNRTP Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project
TOF Trees Outside Forests
TMC Thousand Million Cubic
SRI System of Rice Intensification
VCA Value Chain Analysis
WHO World Health Organisation
WLS Wild Life Sanctuary
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Contents: Chapter 1
1. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) 10
1.1. Background of the project 10
1.2. Project Components 11
1.2.1. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion 11
1.2.2. Component 2: Enterprise Business Plan Financing and Innovations: 11
1.2.3. Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities 12
1.2.4. Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation
Support Systems 12
1.3 Environmental Assessment 13
1.3.1. Applicability of Environmental safeguards to TNRTP 13
1.3.2 Methodology for EA and ESMF 14
1.4. Overview of the EA Report 15
Chapter 2 2.1 Geography of Tamil Nadu 16
2.2 Agriculture 18
2.2.1. Agro-climatic Zone Profile 19
2.3. Current Trends in Agriculture 21
2.4. Current challenges for the Agriculture sector 23
2.5. Animal Husbandry and Dairying 25
2.6 Fisheries 30
2.7. Forest 31
2.7.1 Forest covers 31
2.7.2. Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises (SSFE) in Tamil Nadu 32
2.7.3 Protected Areas 33
2.7.4 Challenges in Forestry sector 35
2.8. Water Resources 37
2.9 Industrial Profile 40
2.10 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) for the District of Tamil Nadu 41 Chapter 3 Legal and Regulatory Framework for ESMF 44 Chapter 4 Identifcation of key risks and mitigation measures 63 4.1 Environmental Guidelines for Agriculture Value Chains 63 4.2 Environmental Guidelines for Livestock Value Chains 66
4.3 Environmental Guidelines for Enterprises 69
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List of Tables:
1. Table 1.1 Applicability of Environmental Safeguards to TNRTP 13
2. Table 2.1 Key features of the state 17
3. Table 2.2 Agro climatic Zones and Types of soil - District covered 19
4. Table 2.3 Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade 21
5. Table 2.4 The Area and Production of horticultural crops during 2010-11 22
6. Table 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Population (As per 19th Livestock Census 2012) 26
7. Table 2.6 Dairy Development 2013-14 (Nos) 26
8. Table 2.7 Availability, requirement and surplus/deficit of green fodder in
Tamil Nadu (2010) 28
9. Table 2.8 Marine Fisheries Statistics- 2013-14 30
10. Table 2.9 An Overview of Inland Fisheries Sector 30
11. Table 2.10: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil Nadu 32
12. Table 2.11 List of Protected areas in Tamil Nadu 34
13. Table 2.12 Overall supply of wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m) 36
14. Table 2.13 Overall demand for wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m) 37
15. Table 2.14 Drought Prone TNRTP Blocks 39
16. Table 2.15 MSME Registration criteria 40
17. Table 2.16 Classification of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu (2012-13) - TNRTP districts 41
18. Table 2.17 ESI for the TNRTP Districts 42
19. Table 3.1 Legal and Regulatory Framework applicable for TNRTP 45
20. Table 4.1: Agriculture Commodity Value Chains: Environmental issues and best
Practices in Interventions for Productivity enhancement, Storage, Processing etc 63
21. Table 4.2 Potential Environmental / Social issues in the Paddy value chain 64
22. Table 4.3 PotentialEnvironmental / Social issues in Pepper 66
23. Table 4.4 Potential Environmental / Soical issues in the Dairy value chain 66
24. Table 4.5 Goat Rearing: Potential Environmental/ Social issues 68
25. Table 4.6 Slaughter House: Potential Environmental / Social issues 68
26. Table 4.7 List of Farm and Non Farm Enterprises 69
27. Table 4.8 Potential Environmental / Social issues in farm based food product
preparation 70
28. Table 4.9 Potential Environmental / Social issues in food product preparation 71
29. Table 4.10 Potential Environmental / Social issues in oil extraction 72
30. Table 4.11 Potential Environmental / Social issues forest based enterprises 72
31. Table 4.12 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in nonfarm based enterprises 73
32. Table 4.13 Potential Environmental / Social issues in Garment Stitching process 74
33. Table 4.14 Potential Environmental / Social issues for Handlooms, handicrafts,
basket making, paper plates and paper 75
34. Table 4.15 Potential Environmental / Social issues in Granite Quarry 75
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List of Figures
1. Fig 2.1 Tamil Nadu – District Map 16
2. Fig 2.2 Trends of net sown area and area under irrigation in 2001-02 to 2010-11 18
3. Fig 2.3 Agro Climatic Zones of TN 19
4. Fig 2.4 Soil Fertility Maps 20
5. Fig 2.5 Irrigation source of Tamil Nadu 21
6. Fig 2.6 The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu 22
7. Fig 2.7 Trends in Livestock population 24
8. Fig 2.8 Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu 27
9. Fig 2.9 Forest Cover 31
10. Fig 2.10 Tamil Nadu River Basin Map 37
11. Fig 2.11 Status of TNRTP blocks based on Groundwater 38
12. Fig 2.12 ESI for the districts of Tamil Nadu 41
13. Fig 2.13 Comparison of districts across DPSIR components 43
List of Annexures
Annexure 1 List of Tamil Nadu Sustainable Rural Transformation Project
(TNRTP) Blocks
Annexure 2 List of activities field visited
Annexure 3 Categorization of blocks based on the assessment of dynamic
groundwater resources
Annexure 4 District Fact Sheet
Annexure 5 District- wise Identified Potential Industrial Opportunities
Annexure 6 Regulatory Requirements List
Annexure 7 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – Listed species
Annexure 8 Procedures for obtaining Consent of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
Consent to Establish
Annexure 9 List of Red, Orange, Green and White category Industries as per PCB Directions
Annexure 10 Food colors, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and
processing units
Annexure 11 List of Prohibited Dyes: List of 42 Benzidine based Dyes Prohibited From 1993
Annexure 12 List of chemicals with quantities for application of Public Liability Insurance Act
Annexure 13 List of Rivers, Streams, Reservoirs, etc where industries causing water pollution is
not permitted
Annexure 14 The WHO classification of pesticides by hazard
Annexure 15 Summary of stakeholder consultation workshop
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Executive Summary
Introduction The Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP), supported by the World Bank, aims at supporting project outcomes with Tamil Nadu state’s Vision 2030 and leverage opportunities for rural transformation. The project’s focus will contribute to the following seven areas of strategic engagement, namely: i) Enterprise Promotion; ii) Creating Job Opportunities; iii) Value Chain Based Approach; iv) Convergence with existing skills training programs; v) Public-Private Partnerships; vi) Leveraging the strength of existing Community Based Organizations, and vii) Investment driven by market opportunities and by community-centric investment plans. The Project Development Objective is to “promote rural enterprises, access to finance and employment opportunities in 120 blocks of Tamil Nadu”. TNRTP will be operational in 26 districts specifically focusing on 120 blocks, and 3994 village panchayats of Tamil Nadu (Annexure 1). The project has the 4 following components and sub-components:
Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion
Sub-Components:
1.1) Inclusive Strategic Analytics and Planning
1.2) Business Development Support Services
1.3) Enterprise Promotion and Value Chain strengthening
Component 2: Business Plans Financing and Innovations
Sub-Components:
2.1) Facilitating Business Plan Financing;
2.2) Innovation Promotion
Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities
Sub-Components:
3.1) Pre and Post training Services to Enhance Employment outcomes
3.2) Community- based training and skilling provision
3.3) Upgrading skills in prioritized value chains
Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation Support
Systems
Environment Assessment Study As per the requirement of the World Bank an Environmental Assessment (EA) study of the project was undertaken by the Rural Development and Panchayathi Raj Deraprtment with the support of Centre for Environment Education (CEE). The objective of the study was to understand environmental implications of project activities, and to define remedial measures to
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mitigate any negative impacts, and to understand the compliance requirements with the national and state legal and regulatory framework and the World Bank Operational Policies. The environment assessment study identified the following key potential environmental issues related to the project interventions.
Possible over-exploitation of resources such as soil, water, ground water, forest products etc.
Agriculture/Horticulture value chains: o Introducing high yielding varieties which could result in loss of indigenous varieties o Increased fertilisation without soil testing, over use of pesticides can have negative
impact on soil, water and biodiversity
Livestock value chains: o Promotion of high yielding breeds/species without fodder/feed management plans
may result in stress on natural resources and failure of the activity o Absence of manure/litter management results in contamination of surrounding
environment
Enterprises: o Possible demand for high use of resources – water, soil, forests, energy etc. o Use of chemical ingredients/alternatives, disposal of wastes etc. when not aligned
with the required standards may result in health hazards to the workers, neighboring communities and consumers.
o Setting up mills, processing units and storage facilities will need high energy and water and may release toxic wastes to the environment
o Possibility of issues related to worker safety, occupational health hazards etc. o Improper siting and operation and maintenance may result in pollution of the
surrounding environment Based on the likely impact, the project triggers the following Safeguard Policies of the World Bank: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Forests (OP 4.36); Natural habitats (OP 4.04) and Pest Management (OP 4.09).
Environmental safeguards are applicable to the following components of TNRTP. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion; Component 2: Enterprise Business Plans Financing and Innovations and Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities. Out of these components safeguards are applicable to 5 sub-components of the project, 1.1: Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning; 1.2: Business Development Support Services; 1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening; 2.2: Innovation Promotion and 3.3: Skilling for prioritized value chain
The EA has identified i) applicable legal and regulatory (compliance) requirements to the project interventions ii) the possible environmental implications of the interventions and activities proposed under the project. This volume (Volume I) discussed the results of the EA study whereas Volume II discusses the management framework.
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Chapter 1
1. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP)
1.1. Background of the project The proposed Project Development Objective (PDO) is to ‘promote rural enterprises, access to finance and employment opportunities in 120 blocks of Tamil Nadu’. The project would achieve the project PDO by: i) Creating an enabling environment to promote and strengthen enterprises and creating jobs in targeted areas through identifying market and value-chain strengthening opportunities; ii) mobilizing and aggregating rural producers’ (from SHG households) into producer collectives; iii) enhancing access to finance through development of appropriate financial products and linkages with formal financial institutions; iv) financing of business plans of producer collectives and enterprises linked to value chain opportunities; v) developing an institutional architecture for efficient delivery of business development and financial services; vi) upgrading skills in selected self-employment occupations and enhancing access to wage-employment jobs in growth clusters; and vii) forging partnerships with key stakeholders (public/private/research/academia) and leverage expertise of partners to engage in specific win-win opportunities to ensure sustainability of project initiatives. TNRTP will be operational in 26 districts1 specifically focusing on 120 blocks, and 3994 village panchayats of Tamil Nadu. The project will work with a total of 660,000 targeted households that are mobilized into Self-Help Groups, out of which 6000 Producer Collectives and 1000 Enterprise Groups. The project will support around 7,000 individual entrepreneurs; and 87,000 youth for skills enhancement through convergence with existing government skilling programs. The project implementation will be rolled out in a phased manner, in the first 8 months 26 blocks will be taken up for implementation in all project districts, followed by 52 blocks by end of 12 months and the remaining 42 blocks by the end of 18 months from initiation of project implementation. The key results indicators are:
Percentage of enterprises supported by the project (individual and collective) with ongoing operations (after 2 years of project support);
Percentage of enterprises supported by the project receiving funds from financial institutions (individual and collective);
Beneficiaries engaged in self or wage employment following training facilitated by the project (Number); and
Project direct beneficiaries (Number) of which female beneficiaries (Percentage).
1Districts Names: Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindugul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Karur, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvarur, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, Tiruppur, Trichy, Vellore, Villupuram, and Virudhnagar.
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1.2. Project Components: The project has the 4 following components.
1.2.1. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion:
The main objective of this component is to create an enabling environment for promotion and strengthening of enterprises and job creation. The overall focus of this component is to identify market and value chain development opportunities, support business conditions development in the project areas, and provide informed pathways to effectively and efficiently develop business enterprises. The sub components are:
1.1. Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning. Analytics and Planning will support a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the business ecosystem including agro-climatic and socio-economic aspects in the project areas to contextualize project investments. The subcomponent will identify and prioritize sectors/subsectors/commodities for project interventions and investments through an inclusive strategy and value chain analytical approach, following sequential steps that includes (i) District Diagnostic Study (DDS) - robust analysis at the district level to identify the major commodity/sub-sectors (ii) Value-Chain Analysis (VCA) studies at the State level for selected prioritized commodities and subsectors; (iii) Participatory Growth Plans (PGP).
1.2: Business Development Support Services. The objective of this sub-component is “to develop appropriate institutions and mechanism for business development support services to the enterprises in initiating, managing and successfully running the businesses”. This will support the producer collectives and enterprises under the project to (i) scope enterprise promotion including business plan development, and (ii) bridge critical gaps in accessing business development services, technology and skills; acquiring required legal licenses and formalities; and securing finance.
1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening. This component will promote individual and collective enterprises (including producer collectives) for prioritized sub-sectoral value chain activities and enhance their capacity to engage with markets and other stakeholders effectively. Each of these enterprises will be supported to enhance production efficiency; establish a predictable inputs infrastructure; mobilize credit from financial institutions and converge with government schemes; and integrate with markets on profitable terms.
1. 2.2. Component 2: Enterprise Business Plan Financing and Innovations:
The main objective of this component is to promote producer collectives and individual enterprises for taking up economic activities linked to the value-chain opportunities. The component has sub components.
2.1: Facilitating Business Plan Financing This sub-component will promote their linkages with the formal financial sector. The sub-component will cover both: financial instruments, as well as capacity building, training and technical assistance to the participating financial institutions. 2.2: Innovation Promotion
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This sub-component will contribute to the design, promotion, and implementation of transformational ideas that use technology, innovation, and partnerships to tackle development challenges in Tamil Nadu. The sub-component will consist of the following interventions: a) Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Marketplace (TNRTM), which will create a platform to identify, showcase and celebrate innovations related to themes that have the potential to impact rural economic growth in Tamil Nadu, b) Pilot Projects – Induced Thematic Innovations, which will focus on the piloting of three concepts that are independent, yet consciously induced by the project, and are guided by global and national knowledge, experiences, and best practices. The sub-component will consist of three major pilots, which are: i)Agri Food Hub, with the objective to promote the agri-food sector in Tamil Nadu around an economically viable and scalable food system model that promotes economic empowerment and preserves the environment;(ii)Green enterprise, with the objective to support the development of a locally owned franchise to manufacture eco-friendly and affordable sanitary napkins; and (iii)Tribal Handicrafts in Nilgiris, with the objective to identify potential enterprises that can be taken up, demonstrated as pilots, through focused technical assistance support.
1.2.3. Component 3 – Skills and Job Opportunities:
The objective is to create sustainable job opportunities through skilling, and enhance job placement through convergence and private sector interface, with specific strategies to include female youth. The sub components are
3.1: Pre & Post training services to enhance employment outcomes.
The objective of this subcomponent is to enhance access to and outcomes for youth from poor target households from training provision through existing flagship government skills training programs. 3.2: Community Based Training and Skilling provision The objective of this sub-component is to enhance access of target households to skills training in locally relevant sub-sectors. 3.3: Upgrading skills in prioritized value chains. This objective of this subcomponent is to enhance skills of three sets of actors – service providers, entrepreneurs and producer households - in focus value chains such as horticulture, leading to enhanced income and employment outcomes in these value chains.
1. 2.4. Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation
Support Systems
The objective of this component is to provide support services (Knowledge Management, Monitoring & Evaluation, Financial Management, Procurement, Social and Environmental Safeguards Management, Human Resource Management and Information, Communication Technology- ICT and Safeguard Management) to the project staff to achieve the objective of the project. The sub-components are 4.1: Implementation Support Systems: Human Resource, Financial Management, Procurement, Safeguards and ICT 4.2: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Redressal This sub component represents a core component in the implementation of TNRTP. 4.3: Knowledge, Communication and Learning Systems
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The aim of this sub-component is create a knowledge management and learning system which will ensure gathering, codifying and disseminating knowledge.
1.3 Environmental Assessment
The World Bank’s policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The principal objectives of the EA are:
To understand the environmental status in the project districts (baselines)
To identify potential environmental impacts of the activities undertaken through the project.
To identify the legal and regulatory (compliance requirements) for the project
To identify the scope for green enterprises An Environment Assessment study was undertaken and an Environment and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) was developed for the TNRTP to ensure that the project interventions are
environmentally sustainable and are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and
policies of the Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and triggered safeguard
policies of the World Bank.
1.3.1. Applicability of Environmental safeguards to TNRTP
Environmental Safeguards are applicable to three components and five subcomponents of TNRTP. Details are depicted in the table below:
Table 1.1 Applicability of Environmental Safeguards to TNRTP
TNRTP Components Environmental Implications
Component 1 Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion
1.1: Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning
Integrations of environmental aspects like status of natural resources, key environmental issues related to the value chainsand enterprises, opportunities for green enterprises etc. into the district diagnostic studies, value chain analysis etc.
1.2: Business Development Support Services.
One stop shop which will offer services to the enterprises provides necessary inputs to ensure compliance, Environmental Guidelines (EG) and Greening opportunities.
1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening
Convergence with Government Programs and Schemes; Private Sector Partnerships and Tie-ups with Technical and Financial institutions for greening interventions. Required consents on ESMF like from PCB and others will be availed
Component 2: Business Plans Financing and Innovations
2.2: Innovation Promotion Thematic Innovation to promote Green Enterprises. This will increase the environmental benefit through the innovative solution.
Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities
3.3: Upgrading Skills in prioritized value chain
Skill up gradation measures to include green skills.
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1.3.2 Methodology for EA:
An environmental assessment study was undertaken by the CEE for the TNRTP. The study aims at understanding the environmental conditions, relevant policies and regulations; potential environmenta issues that could arise due to project interventions which would help in preparing an Environment and Social Management Framewirk (ESMF) Plan. The scope of the study is detailed below;
To study the environmental scenario for understanding the current state of environment in the 26 selected districts of Tamil Nadu in the context of the enterprises and production interventions,
Identifying the possible environmental impacts due to prject interventions
Identifying applicable legal and regulatory framework The adopted methodology to do EA and develop the ESMF included:
Secondary data collection and review: Both quantitative and qualitative information were collected from government departments, World Bank documents, SHGs/ CLGs, producer groups, and so on. Also this included lessons learnt from the experience of implementation of TNEPRP.
Review of legal and regulatory systems: A comprehensive assessment of the relevant laws, regulations, and policies of the government of India and government of Tamil Nadu relevant to the project was carried out.
Field visits and Meetings with expertise: The Field Visits were conducted in six sample districts (Coimbatore, Salem, Namakkal, Kanchipuram, Vellore and Thoothukudi) with SHGs/ CLGs (Details enclosed as Annexure 2). And meetings were held with the NGOs, Research Institutes and Line Departments to solicit their comments and suggestions on the the environmental impacts, legal requirements and mitigation measures. These included interactive sessions with Care Earth, IFMR, and Institute for Energy studies, Anna University, Climate Change Cell of Department of Environment.
Stakeholder consultation: A workshop to share the findigs of EA and ESMF and to invite inputs for its’ strengthening was organized on 30 March 2017. The minutes of this workshop are provided in Annexure 15.
The EA report is developed based on the initial assessment study. However the document may need updation after the project inception once the analytics and planning is completed and investments on commodities, type of enterprises etc. are clear.
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1.4. Overview of the EA Report:
The structure of the report in each Volume is as follows:
Volume 1: Chapter 1, this chapter provides an overview of the Objectives and components of TNRTP. Chapter 2, provides the Environmental baseline of the state and project districts Chapter 3, provides legal and regulatory framework that is applicable to the project activities Chapter 4, furnishes the Key Risks indentified Volume 2: Chapter 1 discusses applicability of ESMF to project components and provides the Environment Guidelines for the Enterprises and Value chains Chapter 2 presents strategy for the promotion of Green Enterprises on the theme “Eco friendly/ biodegradable Menstrual Health Products Chapter 3 provides the Implementation arrangements for Environment Management Framework.
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Chapter 2
Environmental Baseline
2.1 Geography of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is situated on the eastern side of the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula at North Latitude between 8º5' and 13º35' and East Longitude between 76º15' and 80º20'. It has an area of 130058 sq km. It has long coast line with Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean and is bounded by Andhra Pradesh in the north, south-west with Kerala and north-west with Karnataka.
Tamil Nadu is bordered by Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the northwest, Andhra Pradesh to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari), the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean is located in Tamil Nadu.
The western, southern and the north-western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. Tamil Nadu is the only state in India which has both the Western Ghat and the Eastern Ghat mountain ranges which both meet at the Nilgiri hills. The Western Ghats dominate the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the South West Monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains. The northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south-central regions are arid plains.
Fig 2.1 Tamil Nadu – District Map
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Climatic Characteristics: Tamil Nadu is heavily dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone to droughts when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The state has distinct periods of rainfall, which are the advancing monsoon period, South-west monsoon (from June to September) with strong southwest winds, the North- east monsoon (from October to December), with dominant northeast winds, and the Dry season (from January to May). The normal annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in), of which 48% is through the North East monsoon, and 32% through the South West monsoon. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought.
Socio Economic Profile: Tamil Nadu State has been divided into thirty two districts and each district has further been divided into number of Blocks for effective administrative control. The total population of Tamil Nadu as per Census, 2011 was 72.1 million which 5.96% of India’s population is. It is the seventh most densely populated State in India with a population density of 555 persons per sq.km, significantly higher than the Indian average of 382 persons per sq.km (Census of India, 2011). Tamil Nadu the most urbanized State in India with about 48% of its population living in urban areas. The sex ratio in 2011 is estimated to be 987 females per 1000 males, which is well above the national average in 2011.
Table 2.1 Key features of the state
Geographical Area 1,30,058 sq km
Number of Districts (2011) 32
Number of Blocks (2011) 411
Population (2011) 7,21,38,958
Males 3,61,58,871
Females 3,59,80,087
Population Density (2011) 555 per sq. km
Average size of agriculture land holding (2000-01) 0.89 hectare
Sex Ratio ( Females per 1000 Males) (2011 Census) 996
Birth Rate – 2013 15.6
Death rate – 2013 7.3
Infant Mortality Rate – 2013 21
Literacy Rate – 2011 Census 80.09 http://www.tn.gov.in/dept.st/TN at a glance.html
Implications for Environmental Management The massive outreach of the project emphasizes the need for (a) a robust, yet simple management
system for environmental safeguards that can be implemented across 26districts, 120 blocks and
3994 villages.
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2.2 Agriculture Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized and industrialized States in India and only 22 percent of its income comes from the agriculture and allied sectors and the share has shown a declining trend over the years. The sector, which grew at 15.28 percent during 2006-07 declined to -4.46 percent during 2007-08 due to the crop damages caused by natural calamities. However, till date 40 percent of the State population is dependent on this sector for livelihood. Hence the growth in agriculture is important not only to ensure food security, but also for reducing poverty.
In addition to the frequent and recurrent hydro-meteorological events such as droughts, extreme rainfall events and cyclones impacting agriculture in the State, the growth of the sector is constrained by a number of other factors such as reduced availability of water and declining cropped area, which has declined from 33 percent of available land area in 2000-01 to 31 percent of total land area in 2010-11. Further, small land holdings, deterioration in soil health due to depletion of topsoil, decline in organic content, decrease in cropping intensity and shortage of labor besides reluctance to work in the farms, and poor adoption of crop management practices etc. are adding to the already existing pressures on agriculture.
(Source: Statistical Handbook, 2012. Dept of Economics and Statistics, GoTN2)
2 http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf
Fig 2.2 Trends of Net sown area and area under irrigation in 2001-02 to 2010 -11
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Currently, land resources are clearly under stress. A balanced use of organic nutrients, chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers and other agro chemicals will ensure sustainability.
2.2.1. Agro-climatic Zone Profile:
Based on soil characteristics, rainfall distribution, irrigation pattern, cropping pattern and other ecological and social characteristics, the State Tamil Nadu has been classified into seven agro-climatic zones. The following are the seven agro-climatic zones of the State of Tamil Nadu.
Table 2.2 Agro climatic Zones and Types of soil - District covered3 Agro Climatic Zones
Districts covered
Soil types Annual Rainfall
North Eastern Zone
Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Vellore, Villupuram and Tiruvannamalai
Red sandy loam, clay loam, saline coastal-alluvium
1109 mm
North Western Zone
Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Salem and Namakkal (Part)
Non-Calcareousred, non-calcareous brown, calcareous black
849 mm
Western Zone Erode, Coimbatore, Tirupur, Theni, Karur (Part), Namakkal (Part), Dindigul, Perambalur and Ariyalur (Part)
Red loam, black 653.7 mm
Cauvery Delta Zone
Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Trichy and parts of - Karur, Ariyalur, Pudukkottai and Cuddalore
Red loam, alluvium 956.3 mm
Southern Zone
Madurai, Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi
Red loam, alluvium 816.5 mm
High Rainfall Zone
Kanyakumari Saline coastal alluvium, deep red loam
1456mm
High Altitude and Hilly Zone
The Nilgiris and Kodaikanal (Dindigul)
Lateritic 1857 mm
3 Source: http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/sereport/ser/7vgtn/v3_ch3.pdf
Fig 2.3 Agro climatic
Zones of TN
Implications for Environmental Management The agro-climatic diversity of the project area emphasizes the need for locale-specific environmental management.
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Fig 2.4 Soil Fertility Maps
Thoothukudi, Sivagangai and Kanchipuram districts are low in nutrient phosphorous. Nutrient
nitrogen is low in all TNRTP district except Salem, it is medium in Salem. Potassium level is high
and medium in all project districts.
Implications for Environmental Management Soil testing to identify the soil nutrient status (on the
basis of which fertilizer inputs can be planned) is a
critical service needed by farmers – however, access to this
is currently constrained by poor servicing by Government
soil testing labs, low awareness on need for soil testing
and poor skills in sample collection. CBOs can play an
important role in facilitating soil testing by (a) liaison
with soil testing labs for organizing systematic collection
of samples, timely delivery of results and their
interpretation, etc. (b) management of trained Green
CPs who use soil testing kits to deliver basic soil testing
services to farmers. There is a need to promote fertilizer
scheduling based on soil testing and use of organic input.
There is thus a need to promote non-chemical, integrated
pest management in all districts.
21
2.3. Current Trends in Agriculture
In the last decade between 2001-02 and 2010-11, the net sown area was at its peak in 2001-02 in Tamil Nadu, but due to the extreme drought in 2002-2003, the net sown area as well as the total production dipped significantly. Since then the net sown area has not recovered. However, with the increase in the area under assured irrigation from 54 percent of gross sown area in 2001-02 to 58 percent in 2010-11, the production of cereals, pulses, oil seeds etc. are on the path of recovery, and productivity of majority of the crops are on the rise, except a nominal decline in the case of rice and pulses.
Table 2.3 Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade
Crops National Average
State Average – Tamil Nadu
2010-11 (kg/ha) 2001-02 (kg/ha) 2010-11 (kg/ha) Net change (%)
Rice 2177 3196 3039 -4.9
Cholum 916 866 1014 +17.1
Cumbu 1033 1223 1564 +27.9
Ragi 830 1883 2262 +20.1
Maize 2408 1950* 2468 +26.6
Pulses 694 395 386 -2.5
Cotton 2232 - 469 -
Coffee 997 - 107 - Source: Directorate of Economics and statistics
Source of Irrigation: Water is an important determinant factor of production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive and extensive cultivation of land depend mainly on the availability of water. The various sources of irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells, Open wells and springs. The following figure (Fig 2.5) shows the net area irrigated by various sources.
The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu in 2001-02 and 2010-11 is shown in Figure 2.6. Paddy and sugar cane occupying around 57 percent and 9 percent of the gross sown area
26%
18%
14%
42%
0%
Fig 2.5 Irrigation source of Tamil Nadu
Canals Tanks Tube wells Open wells Others
22
in 2010-11 are the most water intensive crops. In fact, 90 percent of the rice in the State is irrigated. The rain-fed rice productivity and sugar productivity are impacted adversely by frequent and continuous failure in monsoon which has implications on the sustainability of their productivity.
Fig 2.6 The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu
Horticulture Since 2005-06, with the impetus received from the National Horticulture Mission of the Government of India, the horticulture production in the State has grown dramatically. The varied agro climatic zones in Tamil Nadu are being appropriately harnessed for maximizing the production of horticultural crops. Between 2006-07 and 2010-11, the vegetable and fruit production has grown by 14 percent. Spices and condiments have grown by 26 percent. Plantation crop production has grown by 45 percent and medicinal and aromatic plant production by 52 percent. The spectacular growth has taken place in flower production which has grown by 450 percent during this period. In fact, Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of flowers in the country4.Technology breakthrough in horticultural crops has improved the quality and yield considerably besides, bringing higher income to the farmers leading to crop diversification. Though the area under horticultural crops is less than one fifth of total cropped area, its share to total agricultural growth has become significantly high. Table 2.4 below gives the actual area and production figure trends during 2010-11. Table 2.4 The Area and Production of horticultural crops during 2014-15
S. No Items National Production (‘000 Tonne)
State (‘000 Tonne)
% of state share to National Production
1 Fruits 88819 8107.4 9.1
2 Vegetables 168300 9584.3 5.7
3 Flowers & Aromatics 3233 395.1 12.2
4 Plantation crops 17131 638.5 3.7
5 Spices 5908 166.0 2.8
Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2015 http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/hortstat_glance%202015.pdf
4 http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/sapcc.html;
http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf
8%
17%
18%
4%
53%
2001-02
Sugarcane
Ground nut
Pulses
Cotton
Paddy
9%
11%
19%
4%
57%
2011-12
Sugarcane
Ground nut
Pulses
Cotton
Paddy
23
2.4. Current challenges for the Agriculture sector
The major challenges of the agriculture sector in the State are related to the issue that 57 percent of the area falls under dry land agriculture (Box 2.1) and there is high dependency on rainfall for irrigation. Inadequate, untimely and polluted irrigation water source cripples production and productivity of crops. Low soil fertility, low level of farm mechanization due to small land holdings, monsoon vagaries and at present, the climate changes has compounded the problem further. With exhausted nutrients and microbes, depleted organic carbon status and humus levels, soil deterioration is unabated. Chemical invasive agriculture, development of sodic and alkaline soils, use of salty water drawn from deeper layers through bore wells adds to further complexities. Shrinking agricultural land mainly due to urbanization and industrialization accompanied by repeated monsoon failures resulting in droughts is a concern for meeting food demand in the State. Though the vision of the State is to move towards farm mechanization for maximizing production, the size of the farm holding continues to survive and currently it is 0.83 ha in Tamil Nadu (Vision Tamil Nadu 2023). The State over the years has become vulnerable to various natural disasters, which is a matter of serious concern to the planners. Agriculture is the predominant occupation in Tamil Nadu and is highly dependent on the endowment of natural resources and environmental conditions. Because of its geographical position under the climate variability situations, agriculture in Tamil Nadu is affected by frequent cyclones; droughts and flood occurrences. Further, the inter-annual variability in the Inter-State river flow affects surface water resources available for irrigated agriculture. Current estimates of Demand and Supply gap of important crops in Tamil Nadu for the year 2010 (estimated by the State Planning Commission) indicated that the State is lagging far behind in the production of various crops. As the production and productivity of crops mainly depend on the climatic conditions that prevail during the growing period, it is important to understand the changes that have happened in the climate and its related impact on agricultural production, and plan agriculture as per the anticipated changes to climate.
24
Box 2.1: Vulnerability of Dryland Agriculture in Tamil Nadu In Tamil Nadu, of the 5.75 million ha of cultivable area, around 3.3 million ha falls under dryland agriculture. Millet crops such as jowar, bajra, maize, ragi and other minor millets; Pulses such as blackgram, red gram, green gram, horse gram and cowpea; Oilseed crops such as groundnut, gingelly, sunflower and castor are best suited for these dry land as they are mostly grown under rainfed conditions. For example, maximum irrigated area is available for ground nut which is 38percent of the gross area. Rest of the crops has only irrigated areas ranging between 1percent to 12percent of gross sown area. As a result the yield gap between irrigated and rainfed conditions for these crops vary between 41percent in Maize to 100percent in Jowar. About 80 percent of the areas under these rainfed crops are grown during Kharif season, specifically during June-July months (South West monsoon period which has lower rainfall than the North East monsoon in Tamilnadu). But uncertainty in production due to fluctuations in total rainfall and changes in its distribution, decrease in relative productivity in rainfed lands affect the livelihoods of poor and marginal farmers. The following points would explain lower yield under dry land of Tamil Nadu:
Less soil moisture due to poor precipitation -annual rainfall less than 500 mm;
Uneven / erratic distribution of rainfall both in spatial and temporal means;
Deterioration in soil health due to depletion of top soils;
Decline in organic matter content;
Death of suitable rainfed varieties;
Low cropping intensity;
Poor adoption of crop management practices;
Adoption of generalized cropping system A special package for climate change adaptation should be developed for rainfed areas for minimizing risk. Steps towards this could include
Integrated farming including crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry and agro forestry; Promotion of homestead gardens supported by nurseries;
Promote farm ponds, legume trees and biogas plants; Farmers participation in selection of thermal and water stress resistant varieties;
Soil test-based INM practices for improving soil health; Improving the seed production mechanism;
Efficient use of water through micro irrigation;
Rain water management;
Introduction of Farm mechanization.
25
2.5. Animal Husbandry and Dairying
The contribution of livestock sector in the year 2010-11 to the Gross State Domestic product at current prices was 2.58 percent and it constitutes 24.80 percent the total agriculture and allied sector (Twelfth Five Year Plan Report of Tamil Nadu). The dairy sector in Tamil Nadu, is mostly in the hands of 2 million marginal and landless farmers.
Fig 2.7 Trends in Livestock population
Source: Statistical Abstract of Tamil Nadu, 2011-12;
http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture
%20.pdf
The livestock population in the State has shown a mixed trend since the census has been carried out in 1951 (Figure 2.7). There has been a substantial dip in cattle and buffalo population from 1982 onwards, and since 2003, it has again started increasing due to the various positive policy decisions on dairy development of the government. During the period from 1997 to 2007, the crossbreed population in Tamil Nadu has increased by 46.61 percent. This is because of the sustained cross
Jersey/ HF (million) Indigenous cattle (million)
26
breeding of poor milk producing indigenous cattle with Jersey / HF breeds. As a result, there has been a reduction in indigenous cattle population by 27.79 percent during this period. Similarly, indigenous buffaloes have decreased by 39.51 percent during the same period. Poultry rearing is also an important activity of the people in the State. Dramatic increase in poultry population has been observed from 1997 onwards as it has been taken up on commercial scale. Reasons like access to good quality chicks, good infrastructure, veterinary health care, access to finance and market, good management practices, proper pricing mechanism, etc. may be attributed to large scale growth in poultry in the State. Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts have large poultry rearing units. Table 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Population (As per 19th Livestock Census 2012)
Livestock and Poultry
Nos
Cow 8814042
Buffaloes 780431
Sheep 4786680
Goat 8143341
Poultry 117348894
Table 2.6 Dairy Development 2013-14 (Nos)
Union Dairies 17
Federation Dairies 4
Milk Chilling Plants 35
Number of Bulk Milk Cooler Units
274
(Source: Dairy Development – Policy Note 2015 -16; India Statistics 20155) Tamil Nadu is known for its native breeds like Kangeyam, Umbalachery, Burghur, Pulikulam, Alambadi and Toda buffalo. They account for 5.07 percent of the total bovine population of the State. The breeds are highly adapted to local agro-climatic conditions and low management practices. The typical characteristics of the breed include high resistance to diseases, tolerance to high temperature, high fertility, adapted to the tropical environment and possess unique ability to survive even with poor quality feed (Figure 2.8). The sheep and goat population have continuously decreased from 1951 onwards, may be due to shrinkage in grazing land, but has registered a surge as per the 2003 and 2007 census. The reasons for the positive trend in goat population may be connected with easier management practices and high remunerative prices for goat meat over other livestock products. In 2009-10 the total milk production in Tamil Nadu was 5.02 million, which increased to 6.83 million tonnes in 2010-11. Among milk producing cows, crossbreeds contribute to 84.27 percent. As per available data, Tamil Nadu contributes 18.27 percent of egg, 8.78 percent of meat and 5.61 percent of milk production in India and stands 2nd in egg and 5th in meat, 8th in milk production in the country (Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services - AHVS Policy note, 2012).
5 http://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/tnataglance.htm#ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
27
Poultry rearing is also an important activity of the people in the State. Dramatic increase in poultry population has been observed from 1997 onwards as it has been taken up on commercial scale. Reasons like access to good quality chicks, good infrastructure, veterinary health care, access to finance and market, good management practices, and updated knowledge on par with global level, proper pricing mechanism, etc. may be attributed to large scale growth in poultry in the State, making it a front runner in the Indian poultry industry. Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts have large poultry rearing units. In Tamil Nadu, the most popular country breed is Aseel as quarrel hen. This species is grown for quarrel. Moreover, kirappukkoli, karunkalikkoli, kontaikkoli, kuruvukkoli species grown in the villages for meat and eggs. Such country chickens when reared under deep mulching or cage system through the integrated farming system, farmers will get more profit. The State is placed between eighth to ninth position in the country in overall milk production in the last 10 years. Cross breeds contribute 72.16 percent of total milk production in the State. Milk procurement and distribution in the State is managed by 17 government cooperatives and also by private players. Services such as mechanization, appropriate selection of animal, provided for animal shelter, making available fodder and veterinary services, procurement of milk, training to farmers and financial tie ups with banks, insurance and use of advance technologies for value addition etc. have helped the sector to grow in the recent years.
Fig 2.8 Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu
28
Green Fodder Availability: Total availability of green fodder in the State was 328.60 lakh tons, of which the largest amount was produced in Erode district (111.76 lakh tons), followed by Namakkal, Villupuram, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Karur, Cuddalore and Dindigul districts in that order (with 21.11, 17.97, 14.23, 13.35, 12.20, 11.39 and 11.35 lakh tons, respectively). These leading districts in green fodder production are located in north and western parts of the State, with all the districts in east and southern parts of the State faring poorly. The total green fodder required for the livestock in the State estimated based on them rule of 2.5% of dry matter per 100 kg was 297.34 lakh tons. As requirement is based on the livestock population, Villupuram, Salem and Erode districts, owing to their huge livestock wealth, required 22.48, 21.51 and 18.54 lakh tons of green fodder, respectively. Vellore, Tirunelveli, Thiruvannamalai, Thanjavur and Kanchipuram districts needed larger amounts of green fodder due to their impressive livestock wealth. The availability (328.60 lakh tons) and requirement (297.34 lakh tons) of green fodder indicated that there was a surplus of green fodder by 31.26 lakh tons in the State. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands All grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures or meadows are considered as Permanent pastures and other grazing lands. Village common and grazing lands within forested area are included under this category. An extent of 110309 ha or 0.8% of the geographical area of the state falls under this category. The extent under this category was the highest in Kanchipuram district with 18328 ha (16.6%) followed by Karur district with 10801 ha (9.8%). Table 2.7 Availability, requirement and surplus/deficit of green fodder in Tamil Nadu (2010)6
Districts
Green Fodder availability in lakh tons
Livestock population in lakh ACUs
Green fodder requirement in lakh tons
Surplus/deficit of green fodder in tons per annum
All livestock Per ACU
Districts of severe deficit
Thiruvarur 0.93 2.38 8.67 -7.74 -3.26
Nagapattinam 2.35 2.49 9.09 -6.74 -2.71
Kanchipuram 3.94 3.54 12.93 -8.99 -2.54
Thiruvallur 4.4 2.9 10.59 -6.81 -2.35
Thanjavur 5.09 3.55 12.94 -7.85 -2.21
Kaniyakumari 1.21 0.77 2.8 -1.59 -2.07
Districts of deficit
Thiruchirapalli 6.15 3.08 11.23 -5.08 -1.65
Ramanathapuram 2.32 1.13 4.12 -1.8 -1.6
Pudukottai 5.29 2.57 9.38 -4.09 -1.59
Sivagangai 4.4 2.14 7.8 -3.4 -1.59
Perambalur 5.1 2.25 8.2 -3.1 -1.38
Salem 14.23 5.89 21.51 -7.27 -1.23
6 Green Fodder Availability in Tamil Nadu – A District Wise Analysis. Indian Vet. J., October 2012, 89 (10): 18 - 20
29
Tirunelveli 9.6 3.95 14.41 -4.81 -1.22
Vellore 10.37 3.99 14.57 -4.2 -1.05
Districts of moderate deficit
Krishnagiri 7.14 2.48 9.04 -1.91 -0.77
Villupuram 17.97 6.16 22.48 -4.51 -0.73
Dharmapuri 9.23 3.16 11.54 -2.31 -0.73
Virudhunagar 7.22 2.46 8.99 -1.78 -0.72
Madurai 5.81 1.86 6.8 -0.99 -0.53
Coimbatore 9.97 3.1 11.32 -1.35 -0.43
Districts of moderate sufficiency
Thiruvannamalai 13.35 3.62 13.22 0.13 0.04
Districts of sufficiency
Thoothukudi 6.1 1.54 5.62 0.47 0.31
Cuddalore 11.39 2 9.72 1.67 0.63
Dindigul 11.35 2.51 9.14 2.2 0.88
Districts of Surplus
Namakkal 21.11 3.32 12.12 8.99 2.71
Theni 5.84 0.86 3.14 2.7 3.14
Karur 12.2 1.56 5.68 6.51 4.18
The Nilgiris 3.36 0.41 1.48 1.88 4.63
Districts of Extreme Surplus
Erode 111.76 5.08 18.54 93.21 18.35
State of sufficiency
Tamilnadu 328.6 81.46 297.34 31.22 0.38
Total availability of green fodder in the State was 328.60 lakh tons, of which the largest amount was produced in Erode district (111.76 lakh tons), followed by Namakkal, Villupuram, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Karur, Cuddalore and Dindigul districts in that order. These leading districts in green fodder production are located in north and western parts of the State, with all the districts in east and southern parts of the State faring poorly. The total livestock population of the State was 81.46 lakh ACUs, of which nearly three-fourth (71.72%) was cattle and 18.24% buffaloes, while sheep and goats were almost equal (5%). The total green fodder required for the livestock in the State estimated based on the rule of 2.5% of dry matter per 100 kg bw was 297.34 lakh tons. As requirement is based on the livestock population, Villupuram, Salem and Erode districts, owing to their huge livestock wealth, required 22.48, 21.51 and 18.54 lakh tons of green fodder, respectively. Vellore, Tirunelveli, Thiruvannamalai, Thanjavur and Kancheepuram districts needed larger amounts of green fodder due to their impressive livestock wealth. The availability (328.60 lakh tons) and requirement (297.34 lakh tons) of green fodder indicated that there was a surplus of green fodder by 31.26 lakh tons in the State.
Implications for Environmental Management It is important that all livestock activities in the project is released as part of a package that also includes fodder
cultivation and/or better fodder management practices – both at the individual household as well as at the
group/federation levels. It is also necessary for periodic monitoring of cumulative impacts to ensure that the growth in
the livestock population does not happen without appropriate fodder management.
30
2.6 Fisheries
Fishery resources of Tamil Nadu are categorized as Marine, Inland and Brackish water.
Marine Fisheries Tamil Nadu has 1.9 lakh sq. km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and a continental shelf of 41,412 sq.km. The marine fisher population in Tamil Nadu is 9.24 lakh, living in 608 fishing villages in the 13 coastal districts. The inshore waters of 1,016 km length of the coast on the eastern side and 60 km length of the coast on the western side are overexploited, whereas the offshore and deep sea resources are yet to be exploited to its optimum levels. The marine fish production of the State presently is estimated as 4.32 lakh tonnes against the potential of 7 lakh tonnes. A glimpse of the Marine Fisheries sector is given in Table 2.8. Table 2.8 Marine Fisheries Statistics- 2013-14
Coastal length 1,076 km
Number of Coastal Districts 13
Number of Fishing Villages 608
Marine Fisher folk Population 9.24 lakh
Fishing Crafts Registered (online): as on 30.06.2014
1.Mechanised Fishing boats 5,253
2.Traditional Crafts (motorised and nonmotorised) 30,436 (25,529 + 4,907)
Marine Fish Production (2013-14) 4.32 lakh tonnes Fisheries Statistics of Tamil Nadu7
Inland Fisheries Tamil Nadu is endowed with 3.83 lakh ha of effective water spread area in which 69% of the water spread comprises of long seasonal / short seasonal irrigation water resources. Tamil Nadu being a water starved State, has water in most of these water bodies for a short period of 4-5 months only. The inland fisher population is about 2.26 lakh. Inland fisheries has gained popularity and emerged as an important source of livelihood for fisher folk / fish farmers in Tamil Nadu. The inland fishery resources of our State comprises of reservoirs, major irrigation and long seasonal tanks, short seasonal tanks and ponds which are amenable to both capture and culture fisheries. About 5,000 ha of ponds and tanks are being utilised for fresh water aquaculture under the programmes of Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA). Table 2.9 provides an overview of inland fisheries sector. Table 2.9 An Overview of Inland Fisheries Sector
Inland Fishery Resources extent 3.83 lakh ha.
Reservoirs (78 Nos*) 62,015 ha.
Large irrigation and short seasonal tanks 2, 65,642 ha.
Brackish water spread area 56,000 ha.
Population of Inland Fishers 2.26 lakh
Inland Fish Production (2013-14) 1.91 lakh tonnes. Fisheries Statistics of Tamil Nadu8
7 http://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/fisheries.pdf
8 http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf
31
Brackish water Fisheries In Tamil Nadu, the total extent of brackish water spread is estimated as 56,000 ha which is used for capture fisheries. Apart from that, about 7,100 ha area is under coastal aquaculture production mainly comprising of shrimp. In Tamil Nadu, shrimp farming has grown considerably and has emerged as a major commercial enterprise owing to the introduction of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. During 2013-14, shrimp culture was carried out in 2,753 farms, of which 1,667 farms have been registered under the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) Act, 2005.
Challenges:
Frequent monsoon failures, cyclones are the natural hazards that pose major threats to the growth of the fishery industry as a whole. Relief measures may be provided or insurance schemes may be introduced.
Highest interest rate compared to agriculture for bank loan.
Inadequate infrastructure for seed production discourages the farmers in taking up inland fish culture.
Lack of post-harvest facilities like cold storage
Lack of regional soil, water, feed and disease diagnosis laboratories.
2.7. Forest
2.7.1 Forest cover
The forest cover in the State is 23844 sq.km, which is 18.33 percent of the total geographical area of the State (Forest Survey of India - FSI report 2013). The forests are spread along the Western Ghats and in Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu Figure 2.9. The State ranks 13th among the Indian States and Union Territories with reference to the total recorded forest area. The trees outside forests constitute patches outside the recorded forest area and are exclusive of forest cover and are less than the 1 ha. The tree cover in Tamil Nadu is 4718 sq.km, which is 3.63 percent of the State’s geographic area. Forest Produce
Timber, teak poles, pulpwood, fuel wood, sandal wood, wattle bark and Babul are some of the major forest produce in the State. Between 2000-01 and 2010-11, teak wood production has increased by 33 times while there has been a marginal increase in pulp wood.
Fig 2.9
32
Fuel wood production has decreased drastically. So has sandalwood production in the State. The Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) which includes, tamarind, cashew nuts, and other forest produce including fodder and honey are found in the State. Of the total wage employment in the forestry sector, NTFPs account for more than 70 percent amongst the tibals who live in the periphery of forests (Table 2.11)
Table 2.10: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil Nadu
Products
Unit 2000-01 2010-11
Major Forest Produce
Teak wood MT 194.258 6752.990
Pulp Wood MT 6560 7058.615
Fuel Wood MT 45176 3060.850
Sandalwood (heartwood) MT 1477 185.668
Sandalwood (sapwood) No 51 2.068
Wattle Bark MT 463 0
Babul MT - 73479.850
Bamboo MT - 3625.730
Other minor forest produce MT - 7301.971
Cashew nut MT - 49.844
Tamarind MT - 355.627 Source: Wood Balance Study: TN -MSE (20109)
2.7.2. Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises (SSFE) in Tamil Nadu
SSFEs are an important player in the forestry sector. Farmers and communities are important producers though their contribution. Generally SSFEs are by nature location specific, which is determined on the basis of the availability of resource, labour and markets. For instance, most safety matches are manufactured in Tamil Nadu. The forestry enterprises in India, which produce a wide range of products;
Sawmilling: The main uses of the sawn wood are construction, box wood, joinery, furniture and sleepers.
Safety matches: Over two-thirds of India's matches are produced in just two districts - Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli. The bulk of the wood comes from neighbouring Kerala, where there are over 400 small-scale units making veneers and splints for supply to the match industry. This ancillary industry employs over 15,000 people directly and indirectly and produces goods worth Rs. 150 million annually
Wood-based panels: There are three major wood-based panel products that are manufactured in India - plywood, including veneers, blackboards and flush doors; fiberboard; and particle board.
Wood working: Wood working is a traditional industry in India producing furniture, doors, windows, panels, sports goods, handicrafts, shoe lasts and heels, textile mill accessories (bobbins and shuttles), etc.
Sports goods: The main raw materials used were willow, cane, mulberry, maple, ash and rosewood
9 www.tn.gov.in/deptst/forests.pdf
33
Pencils: Earlier American Cedar wood was used for pencil manufacture, which has been replaced by indigenous species.
Wood carving: The industry gets its raw material from the Forest Department as well as farmers. The main products made are boxes, figurines, idols, jewellery boxes, incense boxes and stick holders, candle stands, photo frames, coaster sets, letter racks, stationery holders, pipe stands, tobacco jars, tables, screens and carved furniture.
Paper: Paper and paperboard production is an important forest-based industry in Tamil Nadu.
Non-timber forest products: Tamil Nadu's forests yield a large number of diverse Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Estimated annual production of some of the commercially important NTFPs 37440.02 MT
Bamboo and rattan products: There are a number of SSFEs manufacturing bamboo and rattan based products. The main products manufactured from bamboo are handicraft items such as table mats, trays, lampshades and other household articles. Reed bamboo based traditional industries, such as mat and basket weaving, play a crucial role in the rural economy.
Broom making: Broom making is an important forestry enterprise in several parts of the state. A large quantity of brooms is used in India annually and most are made from grasses (such as Thysanolaena maxima), palms (such as Phoenix acaulis) and bamboos.
Essential oils: Oils originating from plants are used for perfumery and similar purposes. These are derived from grasses, wood, leaves, roots and flowers. There are a number of tree and plant species which yield oil but only a few are commercially exploited for extracting essential oils. These essential oils are major raw materials for soaps and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, confectionery, aerated water, attars, scented tobacco, agarbattis and incense industries.
Resins: There are a number of resins derived from plants, pine resin and turpentine.
Herbal medicines: The supply base of medicinal plants used for manufacture of traditional medicines is largely from the wild.
2.7.3 Protected Areas
Protected areas in Tamil Nadu cover 5465 sq.km, which is 23.9 percent of the State Forest area. The State ranks 14th among all the States and Union Territories of India in terms of protected areas. There are 12 wildlife sanctuaries, 1conservation reserve and 4 National Parks in the Project Districts. The spread of these is shown in Figure 2.9. Tamil Nadu is also a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR, Nilgiris district) existing within the State boundary. The biosphere lies Between 10°50′N and 12°16′N latitude and 76°00′E to 77°15′E longitude. It encompasses 5,520 sq.km and in the State of Tamil Nadu it covers an area of 2537.6 sq.km in Karnataka it is spread over 1527.4 sq.km and in Kerala it is 1455.4 sq.km. It forms an almost complete ring around the Nilgiri Plateau. The Altitude within the NBR varies from 250 m to 2670 m. The Reserve includes all the important forest types that are to be found in South India as well as some that are just peculiar to the belt are the Evergreen Forests, Semi Evergreen Forests, Moist Deciduous Forests, Shola forests, Dry
Implications for Environmental Management Training on sustainable extraction of non-timber forest produce, community norms for rotational grazing
and stall feeding, sustainable management of shifting cultivation etc., need to be part of this strategy.
34
Deciduous forests, Dry Scrub Woodlands and Grasslands. There are four Protected Areas within the reserve and still larger tracts of forests that lie outside of these, known as Reserve Forests.
Table 2.11 List of Protected areas in Tamil Nadu
Sl. No Name of the Protected Area Year of Establ.
Area Sq. Km TNRTP Districts
1 Gulf of Mannar Marine NP 1980 6.23 Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin
2 Indiragandhi (Anamalai) NP 1989 117.1 Coimbatore
3 Mudumalai NP 1990 103.23 Nilgiris
4 Mukurthi NP 1990 78.46 Nilgiris
5 Chitrangudi Birds WLS 1989 0.48 Ramanathapuram
6 Indiragandhi (Anamalai) WLS 1976 841.49 Coimbatore
7 Kalakad WLS 1976 223.58 Tirunelveli
8 Kanjirankulam Birds WLS 1989 1.04 Ramanathapuram
9 Karikili WLS 1989 0.61 Kanchipuram
10 Kilaselvanur- Melaselvanur WLS 1998 5.93 Ramanathapuram
11 Kuthankulam- Kadankulam WLS 1994 1.29 Tirunelveli
12 Muthumalai WLS 1942 217.76 Nilgiris
13 Mundanthurai WLS 1977 567.38 Tirunelveli
14 Point Calimere WLS 1967 17.26 Nagapattinam
15 Pulicat Lake WLS 1980 153.67 Tiruvellore
16 Sathyamangalam WLS 2008 524.35 Erode
17 SrivilliputhurGrizelled Squirrel 1988 485.2 Virudhunagar
18 Udhayamarthandapuram Lake 1991 0.45 Thiruvarur
19 Vaduvoor WLS 1991 1.28 Thiruvarur
20 Vellanadu (Black Buck) WLS 1987 16.41 Tuticorin
21 Vellode WLS 1997 0.77 Erode
22 Vettangudi WLS 1977 0.38 Sivagangai
23 Thiruppadaimarathur Con. Res 2005 0.03 Tirunelveli
Source: Department of Forest, Tamil Nadu10
National Parks (NPs); Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLSs); Community Reserves (Com.Res.); Conservation
Reserves (Con.Res.)
10 http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/state-wise/tn/1.list_Protectedareas_Tn.pdf
35
2.7.4 Challenges in Forestry sector
Degradation of habitats Due to the initial emphasis given to development related issues, the degradation of habitat occurred resulting to a number of projects coming up in forest lands. The number of migratory corridors also got affected, leading to fragmentation of the habitat especially, for the elephants that later on became the main reason behind human-wildlife conflict in Tamil Nadu. The other reasons include grazing, forest fires, invasion of exotic species, encroachments, quarrying and mining, destruction of the coral reefs and estuarine environments, over exploitation/ unscientific harvesting of Minor Forest Products etc.
Encroachment of forest lands Encroachment in forest areas is mostly for cultivation purposes and for the construction of huts and houses. An extent of the 14682 ha forest area is under encroachment in the State as on 30.06.2010. Out of this, about 4327 ha is in Reserve Forest and remaining 10355 ha is Reserve Land notified under section (4) of Tamil Nadu Forest Act 1882.
Threats to the sacred groves The threats vary from one region to the other and even from one grove to the other like disappearance of the traditional belief systems, which were fundamental to the concept of sacred groves, rapid urbanization and developmental interventions including commercial forestry, encroachments, invasion of exotic weeds such as Eupatorium, Lantana and Prosopis and increasing livestock grazing and fuel wood collection.
Human-animal conflict11 The problem of human-wildlife conflicts poses a very severe threat to wildlife conservation. In Tamil Nadu, most commonly involved wild animals in the human-wildlife conflicts, where the damage is caused to humans and their property, are elephants, tigers, leopards, wild boars, bisons, bonnet macaques and marsh crocodiles.
Crop – Wild life conflict is prevalent in some of the project areas in Vellore, Tiruvnnamalai, Villupuram and Coimbatore districts. Tribal farmers mostly cultivate subsistence food crops – that are unfortunately also preferred by elephants and wild boar. Dwindling forests and decreasing availability of forage make these wild animals raid nearby fields.
Illicit removal of fire wood, bamboo, minor forest produces (MFP), timber etc In 1977 fuel coupe workings were stopped in Tamil Nadu through a Government order. Further, harvests of green bamboo were also given up. This was the beginning of a new era in the State when conservation forestry took over production forestry. Yet, pressure on forests by way of over grazing, encroachment, illicit felling (mainly for fuel wood and small timber) have increased manifold necessitating strong protection measures (both preventive and detective) with people's co-operation. The 1988 National Forest Policy has laid great emphasis on maintenance of environmental stability through preservation, restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forest.
11
Tamil Nadu State Action Plan for Climate Change, 2015
36
Engagement of tribal communities in forest conservation The symbiotic relationship between the tribal people and forests has been dealt in detail under 1952 and 1988 Forest Policies. It is imperative to mention here that tribal people and forest dwellers residing in and around forest areas must be necessarily engaged in forest protection.
Depleting Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) NTFP contributes to about 20 percent to 40 percent of the annual income of forest dwellers who are mostly disadvantaged and landless communities with a dominant population of tribals. It provides them critical subsistence during the lean seasons, particularly for primitive tribal groups such as hunter gatherers and the landless. Most of the NTFPs are collected and used/sold by women, and so has a strong linkage to women’s financial empowerment in the forest-fringe areas.
Depleting resource base is either because of diversion of forest land for non-forest use, or due to unsustainable harvesting practices that has been the major ecological challenge in the NTFP sector with growing and visible impacts of climate change on crop production. On the other hand, poor research& development focus, inadequate post-harvesting practices, insufficient funds & infrastructure, and unorganized nature of the trade have made it financially vulnerable particularly for the primary collectors whereas the differential and sometimes contradictory tax & transit regimes in the States have adversely affected not only the trade but even the production of NTFPs.
Meeting fuel wood demand Trees Outside Forests (TOF) are estimated to contribute 41 percent of the total fuel wood supply. The industrial demand for timber, poles and pulp wood is primarily met from imports, captive plantations, plantations taken up by the forest department, and farm forestry plantation taken-up by farmers. There is no production of timber and poles from natural forest to meet the industrial demand. However the supply chain of fuel wood is fairly complex. The total demand for fuel wood under various scenarios is expected to vary between 15.17 to 23.22 million cu.m. by year 2013 according to the study.
Household sector, which contributed 84.5 percent of the total fuel wood demand, continues to dominate with contribution ranging between 70 percent and 80 percent. Thus it is important address fuel wood supply through plantation outside forest etc. The Wood Balance Study for Tamil Nadu (2009) assessed the total demand for wood in Tamil Nadu for the year 2008 as 28.5 million cu.m of which fuel wood constituted 82 percent of the total demand. Households and industries demand accounts for 77 percent and 16 percent respectively of the total demand for wood (Table 2.12 and Table 2.13).
Table 2.12 Overall supply of wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m)
Supply Source Fuel Wood Timber Total
Forests 0.42 (1.8) 0.07 (1.3) 0.49 (1.7)
TOF 9.55 (40.9) 2.37 (46.2) 11.92 (41.8)
Farm Forestry 0.89 (3.8) 1.13 (21.9) 2.02 (7.1)
Imports 0 0.97 (19.0) 0.97 (3.4)
Other Sources 12.49 (53.5) 0.59 (11.5) 13.08 (45.9)
Total 23.35 (100) 5.13 (100) 24.48 (100) Source: Wood Balance Study–Tamil Nadu, MSE (2010)
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Table 2.13 Overall demand for wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m)
Sector Wood Demand Total
Fuel Wood Timber
Household 19.73 (84.5) 2.288 (44.6) 22.02 (77.3)
Industry 2.08 (8.9) 2.553 (49.7) 4.63 (16.3)
Services 1.54 (6.6) 0.292 (5.7) 1.83 (6.4)
Total 23.35 (100) 5.133 (100) 28.48 (100) Source: Wood Balance Study–Tamil Nadu, MSE (2010)
2.8. Water Resources
Overview, Characteristics and Status Tamil Nadu constitutes 4 percent of India’s land area and is inhabited by 6 percent of India’s population, but has only 2.5 percent of India’s water resources. More than 95 percent of the surface water and 80 percent of the ground water have already been put into use. Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation and industrial use. The demand for water in Tamil Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to increasing population and also due to larger per capita needs triggered by economic growth. The per capita availability of water resources however, is just 900 cubic meters when compared to the national average of 2,200 cubic meters. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the State using 75 percent of the State’s water resources. Demands from other sectors such as domestic and industries have been growing significantly. Since the State is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts.
Surface Water Resources: There are 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu (Figure 2.10). Cauvery is the only major basin. Of the others, 13 basins are medium and 3 are minor river basins. At 75 percent dependability, the annual
Fige 2.7
Fig 2.10
38
surface water generated in the State is 692.78 TMC (19,619 MCM). The State depends on neighbouring States for considerable quantum of flows, which is about 261.70 TMC (7411 MCM) annually. Thus, the total surface water potential of the State at 75 percent dependability is 954.58 TMC (27,030 MCM).
Ground water The annual ground water potential of the State is 22,943 MCM and the net annual ground water availability is 20,649 MCM, as assessed during 2009. Out of 120 Project Blocks, 37 blocks are Over
exploited; 15 Critical; 27 Semi critical; 36 are classified as safe (Annexure 3). Further Nagapattinam and Thalainaiyar blocks in Nagapattinam district, Muthupet block in Thiruvarur district are classified as saline blocks. Thiruvadanai and Thirubhuvanam blocks in Ramanathapuram district are classified as poor quality blocks.
Demand- Supply Gap The total water potential of the State including cross border contribution from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala is 1775.60 TMC (47,680 MCM). This also includes ground water potential of about 20,649 MCM. The sectoral demand for water in 2011 was 49,773 MCM, which is about 2000 MCM more than the potential availability. The demand is projected to increase to 48,766 MCM and 55,919 MCM in 2020 and 2045 respectively. The gap between supply and demand by 2020 is expected to be 5,211 MCM (11 percent) and it is likely to go up to 17 percent by 2050, if there is no intervention. Therefore all possible measures have to be taken to reduce the gap.
Over-exploitation of Ground Water As per the available data, up to 80 percent of the total ground water available is being used. This has led to the decline in ground water table in most of the blocks. According to the estimates for 2009, out of 385+1 blocks, 138+1 (Chennai District) are over exploited, 33 are critical, 67 are semi-critical and in 11 blocks the quality is bad.
31%
12%
23%
30%
4%
Fig 2.11 Status of TNRTP blocks based on Groundwater
Over exploited
Semi critical
Critical
Safe
Saline & Poor
Implications for Environmental Management In blocks that have been classified as over-exploited, Project support for irrigation tubewells must not be made
available. In blocks that have been classified as critical and semi-critical, support may be provided on integration of
required mitigation measures into the CBO’s business plans. Project can build the capacity of CPs in facilitating
community based groundwater management.
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Decreasing southwest monsoon and increasing northeast monsoon The north east monsoon rainfall has increased from 34 percent to 63 percent and the south west rainfall has decreased from 48 percent to 24 percent, in a span of 10 years between 1995-96 to 2005 - 2006 respectively. Floods Tamil Nadu generally receives copious rains during the Northeast monsoon. The heavy downpour in a short duration results in severe flood causing great risk of damage to life and property of the people and to the States assets like irrigation infrastructure, roads, etc. Every year coastal districts such as Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur are the most vulnerable to floods. Urban flooding is another significant problem in Tamil Nadu. Droughts Major part of Tamil Nadu falls under semi-arid tropical zone with erratic rainfall. To minimize the adverse effects of drought on the production of crops, productivity of land, water and human resources, Drought Prone Areas Programme is being implemented in some districts of Tamil Nadu from 1972-73 and presently in 80 notified blocks of 17 districts identified by Government of India as drought prone areas.
Table 2.14 Drought Prone TNRTP Blocks
S. No District Block
1 Coimbatore Annur 1
2 Tiruppur Avinashi 2
Tiruppur
3 Krishnagiri Bargur 1
4 Dindigul Kodaikanal 2
Attur
5 Namakkal Puduchatram 1
6 Perambalur Alathur 1
7 Ariyalur Andimadam 4
Ariyalur
Jayakomdam
Sendurai
8 Pudukkottai Pudukkottai 2
Thiruvarankulam
9 Ramanathapuram Tiruppullani 2
Mandapam
10 Salem Mecheri 1
11 Sivagangai Kalayarkoil 2
Devakottai
Implications for Environmental Management The concentration of rainfall during the North-East monsoon emphasizes the need for promoting rainwater harvesting.
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S. No District Block
12 Tiruchirappalli Thuraiyur 1
13 Thoothukudi Thoothukkudi 2
Sathankulam
14 Virudhunagar Virudhunagar 3
Sivakasi
Kariapatti
Total 25
Low Water Use Efficiency The overall efficiency in surface irrigation like canals and tanks is only 40 percent whereas in well irrigation it is 70 percent. Researchers opine that this level of overall efficiency can be increased to 50 to 60 percent in surface irrigation and to 85 percent in well irrigation. If the overall efficiency were increased in phases from 40 percent to 50 percent and 60 percent, this would annually save about 3,000 MCM for every 10 percent increase in efficiency. (District wise fact sheet is given as Annexure 4 (Sourced from national portal and recent data from state government portal)
2.9 Industrial Profile
Traditionally, Tamil Nadu has been in the vanguard of industrialization among the Indian States. The State has had a strong presence in textiles, engineering, automobile production and auto components manufacture and recently in Information and Bio Technology sectors. Definition of MSME The classification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is defined under the MSMED Act 2006. The enterprises are classified in Manufacturing and Service enterprises, based on the investment in plant and machinery (excluding land and building) the classification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is given below;
Table 2.15 MSME Registration criteria
Manufacturing Enterprises
Investment Level Service Enterprises
Investment Level
Micro Upto Rs.25 Lakh Micro Upto Rs.10 Lakh
Small Above Rs.25 Lakh to Upto Rs.5 Crore
Small Above Rs.10 Lakh and Upto Rs.2 Crore
Medium Above Rs.5 Crore to Upto Rs.10 Crore
Medium Above Rs.2 Crore and Upto Rs.5 Crore
Tamil Nadu is a leader in Auto parts and components, Readymade Garments and Leather and leather goods.
Implications for Environmental Management The drought prone areas of TNRTP district need interventions focused on drought adaptation that can be promoted as part of the ESMF – participatory varietal selection of crop varieties resistant to water shortages for a
prolonged period, land management (e.g. contour bunding), fodder management, etc.
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Table 2.16 Classification of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu (2012-13) - TNRTP districts
Code No.
Classification of MSMEs Highest no of corresponding units concentrated by the District
15 Food products 6079 Erode
16 Beverages, Tobacco Products 628 Erode
17 Cotton Textiles, Wool, Silk, Synthetic, Fibre Textiles, Silk products
12025 Salem
18 Hosiery & Readymade Garment products 22577 Coimbatore
20 Wood & Wood Products 5674 Virudhunagar
Annexure 5 gives a list of identified potential industrial possibilities, District-wise in the State of Tamil Nadu which was obtained through District Industries Centre (DIC), Industry Associations and field survey etc.
2.10 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) for the District of Tamil Nadu
The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is a composite index constructed to reflect the key environmental resource endowment and management dimensions in a quantitative and comparable manner. In the current exercise, it is meant to capture the major environmental concerns, consequent impacts and efforts/scope towards improving environmental outcomes across Districts of Tamil Nadu12. The District-level ESI for Tamil Nadu, being a baseline initiative, provides a quantitative profiling of key environmental dimensions to supplement the ongoing process of decentralized planning for improved and sustainable resource management. The composite ESI results are depicted in Fig 2.12 & Fig 2.13, with Districts being colour-coded across the five categories of sustainability. The relative analysis shows that coastal Districts such as Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Ramanathapuram and Thoothukkudi are relatively better performing, subsequently classified as Most Sustainable and Highly Sustainable. The hilly western Districts of The Nilgiris and Theni, also come under the Most Sustainable category. However, other interior Districts of like Krishnagiri, Karur, Thiruppur, Vellore and Virudhunagar are relatively low ranking, falling under the Least Sustainable category. Viluppuram, Thiruvannamalai, Thirunelveli and Pudukkottai fares as a Less Sustainable. Other industrialized Districts like Coimbatore, Kancheepuram, as well as Namakkal, Dindigul, Salem and Thiruchirappalli are Moderately Sustainable.
12 The Environmental Sustainability Index has earlier been constructed for a comparison of Indian States
(Dash et al. 2012)
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Fig 2.12 ESI for the districts of Tamil Nadu
Through its DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework, the Study classifies indicators of development and environmental performance as Driving Force, Pressure on Ecosystem, State of Environment, Impact on Health and Ecosystem and Response.
Table 2.17 ESI for the TNRTP Districts13
S. No ESI Districts
1 Least sustainable Karur; Krishnagiri; Tiruppur; Vellore; Virudhunagar
2 Less sustainable Pudukkottai; Tirunelveli; Tiruvannamalai; Villupuram
3 Moderately sustainable
Coimbatore; Dindigul; Kancheepuram; Namakkal; Salem; Trichy
4 Highly sustainable Erode; Madurai; Ramnathapuram; Sivagangai; Tiruvallur Tiruvarur; Thoothukudi
5 Most sustainable Cuddalore; Nagapattinam; Theni; Nilgiris
Project may have special attention for Least and Less sustainable districts while preparing the
investment plans. State of Environment and Pressure on Environment components are most
considerable factors.
13 Source: Environmental Sustainability Index for the Districts of Tamil Nadu A Baseline for 2011-12. IFMR LEAD
43
Fig 2.13 Comparison of districts across DPSIR components
44
Chapter 3
Legal and Regulatory Framework for ESMF The objective of the Project is to increase access to value- added activities and job opportunities in the targeted households that would help the producer groups and entrepreneurs to increase their household incomes and attain quality life.
It is important that the Enterprises (Individual and Group), Value chains and Producer Collectives are in tune with the laws and regulations of the country and the state. Compliance rather than being restrictive provides an opportunity to align the investments with sound and sustainable management of resources. This section presents a brief listing of the various Acts, Rules and Regulations of the Government of India, the state Government as well as the safe guard policies of the World Bank. On the basis of the alignment of the proposed TNRTP interventions with respect to these laws and regulations, a Regulatory Requirements List has been developed and enclosed as an Annexure 6.
45
Table 3.1 Legal and Regulatory Framework applicable for TNRTP
S. No Act, Policy or Government Order
Key provisions Relevance to TNRTP
1 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and EIA Notification, 2006 Amended: 1991
Emission or discharge of pollutants beyond the specified standards is not permissible. (Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required for specified categories of industry. To provide for the protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities {under section 3(3)} charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country.
Applicable. TNRTP will promote setting up of enterprises and food processing units where necessary permissions are to be taken as applicable.
2 Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Amended: 1993 and No.16 of 2003, (17/1/2003) – The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002
Destruction, exploitation or removal of any wild life including forest produce from a sanctuary of the destruction or diversification of habitat of any wild animal, or the diversion, stoppage or enhancement of the flow of water into or outside the sanctuary is prohibited without a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden. The Act provides for protection to listed species of flora and fauna and establishes a network of ecologically-important Protected Areas (PAs), given in Annexure 7.
Applicable to NTFP based enterprises
3 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
The Act is an interface between conservation and development. Permits judicious and regulated use of forest land for non-forestry purposes.
Applicable. The TNRTP is unlikely to involve diversion of forest land for non forest purposes. However, while supporting activities related to establishment of storage structures, processing centers or procurement centers,
46
it will be done in
accordance with Forest Rights Act.
4 Forest Rights Act 2006. Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
The Act seeks to recognize and vest certain forest rights in the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers such as collection of minor forest produce, access to grazing grounds and water bodies, traditional areas of use by nomadic or pastoral communities. The Central Government can provide for diversion of the forest for infrastructural facilities managed by Government which involve felling of trees not more than 75 per ha such as schools, hospitals, fair price shops, drinking water, irrigation, water harvesting structures, non conventional sources of energy, roads, vocational and skill training centers, community centers etc.
Applicable. Activities like common infrastructure facilities are likely to happen under TNRTP as part of Value chain interventions.
5 Insecticides Act, 1968 Amendment: Insecticides (Amendment) Act, 1977 (24 of 1977)
To regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith. A license is required for the sale, stock or exhibition of sale or distribution of any insecticide. The use of certain insecticides are prohibited or restricted under this Act.
Applicable. Producer Groups under TNRTP may involve in activities like procurement, stocking and sale of insecticides as all the crop productivity enhancement is planned through non chemical methods.
6 The Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985
Registration is required for selling fertilizer at any place as wholesale dealer or retail dealer
Applicable where collective procurement and distribution happens through Producer Groups.
7 The Seed Act, 1966
Selling, bartering or otherwise supplying any seed of any notified kind or variety, requires that; a) Such seed is identifiable as to its kind or variety;
Applicable in cases where mass procurement and
47
b) Such seed conforms to the minimum limits of germination and purity specified c) The container of such seed bears in the prescribed manner, the mark or label containing the correct particulars. To provide for regulating the quality of certain seeds for sale, and for related matter
distribution of seed is done through Producer Groups.
8 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Amended: 1987, 1992 and 2003
To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution 14Prescribes standards Parameters Standards Concentration not
exceeding ( in mg/Nm3)
Particulate Matter 150
Total Fluoride 25
Asbestos 4 Fibers / cc and dust should not more than 2 mg/Mm3
Mercury 0.2
Chlorine 15
Hydrochloric acid vapor and mist
35
Sulphuric acid mist 50
Carbon monoxide 1% max
Lead 10 mg/ Nm3
Applicable. TNRTP will involve in setting up of processing mills and food processing units which may require to follow some of the prescribed standards (particulate matter, carbon monoxide) as per the Act.
9 Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000
To regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. The noise levels in any area/zone shall not exceed the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise as specified in the Schedule.
Area Code Category of Area/Zone
Limits in dB(A) Leq *
Day Time15 Night Time16
(A) Industrial area 75 70
(B) Commercial area 65 55
Applicable. Activities under TNRTP such as mills and processing units and construction activities shall take into consideration all aspects of noise pollution to avoid noise menace.
14
http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf 15
Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. 16 Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
48
(C) Residential area 55 45
(D) Silence Zone17 50 40
10 Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
The Act recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dweller over the forest areas inhabited by them, and provides a framework for recording the same. The Act can be summarized as:
Title rights - i.e. ownership - to land that is being framed by tribals or forest dwellers as on December 13, 2005, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family as on that date, meaning that no new lands are granted;
Use rights - to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.;
Relief and development rights - to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection; Forest management rights - to protect forests and wildlife.
Applicable to NTFP related enterprises
11 Indian Forest Act, 1927
To consolidate the law relating to forests, the transit of forest-produce and the duty leviable on timber and other forest-produce. Acts prohibited in such forests. Any person who (a) makes any fresh clearing; (b) sets fire to a reserved forest; (c) kindles, keeps or carries any fire except at such seasons as the Forest-officer may notify in this behalf; (d) trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle to trespass; (e) causes any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; (f) fells, girdles, lops, or bums any tree or strips off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damages, the same; (g) quarries stone, bums lime or charcoal, or collects, subjects to any manufacturing process, or removes, any forest-produce; (h) clears or breaks up any land for cultivation or any other purpose.
Applicable to NTFP
Transit.
12 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
To provide for the prevention and control of water pollution, and for the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water in the
Applicable to activities under
17 Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts.
49
Amended: 1988 country. No person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards in to stream or well or sewer or on land. No person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with similar matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution.
TNRTP where water from small scale industries/enterprises and food processing units release wastes that have pollutants that are likely to enter into water bodies.
13 Under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air {Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Classification of industries for Consent management [Red, Orange & Green Categories]
Consent is required for setting up and operation of differentcategories of industries from State Pollution Control Board Annexure 8. Category wise list placed in Annexure 9.
Applicable to TNRTP in cases where mills, processing units and small scale enterprises will be set up.
14 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
To provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. To regulate access to biological resources of the country with equitable share in benefits arising out of the use of biological resources. To conserve and sustainably use biological diversity. To respect and protect knowledge of local communities and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity.
Applicable to TNRTP where collection of minor forest produce and processing is involved.
15 The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
The National Green Tribunal Act 2010 provides for establishment of National Green Tribunal- a special fast-track court for speedy disposal of environment-related civil cases. Industrial operations and processes shall be carried out as per the safeguards under Environment Protection Act 1986. Compensation and relief for any damage to people (death or injury), property and environment.
Applicable in areas where damage to property, environment happens due to development activities.
16 Fruit Product Order (FPO) 1955.
Fruit Products Order -1955, is promulgated under Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act - 1955, with an objective to manufacture fruit & vegetable products maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises and quality standards laid down in the
Applicable to any fruit based processing units will be planned under TNRTP.
50
Order. It is mandatory for all manufacturers of fruit and vegetable products including some non fruit products like non fruit vinegar, syrup and sweetened aerated water to obtain a license under this Order. Following minimum requirements are laid down in the Fruit Product Order for hygienic production and quality standards:
Location and surroundings of the factory.
Sanitary and hygienic conditions of premises.
Personnel hygiene.
Portability of water.
Machinery and Equipment with installed capacity.
Quality control facility and Technical staff.
Product Standards.
Limits for preservatives and other additives.
17 The Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standard and Food Additives) Regulations 2011
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 as a statutory body for laying down science based standards for articles of food and regulating manufacturing, processing, distribution, sale and import of food so as to ensure safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units is enclosed as Annexure 10
Applicable to food manufacture and processing units supported under TNRTP.
18 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, (PFA) 1954
Broadly, the PFA Act covers food standards, general procedures for sampling, analysis of food, powers of authorized officers, nature of penalties and other parameters related to food. It deals with parameters relating to food additives, preservative, colouring matters, packing and labelling of foods, prohibition and regulations of sales etc.
Applicable to food manufacture and processing units under TNRTP.
19 Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937 (Act No. 1 of 1937) (as amended up to 1986)
To Provide for the grading and marketing of agricultural and other produce.
Applicable to agricultural produce marketing under TNRTP.
20 The Bureau of Indian Standards Act 1986.
An Act to provide for the establishment of a Bureau for the harmonious development of the activities of the standardisation, marking and quality certification of goods and for matters connected
Applicable to agricultural produce marketing under
51
thereto. The bill establishes BIS as a national standard body for development of standardization and assessment and quality assurance of goods, articles, services, processes and systems. It broaden the ambit of BIS and empower Union Government to make it mandatory to carry the standard mark for certain notified goods, articles, processes, etc. The Bill extends the ambit of BIS to include services, products and processes while ensuring production of world class goods.
TNRTP.
21 Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1989.
It is mandatory under the provisions of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 framed under section 6, 8 and 25 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for any person handling hazardous wastes, as categorized in the Schedule-I & II to obtain authorization of the State Pollution Control Board for collection, reception, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of such wastes.
Applicable to small scale enterprises under TNRTP which may involve handling of Wastes from Dyes and Dye intermediate containing organic chemical compounds (50 kgs per year), waste oils and oil emulsions (100 kgs per year) phenols (5 kgs per year), acid alkaline slurry (200 kgs per year). The list of banned dyes is attached as Annexure 9.
22 Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989/2000
These rules address management and handling of municipal solid wastes (Collection, Segregation, Storage, Transportation Processing and Disposal). The proposed activities may require handling of specified substances wherein plans/ measures for safe handling and emergency preparedness shall be prepared for safe operation. Any municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule-I.
Applicable for enterprises disposing wastes
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23 Plastics Wastes Rules, 1999 Manufacture, sale and use of recycled and coloured plastic carry bags less than 20 microns in thickness in the state is banned and levying penalties for violation under Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Applicable to petty shops where use of plastic bags is possible during sale of provisions etc.
24 Plastic Sale and Usage The Plastics Manufacture, Sale And Usage Rules, 1999; Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003
The central government has banned use and collection of plastics less than 40 micron thickness. The government of Tamilnadu has already announced its plan to ban plastics less than 60 microns thickness. No vendor shall use carry bags or containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing, or packaging of foodstuffs.
Applicable of enterprises using plastic for package
25 Slaughter House The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960/ The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Establishment and Regulation of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Rules, 2001 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001
Dos:
A slaughter house wherein 10 or more than 10 animals are slaughtered per day and is duly licensed or recognised under a Central, State or Provincial Act
Don’ts:
No person shall slaughter any animal within a municipal area except in a slaughter house recognised or licensed by the concerned authority empowered under the law for the time being in force to do so.
No animal which (i) is pregnant, or (ii) has an offspring less than three months old, or (iii)is under the age of three months or (iv) has not been certified by a veterinary doctor that it is in a fit condition to be slaughtered.
Every animal after it has been subjected to veterinary inspection shall be passed on to a lairage for resting for 24 hours before slaughter.
No animal shall be slaughtered in a slaughter house in sight of other animals
No animal shall be administered any chemical, drug or hormone before slaughter except drug for its treatment for any specific disease or ailment.
The blood could not be splashed on other animals being slaughtered or on the carcass being skinned.
Applicable to meat enterprises (Goat – mutton; Poultry – chicken)
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No owner or occupier of a slaughter house shall engage a person for slaughtering animals unless he possesses a valid license or authorisation issued by the municipal or other local authority.
No person who has not attained the age of 18 years shall be employed in any manner in a slaughter house. No person who is suffering from any communicable or infectious disease shall be permitted to slaughter an animal.
26 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977/Amended 2003
This Act provides for levy and collection of a cess by local authorities on water consumed by persons or industries to augment resources for Pollution Control Boards.
Applicable for enterprise involving use of water
27 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, amended 1992
The main objective of the Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 is to provide for damages to victims of an accident which occurs as a result of handling any hazardous substance. The Act applies to all owners associated with the production or handling of any hazardous chemicals (Annexure 12)
Applicable for enterprises that may use hazardous substances like dyes.
28 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011, and Island Protection Zone Notification 2011
As per the notification CRZ 2011, The Government of India declares
The coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).
And imposes restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or processes, etc., in the CRZ.
The coastal stretch within 500 meters of HTL on the landward side are classified into Category I ( CRZ -1), Category II ( CRZ -II), Category III ( CRZ –III), Category IV ( CRZ –IV) Regulating the activities under each category by the concern authorities at the state/ union territories : In the area between 200mts-500mts zone the drawl of groundwater shall be permitted only when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries and where no other source of water is available.
Applicable to coastal areas where TNRTP interventions might happen.
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Category 1 (CRZ -1): Ecologically sensitive area. Following activities are permitted with necessary measures.
Salt harvesting by solar evaporation of sea water
Desalination plants Category 2 Category II (CRZ -II): The areas that have been developed upto or close to the shoreline.
Desalination plants and associated facilities;
Storage of non-hazardous cargo, such as edible oil, fertilizers and food grain in notified ports
Category 3 Category II ( CRZ -III): the area unto 200 meters from the HTL ( No development Zone)
Agriculture, Horticulture, gardens, pastures, parks , play fields, salt manufacture from sea water
Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities.
29 Water (P&CP) Cess Act, 1977 (as Amended In 2003)
Monthly returns (cess) on water consumption for domestic purpose, industrial cooling and spraying in mines or boiler feeds and waste water generation etc., to be furnished. " Processing whereby water gets polluted and the pollutants are – a) easily biodegradable ; or b) non – toxic; or c) both non toxic and
easily bio degradable - Ten paise per kilolitre
Applicable to the processing units
30 Labour Act, 1988 The health and safety of workers employed in construction work etc. This act provides;
a. for securing the health and strength of employees, men and women;
b. that the tender age of children are not abused; c. that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter
avocations unsuited to their age or strength; d. just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief are
provided.
Applicable. This act will ensure the provision of health and safety measure to workers working enterprises
31 National Policy of Safety, The policy is focused on improving safety, health and environment at Applicable to
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Health and Environment at Work Place, 200918.
the workplace. One of the purpose of this policy is to eliminate the incidence of work related injuries, diseases, fatalities etc.
enterprises
32
Minimum wages Act, 1948 This act ensures minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled labours
The employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled employment under him wages at the rate not less than minimum wages fixed by such notification for that class of employee without any deductions except authorized.
Applicable for hiring employees for enterprises.
34 Child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act 1986; 2015 This act prohibits the engagement of children below 14 and 15 years in certain types of occupations and regulates the condition of work of children in other occupations.
No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the schedule, processes set forth in Part B of the schedule which includes building and construction industry.
Applicable. There is a risk of hiring child laborers in enterprises.
35 The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
This act outlawed all forms of forced labour and begar (free labour or work without wages), freed all bonded labour from all such forms of exploitation and rendered all such forms of bonded indebtedness null and void.
Applicable for hiring employees for enterprises
36 The Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 2015 and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules 2016
to abolish untouchability and prevent atrocities against Adi Dravidar and Tribal people
Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human development related interventions happen in tribal areas located near forests
37 The 73rd constitutional amendment
The 73rd constitutional amendment empowers gram sabhas / panchayats at the village level to take necessary steps for management of areas under them, including the protection of environment and sustainable utilization of the natural resources.
Applicable
18 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/policy/wcms_182422.pdf.
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STATE REGULATIONS – TAMIL NADU
S. NO Law or Regulation Implications for TNRTP Remarks
38 Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
It mandatory to provide rain water harvesting structure in all buildings.
Applicable
Quarrying, sand mining
39 Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1959
Dos:
A quarrying permit needs to be taken from the District Collector.
Quarrying for domestic or agricultural purposes is allowed from river beds, unreserved lands including porambokes provided if the place is in the same revenue village or adjoining revenue village
Any individual person or any registered society as defined in the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Societies Act, 1983 engaged in the making of pots or bricks is allowed to quarry if permitted by the Panchayat Union Council if such purpose is certified by the Extension Officer (Industries) A registered holder may quarry free of charge any minor mineral on a small scale for his own use for a specific domestic or agricultural purpose, provided that he has no intention of continuing quarrying operations indefinitely and provided further that the land is not in any way rendered less fit for cultivation than before.
Quarrying can be done only for an optimum depth specified so that the land shall be restored to a state fit for cultivation.
Quarrying shall be carried out without affecting the interest of the adjoining land owners. A safety distance of 10 m from the village road, cart track and stream courses shall be left and maintained, and also a safety distance of 50 m from the highways and railway lines should be left and maintained.
Don’ts:
Quarrying for minor minerals should not exceed 2,000 cubic feet from any land other than forest land
All kinds of quarrying, removal of turf from reserved forest
Applicable to the activities like pottery
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land is prohibited except in accordance with the Tamil Nadu Forests Act, 1882
Quarrying or removal of sand is prohibited from rivers to which the Madras Rivers Conservancy Act, 1884 has been extended
Water and air pollution
40 Environment and forests department G.o. ms. No: 213 dated the 30th March, 1989.
Don’ts: No industry causing serious water pollution should be permitted within one kilometer from the embankments of rivers, streams, dams etc. The details of highly polluting Industries are Distilleries; Tanneries, Sago, Sugar, Dairies and Glue and Textile Dyeing Units. And the details of the rivers in Tamil Nadu are attached as Annexure 13.
Applicable to activities emerge near natural water bodies
Use of ground water
41 Tamil Nadu Ground Water (Development and Management) Act 2003
Dos:
Every user of Groundwater in notified area (Notified Area" means the area declared under section 9 – Annexure 3) has to obtain the certificate of registration from Authority
All the wells sunk in the State on or after the date of commencement (18th January 2003) of Tamil Nadu Ground Water (Development and Management) Act 2003 (including notified and non notified areas) have to be registered with the Authority.
A distance of 250 meters should be maintained between any two bore wells dug for the purpose of agriculture in over exploited and critical blocks (Annexure 3)
Don’ts:
Sinking of wells without permit from authority in notified area is prohibited.
Transportation of Groundwater from notified area without permit from Authority is prohibited.
Carrying on the business of sinking well in notified area without license from Authority is prohibited.
Electrical energy from TNEB will not be supplied for
Applicable in Agriculture or any enterprises involving with new borewells.
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energizing wells sunk in contravention of the provisions of this Act.
Forest
42 Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882
Don’ts: Penalties for trespass or damage in reserved forests and acts prohibited in such forests:
Making any fresh clearing prohibited
Setting fire to a reserved forest, or kindling, or leaves burning, any fire in such manner as to endanger the same
Trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle to trespass;
Felling, girdling, marking, lopping, toping, uprooting or burning any tree, or stripping off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damages, the same
Quarrying stone, burning of lime or charcoal, or collecting, subject to any manufacturing process, or removing any forest produce;
Clearing, cultivating or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose
In contravention of any rules made by the Government hunting, shooting, fishing, poisoning water or setting traps or snares
Damage, alter or remove any wall, ditch, embankment, fence hedge or railing
Minor Forest Produces are permitted to be collected from Forest areas (excluding wildlife sanctuaries).
Applicable
43 Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules 1968
No person shall move timber into or from, or within the State by land, water or air unless such timber is accompanied by a permit.
However, The following species are exempted from the purview of Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules and permit to transport them is not required:
o Small wood for fuel and bamboos in head loads or smaller quantities
o Firewood purchased from depots or markets for domestic consumption with invoice given by depot
Applicable to enterprises involving purchase of fuel wood.
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keepers o Prosopis juliflora- (Tamil Name-Seemaiparambai,
Seemai Kuruvai, Velikaruvai, Trade Name-The mesquite)
o Casuarina equisetifolia – Tamil Nadu – Savukku Trade Name – Casuarina.
o Subabul (Tamil Nadu – Sanvuobel; trade name Subabul, Botanical name – Leucaena leucocephala)
o Eucalyptus hybrid - (Tamil Nadu – Nilgiris tree; trade name-Nilgiris tree, Botanical name-Eucalyptus teriticornis)
o Palmyra- (Tamil Nadu-Panai, Trade name-Palmyra; Botanical name Borassus flabellifer)
o Poovarasu (Tamil Nade-Poovarasu; trade name Poritia, Botanical name-Thespesia populnea)
o Dadops (Tamil Name-Kalyanamurungai; trade name-Coral tree; Botanical name –Erythrina indica)
Any person can transport timber outside the State duly obtaining the permit under Timber Transit Rules.
No person shall have in his possession any quantity of sandalwood in excess of five kilograms, unless under a license granted by the District Forest Officer or affixed by a Forest Officer
No trade shall be carried out on teak, black wood, ebony and sandalwood and ivory and teeth of elephants, unless they have been duly obtained from the Government
The trees teak, black wood, ebony and sandalwood shall not be felled by any person (even if they are in his own land) without the written permission of the Chief Conservator of Forests
No person shall move timber into or from or within the State by land, water or air unless such timber without permit from Tamil Nadu Forest Department.
No person shall possess a quantity of any scheduled timber,
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more than 0.50 cubic meters unless the scheduled timber bears distinguishable Government mark or property mark affixed under the Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules
o Scheduled Timber: Blackwood; Red sanders; Rosewood; Sandalwood; Teakwood; Silver oak
44 Tamil Nadu Hill Areas (Preservation of Trees) , 1955 Tamil Nadu Hill Areas (Preservation of Trees) , Rules 1957
Do’s:
The permission is required from the Hill Area Committee to cut a tree on the ground that it has silviculturally matured.
(A tree shall be considered to have silvi-culturally matured- (a) when it is 0.61 metre in girth at a height of 1.37 metres (i.e, breast height), if it is a blue-gum or wattle tree; and (b) when it is 1.83 metres in girth at a height of 1.37 metres (i.e., breast height) if it is any other tree, except sandal which can be extracted only if the sandal tree is found dead)
The felled area shall be regenerated with an equal number of trees of the same species or those of other suitable species, if the regeneration is proposed to be done artificially
If the regeneration is proposed to be done naturally from coppice:-
The trees shall be felled at a height not exceeding six inches from ground; the bark being left in tact on the stump
The felled area shall be devoted only for raising a tree crop and it shall be adequately protected against fire, grazing and trampling by cattle
Don’ts:
No person shall without the previous permission in writing of the committee: o Cut, or uproot or burn any tree o Fell or remove any tree which o Cut or remove any tree for the improvement of coffee
crop in any coffee plantation except for pruning as required by agricultural or horticultural practices.
Each hill area committee for the purpose of this Act consisting of the following member, namely:
the District Collector having jurisdiction as Chairman of the
Applicable to Hill areas like Nilgiris
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Committee
the District Forest Officer having jurisdiction over the hill area;
the Tahsildar having jurisdiction over the hill area;
the Executive Engineer of the Agriculture Department in charge of soil conservation having jurisdiction over the hill area
No person shall use any land with a slope of more than one in three for cultivation or any purpose other than the growing of trees
45 Brick manufacturing Notification, dated 14 /9/1999 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1959
Dos:
It is mandatory for the brick kilns to use fly ash in brick making if located within 50 km radial distance from any coal based thermal power plant
Every brick manufacturing unit needs to apply to the District Collector for quarrying brick earth
Applicable to enterprises involving purchase of fuel wood.
46 Tamil Nadu Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1974
These rules seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under these rules, it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharge of effluents and pay consent fees to Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board (TNSPCB) for any projects causing water pollution within the jurisdiction of the TNSPCB operations.
Applicable to enterprises releasing effluents.
47 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Tamil Nadu Air (Prevention of Control of Pollution) Rules 1983
These rules address the prevention and control of air pollution. Under these rules it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharging emissions and pay consent fees to TNPCB for any projects causing air pollution.
Applicable to enterprises releasing emissions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK
48 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.
Applicable to all Income generation activities under TNRTP
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49 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)
The Bank does not support projects that, in the Bank‘s opinion, involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.
Applicable. Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human Development activities happen in tribal areas, wetlands, water bodies, grazing lands etc..
50 Pest Management (OP 4.09)
In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through integrated pest management approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II (Annexure 14), if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.
Applicable. TNRTP will not finance pesticide procurement, but there is possibility of pesticide use by farmers as part of productivity enhancement efforts. The commonly used pesticides in India and their status as per WHO classification list are attached as Annexure 14.
51 Forests (OP 4.36)
The Bank distinguishes investment projects that are exclusively environmentally protective (e.g., management of protected areas or reforestation of degraded watersheds) or supportive of small farmers (e.g., farm and community forestry) from all other forestry operations. Projects in this limited group may be appraised on the basis of their own social, economic, and environmental merits. The Bank finances plantations only on non forested areas (including previously planted areas) or on heavily degraded forestland.
Applicable. Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human development related interventions happen in tribal areas located
near forests.
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Chapter 4
Identification of Key Risks and Mitigation Measures Environmental Assessment identified the key environmental issues that are likely to come up in TNRTP - value chains (production segment) and enterprises. ESMF (Volume II) suggests the mitigation measures to arrest reduce or mitigate the risks.
4.1 Environmental Issues in Agriculture Value Chains The most common issues are identified and generic guidelines are provided for agriculture value chains and 2 examples are given – paddy and pepper. Based on the commodities identified during District Diagnostic studies the issues and guidelines are to be identified at later stage. However Pest Management Plan (presented in Volume II) has discussed the package of practices for all potential commodities. Table 4.1: Agriculture Commodity Value Chains: Environmental/ Social issues in Interventions for Productivity enhancement, Storage, Processing etc.
S. No
Interventions Environmental Impacts
1 Productivity enhancement
Use if high yielding varieities, hybrids may impact local diversity
Excess use of ground water for intensive cropping depleting the ground water resource.
Increased use of pesticides in more quantities than desired leading to runoff into water bodies and polluting them and polluting environment, negative effects on health etc. Soil degradation due to fertilizer use in more quantities (without soil testing) and high uptake of nutrients due to high responding varieties.
Lack of information on weather updates may lead to untimely operations leading to crop loss due to unexpected dry spells or rains.
2 Drying Storage of grains and products like turmeric, red gram etc. needs drying to attain prescribed moisture level to avoid pest and disease infestation which may call for chemical use for management.
Drying on open grounds may contaminate the produce with dirt, microbes etc. which will reduce the quality of produce will have an impact on health.
3 Storage Storage facilities when not properly ventilated will attract pest and moisture which will spoil the produce. And pest infestation may lead to pesticide use which may leave harmful residues on produce.
Storage pest infestation is a common problem during storage. Stored product pest control involves use of fumigants which leave residues on food products and are harmful for health.
Chemicals stored along with food commodities may
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contaminate the Produce or give off flavors.
Organic produce stored along with non organic produce may lead to adulteration.
4 Milling Noise pollution to the workers and in the neighborhood due to milling. Fine dust during milling will lead to health issues like allergy, asthma in long run.
5 Processing and value addition
Processing and value addition may require high amount of energy and water depleting local fuel and water resources and increasing emissions due to energy use.
Accidents and health hazards are possible during processing involving machinery.
Unhygienic environment or practices at processing will contaminate the food products.
6 Transport Organic produce may get contaminated when transported along with other non food commodities like fertilizers, pesticides etc.
7 Waste disposal
Disposal of wastes openly after milling or waste (water, seed coats, peels, etc.) after processing may create unhygienic environment due to decomposition.
8 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues
9 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
10 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
11 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
12 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
Table 4.2 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in the Paddy value chain:
S. No
Activity in the value chain
Possible issues
Interventions for Productivity Enhancement 1 Varietal selection Varieties not suitable to local environmental conditions
may not respond well and increase cost of pest and disease management.
2 Method of cultivation (withrespect to irrigation and water use)
Long periods of flooding rice fields’ results in Methane emission which is green house gas playing key role in global warming.
Flood irrigation increases the use of precious water resources and in ground water irrigated areas it also increases the energy consumption for pumping ground water. This leads to over exploitation of ground water.
Application of urea under flood conditions leads to Nitrous oxide emissions.
3 Cropping pattern Continuous mono cropping of paddy may lead to depletion of similar kind of nutrients from the soil which
65
in turn would lead to decreased productivity in long term.
In irrigated areas of Tamil Nadu rice is grown in Rice- Rice rotation which is very detrimental to the soil health.
4 Managing soil fertility
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers without knowing the nutrient status of the soil can be detrimental for soil health. This also increases cost of cultivation.
Besides the chemical fertilizers leave residues in the soil which leads to salinity and alkalinity of the soil which in turn affects the soil structure.
5 Weed management
Application of weedicides causes damage to Fish, impeded propagation of Algae and other non targeted organisms. This will also lead to chemical residues in soil and water.
6 Pest control Use of chemical pesticides cause damage to aquatic bio diversity in rice fields and surrounding water bodies and leaves chemical residues.
7 Storage Fumigation of storage godowns and storage spaces with Methyl bromide and phosphine in order to control store product pests may cause damage to human health.
8 Transportation Contamination is possible during package and transport.
9 Milling Water used for soaking the paddy, especially for parboiled rice production, if not properly treated could result in water pollution and odour nuisance to local community.
Air pollution both on site and in the surrounding locality due to release of dust to the atmosphere from handling or processing of the paddy or its by-products is a major environmental concern for rice mills.
10 Energy usage Different operations in paddy processing require considerable energy for parboiling, mechanical drying and milling.
11 Waste management
Disposal of solid wastes, particularly unused rice husk occupies space and creates inconvenience. Effluent produced during cleaning of equipment will pose a problem to surrounding environment.
12 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
13 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
14 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
15 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
16 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
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Table 4.3 Potential environmental/ social issues in whole pepper and powdered pepper
S. No Component Possible Issue
1 Pepper nursery / plantation / cultivation
Non availability of steady cultivation and of pepper nursery plants.
2 Pepper cultivation and harvest
Absence of Good cultivation practices can worsen the plant yield and lead to losses
3 Machinery and powdering premises
Poor Health and safety conditions that leads contamination and affect the safety of workers.
4 Grading and Storing Improper storing and grading will affect the Pepper market value additions. It may cause damage to product and be a hindrance to create premium products.
5 Worker safety Dust accumulation in working space may lead to allergic infections.
6 Shelf life and market cost enhancement by value addition – measures.
Lack of training and skilling for value addition of raw pepper and introduce appropriate machinery to make premium products.
Non availability of information about pepper market prices; fluctuations and demand which will help SHGs to customize their production; suitable value addition and fetch better prices for their effort.
7 Institutional support Lack of Institutional support in capacity building; market linkages can help SHGs to produce and market their pepper products better.
8 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
9 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
10 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
11 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
12 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
4.2 Environmental Issues in Livestock Value Chains
Dairy: TNRTP targets to produce of milk through best livestock management practices. The interventions will include induction of high yielding animals, capacity building, and fodder requirements etc. Table 4.4 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in the Dairy value chain:
S. No Component Possible Issue
1 Breed selection Selection of breeds that cannot adapt to the local climatic conditions will lead to loss of cattle or results in low
67
productivity and health issues.
2 Open grazing Even though open grazing is a traditional practice and recommended for better health conditions of the animals, over grazing will lead to loss of pasture lands due to reduced regeneration capacity as a result of continuous grazing.
The local biodiversity is also affected and soil becomes susceptible to erosion as the green cover is removed.
This will also increase the strain on the animal to walk longer distances in search of fodder affecting the productivity.
3 Fodder cultivation
Exclusive dependence of fodder varieties like CO4 will not supply all vital nutrients to the cattle, besides it depletes soil nutrients and water resources as the water requirement for such crops is high.
4 Chemical Fertilization Tackling the fodder scarcity
Over use of chemical fertilizers or use of pesticides will lead to biomagnifications and affect the quality of milk.
Fodder scarcity in dry seasons or drought periods will create stress on available vegetation like trees and insufficient fodder affects animal health.
5 Stall feeding with unchopped green fodder
Stall feeding with unchopped green fodder will lead to wastage of fodder and feeding efficiency of animal is decreased.
6 Shed spacing, sanitation and waste management
Congested and unclean sheds (without proper facilities for draining the urine etc, lack ventilation etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases.
Open disposal of the shed leanings - fodder wastage, manure, urine etc. will create unhygienic environment in the surroundings.
7 Interventions for improving milk yield
Injecting hormonal substances like oxytocin under misconception that it increases milk yield will have negative impact on animal health and will make the animal go dry early.
8 Milking Unhygienic milking practices -milking without washing hands
Not addressing any injuries or disease of the animal will contaminate the milk
9 Open disposal of carcasses
The dead bodies of calves, or small ruminants that are dead due to epidemics will further spread the infection when disposed openly.
10 Cleaning and maintenance of equipment in Bulk milk cooling units
The chemical and acids used in cleaning the unit pollute the soil and water when discharged without being treated
11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues
12 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour or sending children for grazing.
13 Fair and equal wages
Possibility of discrimination in the wages
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14 Women
Participation
Exclusion of women workers
15 Including
disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
Table 4.5 Goat Rearing: Potential Environmental/ Social Issues
S. No Component Possible Issue
1 Breed selection Selection of breeds that are not suitable to the local climatic conditions
2 Disease management Diseases and infections can create loss of productivity and damage to the whole goat stock.
3 Shed spacing Congested and unclean sheds (without proper
facilities for draining the urine etc, lack ventilation etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases.
4 Grazing Open grazing increases the strain on the animal to walk longer distances in search of fodder affecting the productivity. Continuous grazing leads to loss of pasture land.
5 Insurance and Financial services
Lack of insurance can lead to major loss during times of emergency and group assets
5 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues
6 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
7 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
8 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
9 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
Table 4.6 Slaughter House: Potential Environmental/ Social Issues
S. No Component Possible Issue
1 License and permissions Waste water discharge, waste disposal and carcass disposal may not be adhred according to guidance without licence.
2 License of Butchers Butchers without liscence may contain contagious diseases and corntain health problem which will further cause infections.
3 Site location Slaughter houses near to residential and public places can create public nuisance and compromise public health safety issues.
4 Stamping of animals for butchering
Meat from animals witout stampling and without examinatiuon may spread diseases.
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5 Meat sales Meat from slaughter houses cannot be directly sold to customers.
6 Waste management and health control in slaughter house; maintenance of machinery and premises.
Improper disposal of wastes from slaughter houses will lead to health issues due to animal disease.
7 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
8 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
9 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
10 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
11 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
4.3 Environmental and Social Issues in Enterprises: This part discusses the potential environmental issues and environment friendly alternatives (environment guidelines) of Farm Products and Non Farm Products. The farm and non farm products that TNRTP enterprises may deal with are presented below:
Table 4.7 List of Farm and Non Farm Enterprises
Farm based enterprises Non Farm enterprises
Pickle Rice Mill Coconut Oil Sweet Milk Products Snacks & Bakery Papads Fruit Jams Turmeric Powder Powders(Onion, Curry leaves, drumstick) Minor Millet products Coir Products Bamboo products Banana Fiber products
Garment Stitching Granite Quarry Other handicrafts Pottery Welding Petty shop Textiles Construction Storage Retailing
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Environment/Social Issues in Processing and value addition of Farm products
Table 4.8 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in farm based food product preparation
S. No
Activity in the value chain or steps in the process
Possible issues
1 Registration, licenses and permissions
Manufacturing and selling of chemical products without registration and license is illegal. Food processing units also need licenses along with small scale industries.
2 Storage of raw materials and finished products.
Improper storage of raw materials i.e. in moist, unclean conditions leads to spoilage or contamination of the products and chemical raw materials poses health risks to the people around.
Few materials lead to explosions and fire hazards when not stored in required manner.
3 Manufacture Manufacture without following prescribed standards under health and hygiene affects the quality of produce.
4 Use of additives, preservatives
Use of non permitted additives and preservatives is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers
5 Energy use Energy is required for heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying etc.
6 Use of water Water is required for cleaning, washing, boiling etc.
7 Maintenance and upkeep of machinery
Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning. Possibility of accidents during handling machinery.
8 Waste disposal Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc.
9 Facilities at processing and manufacturing centers.
Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers.
10 Adoption of environment guidelines
Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines
11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
12 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
13 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
14 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
15 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
71
Manufacture of Food products
Food products: Masala products and Pickles, Papads, Snacks and Bakery, Sweet and milk products etc. Table 4.9 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in food product preparation
S. No
Activity in the value chain or steps in the process
Possible issues
1 Registration and licenses Manufacturing and selling of food products need license depending on the scale of activity.
2 Drying the raw materials, products
Drying on unclean floor will contaminate the produce by inducing microbial growth.
3 Use of machinery (for grinding masala and ingredients for pickle)
Use of unclean machinery for grinding raw materials may contaminate food.
4 Use of cook stoves (in bakery and snacks, sweet and milk products)
Use of LPG or fuel wood will lead to degradation of the resource and increase the fuel costs
5 Use of preservatives, colour and flavor agents
Use of synthetic agents may have adverse effects.
6 Handling and packing Handling the food products with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack.
7 Packing and labeling Edible products beyond the shelf life may lead to illness when consumed.
8 Storage Storage in improper conditions like moist, dusty floor, walls etc. will spoil the produce due to mold infestation.
9 Facilities at processing centre Poor facilities will have impact on worker’s health
10 Waste management Open disposal of waste from food processing unit will give bad odour and create unhygienic environment due to decomposition.
11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
12 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour
13 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
14 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
15 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
72
Oil Extraction Products: Coconut oil and ground nut oil Table 4.10 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in oil extraction:
S. No
Component Possible issues
1 Use of machine for grinding Machinery handling should be clean and proper.
2 Handling and packing
Handling the raw material and oil with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack. Contamination of rawmaterial may lead to fungal growth and aflatoxins
3 Extraction method Manual extraction is time-consuming, dirty, arduous and fuel-intensive.
4 Facilities at processing centre Poor facilities will have impact on worker’s health.
5 By product utilization The oil cake obtained as a by-product will find a ready market as a cattle feed and in the manufacture of mixed cattle feeds
6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
7 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour
8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
10 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of diabled beneficiaries
Forest based enterprises Products: Hill brooms, tamarind, honey, are dealt under forest based enterprises. Table 4.11 Potential Environmental/ social issues in forest based enterprises
S. No
Activity in the value chain or steps in the process
Possible issues
1 Permissions for Forest based enterprises
Issues regarding use of forest land, ownership rights, regulations from forest departments.
2 Harvesting of NTFP NTFP are scarce resources and unsustainable harvesting lead to loss of biodiversity.
3 Method of Collection of Raw material.
Destructive methods of collection such as cutting the branches, uprooting the plants, etc. damages the resource. Unscientific methods of collection may affect the quality of product there by leading to less revenue and thus over exploitation.
4 Processing of forest produce Improper drying (drying on bare earth) and storage may contaminate the produce. Processing using machinery for grinding, mixing, boiling etc. may lead to injuries. Energy use in boiling, drying etc. will required fuel wood.
73
5 Issuing NTFP cards Unsustainable extraction of NFFPs
6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
7 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour
8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
10 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
Environment Issues in Non Farm Products
Table 4.12 Potential Environmental/ social issues in nonfarm based enterprises
S. No
Activity in the value chain or steps in the process
Possible issues
1 Registration, licenses and permissions
Manufacturing and selling of chemical products without registration and license is illegal.
2 Raw material (Chemical)
Poor quality raw material lead to burning of hands, breathing problems etc. during preparation and end use of the product.
3 Storage of raw materials and finished products
Improper storage of raw materials leads to spoilage or contamination of products.
4 Processing and manufacture
Manufacture without following prescribed standards affects the health of workers.
5 Energy use Energy is required by machinery for heating, running mixing, packing, etc. and will have impact through GHG emissions.
6 Use of water Water is required for cleaning, washing, boiling etc. As the requirement is in large quantities this will have impact on local water resources.
7 Maintenance and upkeep of machinery
Possibility of accidents during handling machinery.
8 Waste disposal Open disposal of chemical wastes or cleaned water leads to contamination of surroundings and water bodies.
9 Facilities at processing and manufacturing centers
Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers.
10 Packaging Use of packaging material which is not compostable further causes the soil pollution.
11 Adoption of environment guidelines
Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines
12 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
74
13 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
14 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
15 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
16 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
Environment Issues in Garment Stitching
Table 4.13 Potential Environmental/social issues in Garment Stitching process
S. No
Activity in the value chain or steps in the process
Possible issues
1 Registration, licenses and permissions
Manufacturing and selling of garments / stitched garments which involve engagement of child labour; children at risk – street children; youth; exploitation of women.
2 Storage of raw materials and finished stitched products. Risk reduction – workers and machinery
Improper storage of raw materials i.e. in moist, humid unclean, unventilated conditions leads to spoilage of the garment / raw materials.
Poses health risks to the workers.
Garment materials – especially polyster materials are at risk of fire hazards when not stored / handled in required manner.
Non-insurance of worker lives and unit / machinery may trigger sever financial stress during emergency scenarios. Hence insurance required.
3 Production and worker health / working space.
Machinery used in the production process must be kept clean and maintained periodically.
Electrical wiring should be done properly in a risk proof manner.
Seating arrangements and working conditions should be such that there is no noise pollution and comfortable / appropriate seating arrangements.
4 Energy use Energy is required for running the machines; ironing; heating, ventilation-fan.
5 Waste disposal Rags and cut cloth pieces during garment stitching may be collected and re-used / sold.
6 Adoption of environment guidelines and skilling. Institutional capacity building – certification up gradation
Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines.
Lack of skilling may lead to lower productivity and access to sales of products.
Lack of certification / institutional capacity building may restrict access to benefits of e-accounting; e-salary; certification and premium payments; lower branding; and access to markets.
7 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health
75
issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.
8 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
9 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
10 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
11 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries
Artisans and Handicrafts
Table 4.14 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in Handlooms, handicrafts, basket making, paper plates and paper
S.No Activity in the value chain or steps in the process
Possible issues
1 Work space Poor facilities will have impact on worker’s health.
2 Use of machinery and tools Use of machines and tools may lead to injuries at times.
3 Energy use Use of electricity in stitching, paper cup and plate manufacturing units is associated with carbon emission.
4 Use of dyes (handicrafts, handlooms)
Handling chemical dyes leads to skin and respiratory related problems.
5 Waste disposal Open disposal of waste like cloth rags from handicraft will create unpleasant sight.
6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues
7 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour
8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers
10 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries.
Granite Quarry and Cutting Enterprises:
Table 4.15 Potential Environmental/ Social Issues in Granite Quarry
S. No Component Possible Issue
1 License and permissions
Establishment of Granite Quarry without licence may increase the environmental issues and social acceptance.
2 Environmental Clearance Certificate
Environmental non clearance may increases the the negative impacts of the Granite operation activities. Operation without Environmental Clearance is an offence.
3 Regulations and safeguards. Safe handling of granite tailings; waste.
Improper handling may increase the risk of negative impact to environment and human health from Granite processing operations.
4 Waste Management in Granite operations –
Improper handling may increase the risk of negative impact to environment and human health from Granite processing
76
by products operations.
5 Mitigation measures for prevention of unauthorized usage of waste tailings
Unauthorized usage of waste tailings
6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues
7 Possibility of using child labour
There is a risk of hiring child labour
8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages
9 Women Participation Exclusions of women workers
10 Including disabled
beneficiaries
Exclusions of disabled beneficiaries
Interventions/ steps in value chains and enterprises were given for the three major sectors which are likely to come up with TNRTP viz., Agriculture commodity value chain; Livestock value chain and Enterprises (Farm and Non Farm sector). Potential environmental and social issues were mentioned which will guide the project teams in identifying the issues. Volume II (Environmental and Social Management Framework) covers the Mitigation measures. This will help the Enterprises CPs and Block Team to do the Enviornmental Appraisal. While the most common issues are covered, there could be site specific issues etc which need to be identified during appraisal. Recommendecd mitigation measures will be implemented in the field after appraisal and will be monitored by Enterprises CPs.
77
Annexure 1
List of Tamil Nadu Sustainable Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) Blocks
S.No District Phase
(TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks
1 Coimbatore II
Karamadai
4 S.S.Kulam
Annur
P.N.Palayam
2 Cuddalore
I Annagramam
6
Banrotti
II
Komaratchi
Parangipettai
Buvanagiri
Kurinjipadi
3 Dindigul
I Athoor
7
Oddanchatram
II
Kodaikanal
Batlakundu
Palani
Vedasandur
Guziliamparai
4 Erode II
Thalavadi
5
Bhavanisagar
Sathyamangalam
Bhavani
Chennimalai
5 Kanchipuram II
Thiruporur
5
St.Thomas Mount
Thirukalukundram
Walajabad
Kanchipuram
6 Karur II
Kulithalai 2
Karur
7 Krishnagiri II
Bargur
3 Kaveripattinam
Krishnagiri
78
S.No District Phase
(TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks
8 Madurai II
Madurai east
4 Melur
Kottampatti
Thirupparankundram
9 Nagapattinam
I Sirkali
4 Sembanarkovil
II Nagapattinam
Thalainayar
10 Namakkal II
Pallipalayam
4 Puduchatram
Mohanur
Tiruchengode
11 Pudukkottai II
Aranthangi
4 Pudukkottai
Thiruvarankulam
Viralimalai
12 Ramnathapuram
I Thiruvadanai
4 Thirupulani
II Mandapam
RS Mangalam
13 Salem II
Omalur
7
Mecheri
Sankari
Panamarathupatti
Tharamangalam
Attur
Veerapandi
14 Sivagangai II
Devakkottai
3 Manamathurai
Kalayarkovil
15 Theni II
Periyakulam 2
Uthamapalayam
16 Tirunelveli II
Keelapavoor
6 Kadayam
Valliyoor
79
S.No District Phase
(TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks
Radhapuram
Palayankottai
Naguneri
17 Tiruppur II
Thiruppur
5
Pongalur
Kundadam
Avinashi
Udumalpet
18 Tiruvallur II
Sholavaram
4
Minjur
Kummidipoondi
Kadambathur
19 Tiruvannamalai
I Kalsapakkam
6
Thurinjapuram
II
Vanthavasi
Kilpennathur
Thellar
Chetpet
20 Tiruvarur
I Needamangalam 4
Valangaiman
II Mannarkudi
Muthupettai
21 Thoothukudi II
Sathankulam
4 Alwarthirunagari
Thoothukudi
Karunkulam
22 Trichy II
Andanallur 5
Manikandam
Mosoori
Manaparrai
Thuraiyur
23 Vellore
I Nemlli
6 Kaveeripakkam
II K.V.Kuppam
Sholingur
80
S.No District Phase
(TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks
Arcot
Walajah
24 Villupuram
I Mugaiyur
8
Kanai
II
TV Nallur
Koliyanur
Sankarapuram
Vikrapandi
Rishivandiam
Vallam
25 Virudhunagar II
Sivakasi
4 Rajapalayam
Virudhunagar
Kariapatti
26 Nilgiris NRLP
Gudalur
4 Kothagiri
Coonoor
Ooty
Total 120
81
Annexure 2
List of activities field visited
Field Visits
S. No
District Activities visited Key observations
1 Coimbatore Sanitary napkin (low cost eco friendly sanitary pads, NTFP collection, Coir making
Sanitary napkin-making machine to produce quality products at a lower cost to the consumer. Interested in taking training in sustainable collection of NTFPs. Safety measures (face masks) are not being used in coir making unit.
2 Salem Organic Agriculture, Rice Mill, Coconut oil making
Organic fertilizers and pesticides are used for the production. Good quality paddy is selected, soaked, boiled and milling is done and improved the appearance by polishing. Willing to procure the extraction machines with funding support
3 Namakkal Coffee Processing Pepper processing Coconut Production
Coffee and Pepper production by rain fed agriculture. Interested in value addition with training. Burying coconut husks for moisture conservation. Interested in products such as coconut water, oil and oil cake.
4 Kanchipuram Garments making, Textiles, Handicrafts
Mainly involved in stitching children dress and women wear as job works. Involved in granite carving and clay based handicrafts.
5 Vellore Dairy, Bulk milk cooling unit, Cattle feed mixing
The problem of fodder availability and water scarcity should be addressed in TNRTP. The dung is sold to the farmers. Poor farmers sell the cowdung waste to the agriculture land. Uses fodder chopping machines. Interested to take up milk based products preparation with adequate training.
6 Thoothukudi Goat rearing, Slaughter house
Green and dry fodder availability during summer is the major problem. Expressed need of fodder storage room, and more no of goats.
Institutions interacted Components discussed
Department of Environment (DoE), Climate Change Cell of DoE, Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR), Institute of Energy Studies of Anna University, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Forestry
Environmental Impacts Legal Requirements Mitigation Measures
82
Annexure 3 Categorization of blocks based on the assessment of dynamic groundwater resources
(PWD dt 2.3.2012)
OVER-
EXPLOITED CRITICAL
SEMI
CRITICAL SAFE OTHERS
[Greater than 100%]
[Between 90 and
100%] [ 70 and 90%] [ Less than 70%]
(Poor Quality /
Saline)
COIMBATORE DISTRICT (4 Blocks ) 1) Annur 1) Karamadai
2) P.N. Palayam
3) Sarkarsamakulam
CUDDALORE DISTRICT (6 Blocks )
1) Annagramam 1)Kumaratchi
2) Panruti 2)Kurinjipadi
3) Buvanagiri
4) Parangipettai
DINDIGUL DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS )
1) Attur 6) Palani 7) Kodaikanal
2) Vattalagundu
3) Guziliamparai
4) Oddanchattiram
5) Vedasandur
ERODE DISTRICT (5 BLOCKS )
1) Bhavanisagar 1) Bhavani 1) Chennimalai
2) Satyamangalam
3) Thalavadi
KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT (5 BLOCKS )
1)Thirukalukundram 2) Wallajabad 5)
Kancheepuram
3) St.Thomas Mount
4) Thiruporur
KARUR DISTRICT (2 BLOCKS )
1) Karur
2) Kulithalai
KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT (3 BLOCKS )
1)Bargur 1) Kaveripattinam
2) Krishnagiri
MADURAI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1)
Thiruparankundram 1) Kottampatti
2) Madurai (East)
3) Melur
83
NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1) Sembanarkoil 1) Sirkazhi 1) Nagapattinam (Saline)
2) Thalainaiyar
(Saline)
NAMAKKAL DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1)Puduchatram 1) Mohanur
2)Pallipalayam
3) Tiruchengodu
THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1)Coonoor
2)Gudalur
3)Kotagiri
4)Udhagamandalam (Ooty)
PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1)
Thiruvarankulam 1) Aranthangi
2) Viralimalai 2) Pudukkottai
RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1) Mandapam
1)
Thiruvadanai
(Poor Quality)
2) R.S.Mangalam
2) Thirupullani
(Poor Quality)
SALEM DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS )
1) Attur 1) Mecheri 1)Sankagiri
2) Panamaruthupatti 2)Tharamangalam
3)Veerapandi
4)Omalur
SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT (3 BLOCKS )
1 )Kaliyarkoil
2) Devakottai
3) Manamadurai
THENI DISTRICT (2 BLOCKS)
1) Uthamapalayam 1) Periyakulam
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT ( 5 BLOCKS )
1)Manapparai
2)Manikandam 1)Andanallur
3)Musiri
4)Thuraiyur
TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS )
1) Valliyur 1) Keelapavoor 1) Kadayam
2) Radhapuram 2) Nanguneri
84
3) Palayamkottai
TIRUPPUR DISTRICT ( 5 BLOCKS )
1) Avinasi 1) Kundadam
2) Pongalur 2) Tiruppur
3) Udumalpet
TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1) Kadambathur
1) Gummudipoondi
2) Minjur 2) Sholavaram
TIRUVANNAMALAI DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS )
1) Chetpet 1) Kalasapakkam 1) Thellar
2) Vandavasi 2) Kilpennathur
3) Thurinjapuram
TIRUVARUR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1) Valangaimaan
1) Mannargudi
1) Muthupet
(Poor Quality)
2)
Needamangalam
THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1) Sathankulam 1) Thoothukudi 1) Alwarthirunagari
2) Karunkulam
VELLORE DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS )
1)Arcot 1)Nemili 1)Wallajah 1)Kaveripakkam
2)K.V.Kuppam
3)Sholinghur
VILLUPPURAM DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS )
1) Kanai 1)Sankarapuram 1)Mugaiyur
2)Kolianur 2)Rishivandhiya
m
3)Vallam 3)Tiruvennainall
ur
4)Vikravandi
VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )
1) Rajapalayam 1) Sivakasi 1) Virudhunagar 1) Kariappatti
85
Annexure 4
District Fact Sheet
COIMBATORE:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 10 10’ and 11 30’
2. East Longitude: Between 76 40’ and 77 30’ 2.
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3671 Reserve Forest (Sq. Km.) : 1052 Total Area (Sq. Km.) : 4723
3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 3458045 b) Male Population : 1729297 c) Female Population : 1728748 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 328.9 South West Monsoon : 189.8 Actual - North East Monsoon : 311.6 South West Monsoon : 764.2 5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 176501 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 173437 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3064 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S. No Crops Area (in hect.) Production (in tones)
1 Paddy (Rice ) 2167 10139
2 Cholam 28458 23105
3 Maize 4474 35797
4 Other Cereal 121 194
5 Pulses 9841 5794
6 Sugarcane (Gur) 1128 121181
7 Groundnut 4589 12389
8 Gingelly 324 114
9 Cotton 438 797
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 131341
86
2. Area (Hectares) : 237305.22 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 1.81
6. IRRIGATION Gross Area Net Area
a. Govt. Canals : 24403 20763 b. Private Canals : -- -- c. Tanks : -- -- d.Tube Wells : 31227 30784 e.Wells& Other Sources: 62459 61357 f. Other Sources : -- -- Total Irrigated. : 115664 113689
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 406587 b Buffaloes : 8397 c Sheep : 109358 d Goat : 198574 e Poultry : 117215277.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Dairies : 1 b Milk Chilling Plants : 4 c No.of milk co-operative Societies : 327 d Quantity of Milk Produced ( in Lakh Litres) : 447.34
9. FISHERIES
e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 47.559
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 105224 b. Reserved Lands : - c. Unclassified Forests(Revenue Department Record : 6647
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Name of the Minerals Found in the District
1. Lime Stone 2. Quartz 3. Feldspar 4. Soap stone
87
CUDDALORE:
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION Latitude 150 5” / 110 11” and 120 35”N Longitude 780 38” and 800 00” E
AREA & POPULATION
1. Area (Sq.kms) 3678 2. Population 2600880 3. Population Density (Sq.kms) 707
LAND CLASSIFICATION (IN HECT) (Fasli 1423)
1. Forests 1414.525 2. Barren & Uncultivable land 14622.745 3. Land put to Non Agricultural use 58793.545 4. Cultivable Waste 6033.690 5. Permanent Pastures & other
Grazing Land 603.730
6. Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops & groves not included in Net Area Sown
14049.500
7. Current Fallow Lands 34370.960 8. Other Fallow Lands 22333.240 9. Net Area Sown 215559.065
Total Geographical Area 367781
AGRICULTURE CULTIVATED
AREA(Ha)
1. Paddy (i) Kar 32549.350 (ii) Samba 89210.445 (iii) Navarai 5725.995 Total (Paddy only) 127485.790 2. Ragi 199.175 3. Cumbu 3559.090 4. Maize 20520.220 5. Varagu 1459.585 6. Black Gram 52338.320 7. Green Gram 11229.840 8. Sugarcane 30304.000 9. Mango 494.935 10. Banana 4250.825 11. Guava 570.405 12. Cashew nut 30146.205 13. Coconut 1881.120 14. Tamarind 129.985 15. Tapioca 3252.010
88
16. Flowers 511.120 17. Vegetables 1017.400 18. Other Crops 239711.005 Total Cultivated Area 325355.070
Normal Rainfall (mm)
South West Monsoon
383.1
North East Monsoon
697.8
RESERVOIRS DEPTH (in feet)
CAPACITY( inmcft)
Wellington (Reservoir) 29.78 2580
Veeranam (Tank) 13.6 990 Perumal (Tank) 6.5 574.48 Valaja (Tank) 5.5 90.72
NUMBER OF IRRIGATION TANKS(No’s)
40 hect < 404 40 hect > 188
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
Milk Producer Co-op. Society
235
Average Milk Production per day (in liter)
41240
Milk Chilling Plants 1
FISHERIES
Length of Coastal Line(Km)
57.5
No.of Coastal Blocks 3 No. of Coastal Centers 3 Mining & Quarrying (Taluk Wise)
Cuddalore 41 Panruti 20 Chirdambaram 6 Kattumannarkoil 1 Virudhachalam 5 Tittagudi 1 Kurinjipadi 4
89
DINDIGUL:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 10 05’ and 10 09’
2. East Longitude : Between 77 30’ and 78 20’.
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 6266.64
3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 2161367 b) Male Population : 1081934 c) Female Population : 1079433 d) Population density : 357 per Sq. Km e) Sex Ratio : 998 f) Literacy Rate : 76.85% 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 436.4 South West Monsoon: 295.4 Actual - North East Monsoon : 617.1 South West Monsoon : 180.1 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (He) : 247619 b. Net Area Sown (He.) : 241747 c. Area Sown more than once (He.) : 5872 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 19158 2 Jowar : 29155 3 Maize : 40643 4 Bajra : 2038 5 Coffee : 10223 6 Sugarcane (Gur) : 5815 7 Groundnut : 2781 8 Gingelly : 634 9 Cotton : 2801 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 285174
90
2. Area (Hectares) : 307357 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : 1.07 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 4228 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 9829 d.Tube Wells : 2877 e.Wells& Other Sources : 103240 f. Other Sources : 721 Total Irrigated. : 120895
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 283715 b Buffaloes : 88332 c Sheep : 270406 d Goat : 312145 e Poultry : 3869552.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 243 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 14735
9. FISHERIES
e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 108.397
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 122580 b. Reserved Lands : 16343 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Name of the Minerals Found in the District
Black granite, Rough stone, Quarries and sand Grey granite.
91
ERODE:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 10 36" and 11 58"
2. East Longitude : Between 76 49" and 77 58".
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5722
3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 2251744 b) Male Population : 1129868 c) Female Population : 1121876 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 330.0 South West Monsoon : 287.3 Actual - North East Monsoon : 314.6 South West Monsoon : 229.8 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 199349 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 178687 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 20662
d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 16911 2 Tapioca : 6285 3 Bajra : 100 4 Turmeric : 6293 5 Sugarcane (Gur) : 21198 6 Groundnut : 20103 7 Gingelly : 9361 8 Cotton : 1093 9 Banana : 11150 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 197532 2. Area (Hectares) : 266012.53 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : NA
92
6. IRRIGATION Net Area(Hect) Numbers
a. Govt. Canals : 39286 10 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- 697 d.Bore Wells : 29395 7400 e. Dug Wells : 1242 1233 Total Irrigated. : 69923
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 1,48,619 b Buffaloes : 58,665 c Sheep : 1,65,277 d Goat : 3,09,202 e Poultry : 5661729.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 3 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 692 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 84786511 liters
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 67.23
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 227511 Hect b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Name of the Minerals Found in the District
Quartz, Felsper, Black Granite, Color Granite, Gravel
93
KANCHIPURAM:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00 '
2. East Longitude : Between 77 28 ' and 78 50 '
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) : 4,433
3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 3998252 b) Male Population : 2012958 c) Female Population : 1985294 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal : 1227.7 Actual : 888.2 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 120957.16 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 102544.460 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 18412.698
d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.)
1 Paddy(sornavari) : 24712.466
2 Paddy(samba) : 47471.147
3 Paddy (Navarai) : 13380.434
4 Cumbu : 74.355
5 Cholam : 29.355
6 Ragi : 506.040
7 Green gram : 501.260
8 Black gram : 1668.520
9 Other pulses : 186.605
10 Chilies : 130.176
11 Turmeric : 0.060
12 Other Spices : 35.764
13 Sugarcane : 1732.593
14 Fruits and Vegetables : 5466.520
15 Gingely : 1640.062
16 Groundnut : 12520.320
17 Coconut : 3097.46
94
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 220026 2. Area (Hectares) : 145068.040 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : 0.659 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area(Hect) a. Govt. Canals : 230 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 49174 d.Tube Wells : 10690 e. Ordinary Wells : 34642 Total Irrigated. : 94732.60
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 347372 b Buffaloes : 57457 c Sheep : 119646 d Goat : 192242 e Poultry : 866743.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Cold Storage and Godown : 7 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 303 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1,81,83,990
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 87.2 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 4 c. Number of Marine fishing villages : 44 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 11956 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 7852 f. Number of fisherman engaged : 20860 g. No.of Families Engaged in Fishing : 7626 10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 23021.99 Hect b. Reserved Lands : 3.17 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Name of the Minerals Found in the District
Silica, Black Granite
95
KARUR:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : 11.00° N to 12.00° N
2. East Longitude : 77.28° E to 77.50° E
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) : 2895.6
3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1064493 b) Male Population : 528184 c) Female Population : 536309 4.RAINFALL (In mm) SOUTH-WEST MONSOON Normal : 156 Actual : 213.6 NORTH-EAST MONSOON Normal : 314.7 Actual : 258.8 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 93613.670 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 87905.605 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 5708.065
d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 13444 2 Jowar : 25985 3 Cumbu : 521 4 Redgram : 3803 5 Chillies : 366 6 Sugarcane (Gur) : 2520 7 Groundnut : 4594 8 Gingelly : 4627 9 Maize : 2327 10 Banana : 2909 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 146051 2. Area (Hectares) : 206824.283 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : NA
96
6. IRRIGATION Net Area(Hect)
a. Govt. Canals : 12593 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 10 d.Tube Wells : 9970 e. Dug Wells : 27014 Total Irrigated. : 49587
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 150063 b Buffaloes : 37487 c Sheep : 260130 d Goat : 178551 e Poultry : 2422346.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Cold Storage and Godown : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 150 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 19058285
9. FISHERIES
e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 4.05 f. Number of fisherman engaged : 400 g. No.of Families Engaged in Fishing : NA
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 6187.115 Hect b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Name of the Minerals Found in the District
Limestone, Sand, Quartz, Feldspar, Granites, Rough Stone, Magnesite
97
KRISHNAGIRI:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : 11º 12'N to 12º 49’ N
2. East Longitude : 77º 27'E to 78º 38'E
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Kms.): 5143
3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 18,83,731 b) Male Population : 9,63,152 c) Female Population : 9,20,579 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Average Rainfall : 830 mm 5. AGRICULTURE The important crops of Krishnagiri District are Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Banana, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tamarind, Coconut, Mango, Groundnut, Vegetables and Flowers. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 82,930
S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 20,687 2 Ragi : 48,944 3 Other minor crops : 11,937 4 Pulses : 48,749 5 Sugarcane : 4,078 6 Mango : 30,017 7 Coconut : 13,192 8 Tamarind : 1,362 9 Other Crops : 43,199 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area(Hect) a. Govt. Canals : 12593 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 10 d.Tube Wells : 9970 e. Dug Wells : 27014 Total Irrigated. : 49587
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7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 150063 b Buffaloes : 37487 c Sheep : 260130 d Goat : 178551 e Poultry : 2422346.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Cold Storage and Godown : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 150 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 19058285
9. FISHERIES
a. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 4.05 b. Number of fisherman engaged : 400
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 6187.115 Hect b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Name of the Minerals Found in the District
Limestone, Sand, Quartz, Feldspar, Granites, Rough Stone, Magnesite
99
MADURAI:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
North Latitude : Between 9°30.00 and 10°30.00
East Longitude : Between 77°00.00 and 78°30.00
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3741.73 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 30,38,252 b) Male Population : 15,26,475 c) Female Population : 15,11,777 Density/S.q.K.m. : 812 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 756.0 South West Monsoon : 305.4 Actual - North East Monsoon : 373.0 South West Monsoon : 301.6 5. AGRICULTURE Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 18023 ii. Millets -- 16700 iii. Pulses -- 6335 iv. Cotton -- 3133 v. Oilseeds -- 8732 vi. Sugarcane -- 4943 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 208745 2. Area (Hectares) : 199373 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
a. Dams - irrigating areas, Madurai District : 3 b. Irrigation channels / canals : 80 Nos. 170 K Ms c. Tanks : 2451 Nos d.Wells : 44,701 Nos
a)Double crop : 13860 Ha b) Single crop : 49500 Ha. :. Total Irrigated. : 53360 Ha
100
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
Dairies : 1
a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 840 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 2.43 lakhs lits per day
10. NATURAL RESOURCES
Limestone, Limekankar, Gravel
101
NAGAPATTINAM:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 10°10' and 11°20'
2. East Longitude : Between 79°15' and 79°50'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2569 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1158557 b) Male Population : 576010 c) Female Population : 582547 Density : 520.59 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 908.8 South West Monsoon : 265.2 Actual - North East Monsoon : 969.2 South West Monsoon : 250.60 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 148542 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 148542 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 92749 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in ‘000’hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 158.1 ii. Cerals and Millets -- 15 iii. Pulses -- 65 iv. Oil Seeds -- 1.35 v. Cotton -- 2.7 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 180696 2. Area (Hectares) : 154594.180 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 125014
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b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- d.Tube Wells : 30015 e.Dug Wells : 30485 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 185514
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 767855 b Buffaloes : 85317 c Sheep : 33054 d Goat : 429924 e Poultry : 402045.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 78 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1671480 (liters)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 189.9 km b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 35072 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 7010
10. FOREST
a. Forests (Hect) : 4633 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Crude oil, Silica Sand, Natural gas and Lime shell.
103
NAMAKKAL:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 11.00 and 11.360
2. East Longitude : Between 77.280 and 78.300
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3363. 35 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1721179 b) Male Population : 866740 c) Female Population : 854439 Density.506 (per sq.km) 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 291.6 South West Monsoon : 339.3 Actual - North East Monsoon : 218.3 South West Monsoon : 204.7 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 174485.115 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 155624.655 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 18860.460 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops No. Crops Area ‘000’Hec. Production ‘000’tonnes 1. A.FOOD GRAINS:
a) Cereals & Millets 68816.425 1689260 b) Pulses 12564.555 4700.10
2. B.OIL SEEDS 1861.09 3442.85
3. C.OTHER CROPS
1.Cotton 2897.365 19732.395
2.Sugarcane 10575 L 258494.37
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 148935
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2. Area (Hectares) : 194798.69 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
Numbers Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 3 2510 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 259 74 d.Tube Wells : 5828 6961.04 e.Dug Wells : 70014 58136.74 f. Other Sources : 0 3443.93 Total Irrigated. : 71125.71
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 406311 b Pigs : 10987 c Sheep : 128674 d Goat : 45683 e Poultry : 34415710s.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 482 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 148000 liters per day
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 42507.602 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Limestone, Rough stone, Granite and Magnestie
105
NILGIRIS:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : between 11o 30' 00".12 and 19o 30' 00".42
2. East Longitude : between 76o 29' 52".55 and 76o 36' 00".21
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2,545
3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 7,35,394 b) Male Population : 3,60,143 c) Female Population : 3,75,251 Population density :289 per Sq. Km 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 494.0 South West Monsoon : 763.7 Actual - North East Monsoon : 580.8 South West Monsoon : 644.3 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 75506 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 75329 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 176.16 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 318.425 ii. Arecanut -- 459.825 iii. Garlic -- 274.370 iv. Cardamum -- 963.154 v. Pepper -- 915.544 vi. Ginger -- 322.886 vii. Potato -- 1441.560 viii. Carrot -- 2801.845 vii. Orange -- 34.670 ix. Tea -- 55779.352 x. Coffee -- 7799.893
106
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 64369 2. Area (Hectares) : 80376.39 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : 1.25 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 0 d.Tube Wells : 0 e.Wells& Other Sources : 1196.614 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 1196.614
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 50768 b Buffaloes : 4271 c Sheep : 4643 d Goat : 37393 e Poultry : 120560.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 6 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 95 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 80 (litres in lakhs)
e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 8.126
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests : 137192 b. Reserved Lands : 5777 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: 3313
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Mining prohibited in this district.
107
PUDUKOTTAI:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 9° 50' and 10° 40'
2. East Longitude : Between 78° 25' and 79° 15'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4663 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1618345 b) Male Population : 803188 c) Female Population : 815157
Density : 347/ sq. km 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 406.2 South West Monsoon : 350.6 Actual - North East Monsoon : 202.8 South West Monsoon : 286.5 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 132213 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 126816 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 5397 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) Production (Tonnes) 1. Paddy (Rice) : 83585 240394 2. Coconut (lakh Nuts)-
(Yield rate : nuts/ha.)- : 8716 1515 3. Groundnut (Dry Pods) : 12303 24197 4. Sugarcane (Cane)
(Yield rate : tonnes /ha.)-: 9124 797048 5. Black gram : 1405 691 6. Cholam (Jowar) : 234 170 7. Maize : 4022 23141 8. Mango : 816 6715 9. Banana : 2505 91420 10. Cashwnut : 7370 1150
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 378796 2. Area (Hectares) : 222712.20
108
6. IRRIGATION Net Area
a. Govt. Canals : 3010 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 57852 d.Tube Wells : 31133 e.Dug Wells : 4420 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 96415
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 365862 b Buffaloes : 7492 c Sheep : 117289 d Goat : 150079 e Poultry : 845508.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 75 c Quantity of Milk Produced : -- (litres in lakhs)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 42 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 29022 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 2450
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Sq.Km) : 191.30 b. Reserved Lands : 42.08 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Multicoloured Granite, Stone, gravel and Pebbles
109
RAMANATHAPURAM:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 9 05 and 9 50
2. East Longitude : Between 78 10 and 79.27
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4175 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1337560 b) Male Population : 676574 c) Female Population : 660986 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 491.7 South West Monsoon : 149.3 Actual - North East Monsoon : 382.0 South West Monsoon : 100.8 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 200779 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 200779 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : -- d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) Yield Rate(in kg/hec) 1. Paddy 114982 588 2. Cholam 3236 925 3. Ragi 401 440 4. Greengram 378 290 5. Maize 886 2819 6. Cumbu 1605 490 7. Corriander 1418 27 8. Chillies 16991 390 9. Sugarcane 4236 98 10. Blackgram 2109 296 11. Gingelly 2429 248 12. Ground nut 3572 1252 13. Red gram 97 787 14. Coconut(nuts /ha) 8213 6767
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11)
110
1. Holdings : 393888 2. Area (Hectares) : 284428 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- d.Tube Wells : 0 e.Dug Wells : -- f. Other Sources : 63679 Total Irrigated. : 63679
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : - 367006 b Pigs : - 9918 c Sheep : - 302642 d Goat : - 212183 e Poultry : -. 395139
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 103 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 6290 liters per day
9. FISHERIES
d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 48555 10. FOREST
a. Forests (Hect) : 4488 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Sand quarrying
111
SALEM:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : 11° 39' 0"
2. East Longitude : 78° 10' 0"
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5,237 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 3482056 b) Male Population : 1781571 c) Female Population : 1700485 Density : 665/ sq km 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Average Rainfall Rate : 660-1600 mm (2001) 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : -- b. Net Area Sown (Hec) : 191509 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : -- d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 37328 ii. Groundnut -- 32202 iii. Fodder -- 27700 iv. Sugarcane -- 10468 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : -- 2. Area (Hectares) : -- 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 2100 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1708 d.Tube Wells : 7830 e.Dug Wells : 86335 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 97973
112
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 593847 b Buffaloes : 176521 c Poultry : 2678324
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 1,208 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 4,50,000 (liters in lakhs /year)
e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : --
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 26466 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
NA
113
SIVAGANGAI:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 9.43’ and 10.42’
2. East Longitude : Between 77.47’ and 78.49’
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4189 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1339101 b) Male Population : 668672 c) Female Population : 670429 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 422.7 South West Monsoon : 301 Actual - Total Actual Rainfall : 727.5 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 99691 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 97943 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 218 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1. Paddy 48233 2. Cholam 146 3. Cumbu 6 4. Ragi 57 5. Maize 212 6. Green Gram 4 7. Black Gram 206 8. Red Gram 73 9. Cow Pea 11 10. Chillies 1638 11. Sugarcane 5257 12. Onion 59 13. Fruits & Vegetables
(including Root Crops) 3737 14. Groundnut 212 15. Coconut 5522 16. Cotton 511
114
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 268366 2. Area (Hectares) : 166050.36 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 4966 d.Tube Wells : 0 e.Dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 61195 Total Irrigated. : 66161
7. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
Dairy : 1
a Milk Chilling Plants : 4 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 236 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 165.35 (litres in lakhs)
8. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 128
9. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 16533 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Graphite
115
THENI:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00'
2. East Longitude : Between 77 28' and 78 50'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3242.30 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1245899 b) Male Population : 625683 c) Female Population : 620216 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 357.9 South West Monsoon : 70.5 Actual - North East Monsoon : 399.4 South West Monsoon : 177.4 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 126259.430 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 113167.389 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 13092.041 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Sl. No. Crops Area (ha.) Production in tonnes Productivity Kg./ha. 1 Rice (Paddy) 14630.275 71903 4.91 2 Cholam 8296.735 36889 4.44 3 Cumbu 1653.335 5002 3.02 4 Ragi 27.210 82 3.01 5 Redgram 2118.100 2529 1.19 6 Greengram 1557.441 867 1.19103 7 Blackgram 1152.195 779 0.67 8 Groundnut 2437.095 6644 2.72 9 Gingelly 1727.445 1192 0.69 10 Sunflower 150.575 433 2.87 11 Cotton 1790.570 12194 6.81 12 Sugarcane 5287.455 457012 6.81 13 Chillies 386.230 181 0.46 14 Onion 922.320 11595 12.57 15 Banana 5914.400 353658 59.79
116
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 128081 2. Area (Hectares) : 131713.02 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : -- 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Canals : 15080 b. Tanks : 1292 d.Tube Wells : 11615 e.Dug Wells : 48435 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 76422
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 137665 b Buffaloes : 6397 c Sheep : 123256 d Goat : 101965 e Poultry : 1259899.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 403 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 39404325
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 3674
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 134812.92 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Rough stone and Gravel
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THIRUCHIRAPALLI:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 10 to 11-30'
2. East Longitude : Between 77-45' to 78-50'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4,403.83 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 2,41,8366 b) Male Population : 12,08,534 c) Female Population : 12,09,832 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 356.1 South West Monsoon : 270.3 Actual - North East Monsoon : 364.9 South West Monsoon : 357.7 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 1,85,985 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 1,71,002 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 14,983 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in ‘000” hect.) I. Paddy 62.178 ii. Millets and Other Cereals 48.229 iii. Pulses 8.884 iv. Sugarcane (Gur) 4.534 v. Groundnut 15.456 vi. Gingili 0.657 vii. Cotton (BL) 9.808 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 31920 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 6337 d.Tube Wells : 10281 e.Other Wells : 43011 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 91549
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7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 3,54,301 b Buffaloes : 4,03,878 c Sheep : 2,57,271 d Goat : 3,66,753 e Poultry : 9,40,619.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 217 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 2,97,117 liters
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 5190
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 36247 b. Reserved Lands : 1034.575 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
NA
119
THIRUNELVELI:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 8°.05’ and 9°.30’
2. East Longitude : Between 77°.05’ and 78°.25’
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 6759.00 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 3077233 b) Male Population : 1520912 c) Female Population : 1556321 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 467.2 South West Monsoon : 142.4 Actual - North East Monsoon : 847.5 South West Monsoon : 118.8 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 122300.04 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 119094.61 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3205.43 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Crops Area (in ‘000’ hect.) A. FOOD GRAINS: 100.78 a) Cereals & Millets Cholam 17.15 42.84 2498 Cumbu 0.83 1.78 2144 Maize 13.086 60.33 4610 Paddy 62.28 362.99 5828 b) Pulses Red gram 0.97 0.595 967 B.Gram 11.76 7.61 615 G.Gram 4.91 1.76 357 H.Gram 0.04 0.256 641 2. B. OIL SEEDS G.nut 0.63 1.75 2762 Gingelly 1.05 0.31 294 3. C. OTHER CROPS
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Cotton 3.48 0.68 186 (lint) e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 292352 2. Area (Hectares) : 211761.23 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area (Hec) a. Govt. Canals : 16545 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 40547 d.Tube Wells : 1324 e.Dug Wells : 58160 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 116576
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 504332 b Buffaloes : 114758 c Sheep : 1222310 d Goat : 461300 e Poultry : 654575.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 223 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 108.96 (litres in lakhs)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 48.9 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 2 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 7 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 2450 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 9.23
10. FOREST
a. Forests (Hect) : 127757.66 b. Social Forests : 1088.48 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Lime stone, Garnet sand, Rough stone sully, Kankar, Illuminate
121
THIRUVALLUR:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 12°15' and 13°15'
2. East Longitude : Between 79°15' and 80°20'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3422 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 3728104 b) Male Population : 1876062 c) Female Population : 1852042 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 589.3 South West Monsoon : 451.6 Actual - North East Monsoon : 342.0 South West Monsoon : 612.5 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 148369.330 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 108459.276 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 39910.054 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops A. FOOD GRAINS: Area Production
(‘000’ hec.) (‘000’ hec.)
a) Cereals & Millets Paddy 95.825 451.522 Cumbu 0.904 2.02
b) Pulses Black gram 1576 1.339 Green gram 9.807 12.026
B. OIL SEEDS
Groundnut 9.008 450841 C. OTHER CROPS
Sugarcane 7.352 698.344
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e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 219609 2. Area (Hectares) : 130346.225 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 361.54 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 26554 d.Tube Wells : 51005 e.Dug Wells : 9916 f. Bore wells : 8226 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 96062.54
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 240402 b Buffaloes : 98058 c Sheep : 92970 d Goat : 198736 e Poultry : 654317.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 113 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 11,826 liters per day
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 27.9Km. b. Number of Coastal Blocks : NA c. Number of Coastal Centres : NA d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 9729 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 13.44
10. FOREST
a. Forests Area (Hect) : 21226.441 b. Reserved Lands : 1676.035 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : 1441.620
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Savudu, Rough stone, gravel and Black Granite
123
THIRUVARUR:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 10 20' And 11 07'
2. East Longitude : Between 79 15' And 79 45'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2374 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 12,64,277 b) Male Population : 6,26,693 c) Female Population : 6,37,584 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 719.1 South West Monsoon : 296.4 Actual - North East Monsoon : 388.4 South West Monsoon : 358.5 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 300711 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 151919 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 148792 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Crops Area (in hect.) Production (in tonnes) Rice 159 192.84 Pulses 248 12.10 Sugarcane (Gur) 0.59 57.90 Groundnut 3.33 10.73 Gingelly 0.75 0.25 Cotton (BL) 4.80 2.42
e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 158100 2. Area (Hectares) : 146028 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 0.924 6. IRRIGATION Net Area Irrigated by (Hec) 146666.31 Gross Area Irrigated 192409.82
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7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 332124 b Buffaloes : 18256 c Sheep : 4350 d Goat : 269984 e Poultry : -.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 65 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 115.507 (litres in lakhs)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 47.2 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 1 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 13 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 10040 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : --
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 12973.255 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Savudu
125
THOOTHUKUDI:
1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 0.8 and 45‟
2. East Longitude : Between 78 and 11‟
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4621 3.POPULATION
a) Total Population : 1750176 b) Male Population : 865021 c) Female Population : 885155 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 427 South West Monsoon : 74.9 Actual - North East Monsoon : 585.6 South West Monsoon : 51.9 5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 200828 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 197695 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3134 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S. No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) 11730 ii. Millets and Other Cereals 79778 iii. Pulses 56338 iv. Sugarcane 204 v. Groundnut 517 vi. Gingelly 819 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 195435 2. Area (Hectares) : 233688.8 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 1.19 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 13161 b. Private Canals : --
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c. Tanks : 4969 d.Tube Wells : 257 e.Dug Wells : 16842 f. Other Sources : 127 Total Irrigated. : 39492
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 124310 b Country Dogs : 36427 c Sheep : 188946 d Goat : 305842 e Poultry : 315157
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 239 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 433608 (litres)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 163.5 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 8 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 24 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 47640 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 105.60
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 7121 b. Reserved Lands : 3889 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Limestone, Roughstone, Sand
127
TIRUPUR:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 11°06′27″ and 11.1075°N
2. East Longitude : Between 77°20′23″ and 77.3398°E
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5186.34 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 24,79,052 b) Male Population : 12,46,159 c) Female Population : 12,32,893 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Average Rainfall rate (2016) : 296.4 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 2,00,360 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : -- c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : -- d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 13,650 ii. Total Millets -- 1,01,840 iii. Total Pulses -- 38,030 iv. Total Oil Seeds -- 23,080 v. Cotton -- 6,780 vi. Sugarcane -- 11,390 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : -- 2. Area (Hectares) : -- 6. IRRIGATION Net Area
a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- d.Tube Wells : 0 e.Dug Wells : -- f. Other Sources : 1,94,770 Total Irrigated. : 1,94,770
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TIRUVANNAMALAI:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 12.00 and 12 49’
2. East Longitude : Between 78.38 to 79.45
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 6355.61 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 2464875 b) Male Population : 1235889 c) Female Population : 1228986 Density : 665/ sq km 4. RAINFALL (In mm) 1. Normal
a).North East Monsoon 452.6 b).South West Monsoon 468.1
2. Actual a).North East Monsoon 626.4 b).South West Monsoon 474.1
5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 287794
b. Net Area Sown (Hec) : 212143 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 75652 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1.Paddy 138879 604124 2. Millets and other cereals 14823 36943 3. Pulses 22785 9406 4. Sugarcane ( in terms of can) 25394 208305 5. Groundnut 67035 165107 6. Gingelly 971 687 7. Cotton 330 117 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 446626 2. Area (Hectares) : 303658 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 0.68
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6. IRRIGATION
Numbers Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 144 181 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1966 21171 d.Tube Wells : 4112 4859 e.Dug Wells : 181549 188441 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 128460
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 1166276 b Buffaloes : -- c Sheep : 258111 d Goat : 226240 e Poultry : 455733
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 538 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 246884 (liters/day)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 111
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 151799.64 b. Reserved Lands : 1010.17 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Black Granite, Colored Granite and Rough Stone.
130
VELLORE:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 12 0 15’ and 130 15’
2. East Longitude : Between 780 20’ and 790 50’
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5920.18 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 3936331 b) Male Population : 1961688 c) Female Population : 1974643 d) Density : 665
4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 348.7 South West Monsoon : 466.0 Actual - North East Monsoon : 747.7 South West Monsoon : 444.8 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 202453 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 164210 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 38244 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy 51771 ii. Millets and Other Cereals 21232 iii. Pulses 28611 iv. Sugarcane 7296 v. Groundnut 346 vi. Gingelly 22 vii. Cotton 8015 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 381858 2. Area (Hectares) : 249698.29 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 0.65 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 604
131
b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1355.00 d.Tube Wells : 15273 e.Other Wells : 88463 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 83020
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 556632 b Buffaloes : 16103 c Sheep : 383270 d Goat : 324052 e Poultry : 6504799.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : 3 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 395 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1.59 (litres in lakhs)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 1369.2
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 156638.328 b. Reserved Lands : 5648.085 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
VERMICULITS
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VILLUPURAM:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 110 59’ and 120 48’
2. East Longitude : Between 780 60’ and 790 to 800’
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 7194 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 34,58,873 b) Male Population : 17,40,819 c) Female Population : 17,18,054 d)Density : 481 4. RAINFALL (In mm) The average rainfall of the district is 1060.30 mm. 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : NA b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : NA c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : NA d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy 178161 ii. Groundnut 79804 iii. Gingelly 9897 iv. Sugarcane 33175 v. Cotton 3965 vi. Cumbu 58194 vii. Ragi 2329 vii. Tapioca 9489 viii. Pulses 9489 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : NA 2. Area (Hectares) : NA 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : NA 6. IRRIGATION
Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 5,449
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b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 49,920 d.Tube Wells : 40,990 e.Dug Wells : 103,073 Total Irrigated. : 199432
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cows : 4.97 Lakhs b Buffaloes : 1.67 Lakhs c Sheep : 1.08 Lakhs d Goat : 1.53 Lakhs e Poultry : 6.66 Lakhs 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : NA b No.of milk co-operative Societies : NA c Quantity of Milk Produced : NA
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 30 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 48703.13 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Fire Clay, Silica Sand, Sedimentary Limestone, Steatite, Black Granite, Blue Metal.
134
VIRUDHUNAGAR:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00'
2. East Longitude : Between 77 28' and 78 50'
2. AREA AND POPULATION
Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4243 3. POPULATION
a) Total Population : 19,43,309 b) Male Population : 9,67,437 c) Female Population : 9,75,872 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 431.2 South West Monsoon : 181.8 Actual - North East Monsoon : 331.1 South West Monsoon : 78.3 5. AGRICULTURE
a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 122300.04 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 119094.61 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3205.43 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 26616.925 ii. Cholam -- 9427.435 iii. Cumbu -- 3258.350 iv. Ragi -- 135.070 v. Maize -- 13868.335 vi. Blackgram -- 3543.120 vii. Groundnut -- 6832.985 viii. Gingelly -- 2520.765 vii. Sugarcane -- 3193.040 ix. Banana -- 836.580 x. Onion -- 1183.410 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 208745 2. Area (Hectares) : 199373
135
6. IRRIGATION Net Area
a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 23212.00 d.Tube Wells : 0 e.Dug Wells : 31111.10 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : 54323.26
7. Livestock and Poultry Population
a Cattle : 262284 b Pigs : 14023 c Sheep : 325946 d Goat : 305111 e Poultry : 890571.
8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 98 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 333 (litres in lakhs)
9. FISHERIES
a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 65.681
10. FOREST
a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 26466 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA
11. NATURAL RESOURCES
Limestone, Limekankar, Multicoloured Granite
http://district.tn.nic.in/profile.htm
136
Annexure 5
District- wise Identified Potential Industrial Opportunities
Name of the
District
Industrial Opportunities
Service Sector Manufacturing Sector
Ariyalur Hygienic Broiler (Beef),
chicken, Mutton shop,
Interior decoration,
Embroidering and chamki
work, repacking of
agriculture produce.
Readymade garments, Bio fertilizer, Vermi
composing, Natural dying and natural fiber
based textile products, Poultry, Safety
matches, Integrated Dairy farming
Coimbatore Beauty Parlours, Safety
disposal of hospital/medical
waste, Printing and book
Binding, Auto Four / Two
wheeler service centres,
Recharging and
reconditioning of batteries,
Hotels and hospitality
services
Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed
Manufacturing, , Coir Products, Cane
Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut
Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper
cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged
drinking water, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy
Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy
Concentrates, Coconut based products,
Powder Coating, Bricks/Hollow Bricks.
Cuddalore
Refractory and ceramic products granite stone
processing, food processing, mineral
processing, electrical and electronic industries.
Textile based rubber and plastic products
readymade garments, Fly ash based products
Paper products, Fish processing, Power plant
from agro waste coir and coir products
Organic chemical products
Dindugal Beauty Parlours and Creches.
fitness centre for men and
women, Hygienic Broiler
(Beef), chicken, Mutton
shop, Interior decoration,
Embroidering and chamki
work, repacking of
agriculture produce.
Leather Processing, Food Products Paper and
Paper Products, Hand looms, Coir Industries
Wood & wooden products Low value Agro
based Products, Fruit Processing Floriculture
– cut flowers, Coffee Processing, Coconut
Products, Coir products, Tamarind paste and
Powder Dairy Development Apiculture,
Essential oils Cattle/poultry feed Potato and
Tapioca chips, Plastic Tray, Paper Board Tray
Finished leather goods Valuated coir products
Integrated Milk diary Beverages.
137
Erode Coir Products, Coconut Oil, Readymade
Garments, Silk Reeling and twisting, Masala
Powder and Spice Products, Floral
Extraction, Poultry and Cattle Feed, Food
Processing Industries
Kanchipuram Rice Milling, Silk Weaving, Garments Plastic
items Rice Milling, Food Products Fish net,
Engineering, Agricultural based products
garments, Cashew nut, Fish Food, Rice
Milling, Oil Crushing, Bricks
Krishnagiri Energy Food, Bacterial Bio-fertilisers, Bakery
Products, Microbial Bioesticides/
Insecticides, Vermicomposting, Manure
based on human-waste, Readymade
Garments/sweaters, Catering
and Fast foods, production of seeds and
seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting,
repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle
Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber
bricks, Synthetic twine & nuts, Catering and
Fast foods, Mushroom plantation and
processing, Electrical
Equipments/components, Structural
fabrication, Packaging of drinking water,
Essential Oil Processing, Herbal Products,
Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Organic
forming, Bio pesticides, Nutraceuticals,
Cosmetics, Integrated Dairy farming.
Karur Detergent Cakes, Liquid Detergent, ,
Vermicelli, Cloth Printing, Power loom Cloth
weaving, Screen printing, Oil Mill, Power
loom cloth weaving, Detergent Cake and
Powder, Coir Products Washing Soap,
Country/Chamber Bricks, Oil Mill
Madurai Hygienic Broiler (Beef),
chicken, Mutton shop,
Embroidering and chamki
work, repacking of
agriculture produce.
Bio fertilizer, Bio-fertilizer from agricultural
waste, Fast Food, Coir fibre, Coconut pith
and coir briquettes, Coir mat and mattress
Coir pith blocks, Vermi composing, Wafer
Cream Biscuits, Mini tool rooms for die
making Waste paper recycling, Readymade
garment – male, female- kids wear, school
138
uniform.
Nagapatinam Industrial Laundry, Dry fish processing,
Poultry Feed Manufacturing, Coir Products,
Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated
coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper
Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified
packaged drinking water, Ice Plant, Flour
Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food, Ready mixes
for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates,
Coconut based products, Bricks/Hollow
Bricks.
Nilgiris Energy Food, Bacterial Biofertilisers, Bakery
Products, Microbial Biopesticides/
Insecticides ,Vermicomposting,
Bio-stimulators for crops, Manure based on
human-waste, Readymade garments/sweaters,
Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of
seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion
planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants,
Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks,
Chamber bricks, Mushroom plantation and
processing, Oil Processing, Herbal Products,
Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Bio
pesticide, Organic farming, Interacted Diary
farming, Nutraceuticals, Paper bags – Bio
degradable.
Namakkal
Rice Mills, Flour mills, Bakery products, Milk
Products, Extraction of edible oils, Ready-
made Garments, Egg and Egg products. -
Egg Tray, Sago Appalam, Jaggery, Raw
Granite, Polished Granite, Cotton fabrics,
Garments. Eggs. Ornamental, Pottery, artistic
brass-ware, wall hangings made of korai mat
and terra cotta articles etc., Poultry products,
Fruit & vegetable process
Pudukottai Raw material Based Coir fiber, Rope and Coir
pith, block, Rice mill, Oil mill, Cashew nut
Processing, Paper mill, Fisheries based
products, Cashew nut Processing Granite
Products, Coir Products and Coir pith block
Rural artisans based Terracotta and
139
Earthenware.
Ramanathapuram Modern rice mill, Coconut based industries;
spices manufacturing units
Salem Fly Ash Brick Enterprises, Food processing
enterprises, Value added coir products
Sivagangai Hygienic Broiler (Beef),
chicken, Mutton shop,
Interior decoration,
Embroidering and chamki
work, repacking of
agriculture produce.
Coir Pith Block, Oil Mill, Rice Mill, Organic
Manure Agar & Agar, Hallow Blocks, Lime
Powder, Chamber Bricks, Charcoal Powder
Granite Cutting and Polishing, Agar & Agar,
Chamber Bricks, Masala Powder Rice Mill,
Rice Bran Oil, Bakery items, Cement Hallow
Blocks Coir Pith Block, Oil Mill, Coir Fibre
Yarn, Curled Coir, Rice Mill, Jewellary
Theni Hygienic Broiler (Beef),
chicken, Mutton shop,
Embroidering and chamki
work, repacking of
agriculture produce.
Acutrim Readymade garments, Vermi
composing, Aquaculture feed Cookies and
noodles making Bio fertilizer , Tamarind
Paste Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste
Medicated tissue paper and sanitary napkins
Dry fruits and cardamoms processing
Vegetable processing and packing Coir fibre,
Coconut pith and coir briquettes Integrated
dairy farming Coir mat and mattress Eco
friendly paper bags Processing of Silk Cotton
Handloom
Tiruppur Cotton Hosiery Garments, Mfg. of Banians,
Cotton Fabrics, Brassiers, Cloth Printing,
Cardboard boxes, Plastic items, Pickles, Mfg.
of Paper Bags, Mfg. of Purified Drinking
Water, Concrete Mixers, Readymade
Garments, Tailoring, Flour Mills, Coir Fibre,
Areca nut Leaf, Tailoring Work, Embroidery
Work, Brassieres, Cloth Printing, Printing
press, Cardboard boxes, Wasting Soap,
Poultry Feed, Cotton Fabrics, Garments,
Sewing Power looms, Garments, Coconut
Shell Powder, Areca nut Leaf Plate, Poultry
Feed, Power loom, Tomato Products,
Vermicelli, Rice Mill, Mfg. of copra, Coir
Yarn, Fly Ash Bricks Coconut Kernel, Vermi
Compost, Copra Mfg, Coir Fibre, Mfg. of
plastic Granules, Copra Drying
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Yard, Tea Shop, Mfg. of Jiggery, Sugarcane
Crushing. Herbal base industries, Poultry
Feed, Areca nut Leaf Plate, Mfg. of Two Ply
Coir
Tiruvarur Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories,
Sugarcane Beverage- Bottled, Meat Gravy
Concentrate, Ready to-Serve Fruit Based
Beverages, Coconut Based products Edible
oil extraction, Vegetable pickles, Tapioca
Chips, Dall Milling, Silica from Rice Husk
ash, Activated carbon from Paddy Husk,
Cement material from Rice husk ash, Paper
Boards, Flower extracts, Tulasi Oil, Spirulina,
Natural Food Colours, Natural Dyes for
Textiles, Bacterial Bio-fertilisers, Microbial
Biopesticides/ Insecticides,
Vermicomposting, Bio-stimulators for crops,
Readymade Garments, Catering and Fast
foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings,
Nurseries for companion planting, repellent
Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle
Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber
bricks, Catering and Fast foods, Mushroom
plantation and processing, Packaging of
drinking water.
Tiruvallur Food Processing Industry, Paints and
adhesives,
Processed milk products, Readymade
garments,
Tiruchi Energy Food, Bacterial Biofertilisers, Bakery
Products, Microbial Biopesticides/
Insecticides, Vermicomposting,
Bio-stimulators for crops, Readymade
garments/sweaters, Catering and Fast foods,
Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries
for companion planting, repellent Crop &
Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed,
Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Catering and
Fast foods Mushroom plantation and
processing, Essential Oil Processing, Herbal
Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers,
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Bio pesticides, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics,
Integrated Dairy farming, Coir Geo Textiles
Tuticorin Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed
Manufacturing, Coir Products, Cane
Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut
Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper
cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged
drinking water, Agricultural implements, Ice
Plant, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food,
Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy
Concentrates, Coconut based products, Food
Supplement
Vellore Leather Auxiliary Industries, Coir Value
added products - Toughened coir Auto
components Coir Board Pesticides Coir
briquettes, Readymade garment – male,
female- kids wear, school uniform , Bio
fertilizer Waste paper recycling – mini project
Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste Water
purifier plant Coir mat and mattress Natural
dying and natural fiber based textile Coir pith
blocks, Vermi composing, Integrated Diary
Fruits and vegetable processing Herbal
Extraction Community, Enterprises Health
Food
Villupuram Coir industries: Edible Oil processing
Virudunagar Hygienic Broiler (Beef),
chicken, Mutton shop,
Embroidering and chamki
work, repacking of
agriculture produce
Medicated tissue paper and sanitary napkins
Boutique Medicinal plant extraction Coir
fiber, Coconut pith and coir briquettes,
Jasmine Oil extraction Fast Food Stall
Readymade garment – male, female kids wear,
school uniform Dairy development Vermi
composing Waste paperrecycling – mini
project Water purifier plant
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Annexure 6
Regulatory Requirements List
There are certain kinds of activities which, if taken up, would contravene the laws and regulations of the State Government, Government of India as well as Safeguard Polices of the World Bank. Such activities will not be supported under the TNRTP. Given below is a list of attributes that would disqualify an activity from being supported under TNRTP. This list shall be treated as the screening tool for the activities planned to be taken up by Enterprises and Producer Collectives. Agriculture
Digging of irrigation tube well without taking required permission from the relevant authority will not be supported.
Digging of tube well (except for public drinking purpose) in an area identified as an ‘over-exploited groundwater basin’ will not be supported.
Digging of irrigation tube well within a distance of 250 meters from the nearest tube well will not be supported.
Transportation of water of ground water from notified areas without permission from authority is prohibited
A minimum distance of 250 m should be maintained between two bore wells in over exploited areas and critical blocks which is listed in appendix 2 / Annexure 2
Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of the following pesticides will not be supported:
o pesticides classified in Class Ia, Ib and II of WHO classification; o pesticides banned by the Government of India; o pesticides banned by the State Government.
Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not be supported without the requisite licenses.
Livestock
Not permitted Grazing or movement of the livestock in forest areas without taking required permission from the Forest Department.
Grazing of livestock that have not been vaccinated in forest areas will not be permitted.
No person shall slaughter any animal within a municipal area except in a slaughter house recognised or licensed by the concerned authority empowered under the law for the time being in force to do so The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001
Forests and Wildlife
Activities that involve use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the permission of the Forest Department will not be supported.
Extraction, transport, processing, sale of forest produce including non timber forest produce without taking required permission from the Forest Department will not be supported.
Clearing, cultivation or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purposes is prohibited in forest and protected areas
Felling of trees without taking required permission from the Forest Department will not be supported.
143
Setting up of saw mills or any other timber processing mills without the permission of the Forest Department will not be supported.
Activities that involve destruction of wildlife or of wildlife habitat will not be supported.
Clearing, kindling fire, damaging trees (felling, girdling, lopping, topping, burning, stripping bark and leaves), quarrying stone, etc., in reserved and protected forests will not be supported.
Under Tamil Hill areas ( Preservation of Tress)- No person will cut , uproot or burn any tree without written permission for the committee
Under Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules – Trees like teak , black wood ebony and sandal wood shall not be felled (if the they are in his own land) without permission of Chief Conservator of Forest.
Fisheries
Fishing in the Government declared prohibited/closed season will not be supported.
Fishing using nets with mesh size smaller than the permissible size will not be supported.
Fishing using destructive fishing practices (use of poison, explosives, etc.) will not be supported.
Culture of invasive species (e.g., African Catfish) will not be supported. Infrastructure
Construction of roads, buildings, check dams, embankments, etc., will not be supported without prior approval of the design by a qualified Engineer.
Activities involving discharge into any water body any industrial waste, sewerage or other polluting substance will not be supported.
Any industrial activity will not be supported without requisite permission from the Government (Pollution Control Board).
Mining activities will not be supported.
The following activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) will not be supported: o discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, towns and communities o withdrawal of ground water unless when done manually through ordinary wells for
drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries, o mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, o construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line in the CRZ-I
and III without requisite permission o reconstruction , repair works of dwelling units of local communities including
fisheries Bulk Milk Cooling Units:
Waste water from the bulk milk cooling units should not be discharged without proper treatment.
Enterprises
Consent for establishment and consent for operation is required from State Pollution Control Board for the following value addition/processing interventions falling under green and orange category industries:
Examples for Orange category industries Examples for Green category industries
Poultry, hatchery, steeping and processing of Rice mills, dal mills, fish/poultry fed
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grain, flour mills, handloom weaving and power looms (without dyeing and bleaching), organic manure
manufacture, food processing (fruit and vegetable), spice grinding.
Do not cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter into stream or well or sewer or on land. – Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974.
The Food Safety and Standards: Food Products Standard and Food Additives (FSSAI) permission should be taken for food processing. Permitted food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units (Annexure 13).
Fire crackers manufacturing and bulk storage facilities are banned under TNRTP
Plastic sale and usage - No Vendor/ beneficiary shall not use the plastic carry bag less than 40 microns which are banned by the GoI and TN Government
No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations
The health and safety of workers employed is ensured.
The employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled employment under him wages at the rate not less than minimum wages fixed.
Activities with Significant Adverse Environmental Impact All activities likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented, with impacts that may affect an area broader than the site of the activity are not to be supported.
145
Annexure 7
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – Listed species
SCHEDULE I PART I MAMMALS 1. Andaman Wild pig (Sus sorofa andamanensis) 2. Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra) 3. Brow-antlered Deer or Thamin (Cervus eldi) [3-A. Himalayan Brown bear (Ursus Arctos)] 3[3-B. Capped Langur (Presbytis pileatus)] 4. Caracal (Felis caracal) [4-A. Catecean specials] 5. Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) [5-A. Chinese Pangolin (Mainis pentadactyla)] [5-B. Chinkara or India Gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti)] 6. Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) [6-A. Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca irus umbrosa)] [6-B. Desert Cat (Felis libyca)] [6-C Desert fox (Vulpes bucapus)] 7. Dugong (Dugong dugon) [7-A Ermine (Mustele erminea)] 8. Fishing Cat (Felis viverrina) [8-A Four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricomis)] 9. Golden Cat (Felis temmincki) 10. Golden Langur (Presbytis geei) [10-A. Giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura)] [10-B. Himalayan Ibex (Capra ibex)] [10-C. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)] 11. Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) [11-A. Hog badgar (Arconyx collaris)] 12. Hoolock (Hyloba tes hoolock) 13. Indian Lion (Panlhera leo persica) 14. Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur) [15. Indian Wolf (Canis lupas pallipes)] 16. Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu) 17. Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis) 18. Lesser or Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) 19. Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) 20. Loris (Loris tardigradus) 21. Lynx (Felix lynx isabellinus) 22. Malabar Civet (Viverra megaspila) [22-A. Malay or Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus)] 23. Marbled Cat (Felis marmorata) 24. Markhor (Capra falconeri) [24-A. Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna)] 25. Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) [25-A. Nilgiri Lungur (Presbytis johni)] [25-B. Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)] 26. Nyan or Great Tibetan Sheep (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) 27. Pallas's Cat (Felis manul) 28. Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) 29. Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) [29-A. Ratel (Mellivora capensis)] 30. Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 31. Rusty spotted Cat (Felis rubiginosa) [31-A. Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis)] [31 -B. Clawless Otter (Aonyx cinerea)] [31-C. Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus)] 32. Slow Loris (Nycticebus couceang) [32-A. Small Travencore Flying Squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus)]
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33. Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) [33-A. Snubfin Dolphin (Oreaella brevezastris)] 34. Spotted Linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) 35. Swamp Deer (All sub-species of Cervus duvauceli) 36. Takin or Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) [36A. Tibetan Antelope or Chiru (Panthelops hodgsoni)] [36B. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilatus)] 37. Tibetan Gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) 38. Tibetan Wild Ass (Equus beminus kiang) 39. Tiger (Panthera tigris) 40. Urial or Shapu (Ovis vignei) 41. Wild Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) [41-A. Wild Yak (Bos grunniens)] [41-B. Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco)] 42. Wroughton's free tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) 43. Salim Ali's fruit bat (Latidens salimalii) PART II AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES [1. Agra Monitor Lizard [Varanus griseus (Daudin)]] [IB. Audithia Turtle (Pelochelysbibroni)] [IC. Barred, Oval, or Yellow Monitor Lizard (Varanus flavescens)] [ID. Crocodiles (including the Estuarine or salt water crocodile) (Crocodilus porosus and Crocodilus palustris)] (IE. Terrapin (Batagur basika)] IF. Eastern Hill Terrapin (Melanochelys tricarinata) 2. Gharial (Gravialis gangeticus) [3. Ganges Soft-shelled Turtle (Trionyx gangeticus)] [3A. Golden Gecko (Caloductyloides aureus)] 4. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) 5. Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata inlscata) 7. Indian Egg-eating Snake (Elachistodon westermanni) 8. Indian Soft-shelled Turtle (Lissemys punctata punctata) 9. Kerala Forest Terrapin (Hoesemys sylratica) 10. Large Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis) 11. Leathery Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 12. Logger Head Turtle (Caretta caretta) 13. Olive Back Logger Head Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) 14. Peacock-marked Soft-shelled Turtle (Trionyx hurum) PART III BIRDS [1. Andaman Teal (Anas gibberifrons allagularis)] 1-A. Assam Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola fytchii) [1 -B. Bazas (Aviceda jeordone and Aviceda leuphotes)] [1-C. Bengal Florican (Eupodotis bengalensis)] 1-D. Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) 1-E. Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus tibetanus, lthaginis Cruentus kuseri) 2. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) [2A. Eastern White Stork (Ciconia ciconia boyciana)] [2B. Foret-spotted Owlet (Athene blewitti)] [2C. Frogmouths (Genus batrachostomus)] 3. Great Indian Bustard (Choriotis nigriceps) 4. Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) [4A. Hawks (Accipitridao)] [4B. Hooded Crane (Grus monacha)] [4C. Hornbills (Ptilolaemus tickelli austeni, Aceros nipalensis, Rhyticeros
147
undulatus ticehursti)][4D. Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata)] [4E. Humes Bar-backed Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae)] [4F. Indian Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros malabaricus)] 5. Jerdon's Courser (Cursorius bitorquatus) 6. Lammergeier(Gypaetusbarbatus) 7. Large Falcons (Falco peregrinus, Falco biarmicus and Falco chicuera) [7A Large Whistling Teal (Anatidae)] 8. Mountain Quail (Ophrysia supericiliosa) 9. Narcondam Hornbill [Rhyticeros (undulatus) narcondami)] 10. Nicobar Megapode (Megapodius freycinet) 11. Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) 12. Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) 13. Scalater's Monal (Lophophorus sclateri) 14. Siberian White Crane (Grus leucogeranus) 15. Tragopan Pheasants (Tragopan melanocephalus, Tragopan blythii, Tragopan satyra, Tragopan temminckii) 16. White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaetus leucogaster) 17. White-eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) 18. White-winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata) [19. Swiftlets (Collocalia unicolor and Collacalia fusiphaga) 20. Hill myna (Gracula religiosa intermedia, Gracula religiosa peninsularis, Gracula religiosa indica and Gracula religiosa and amanesis) 21. Tibetan ear pheasant (Crossoptilon harmani) 22. Kalij pheasant (Lophurs leucomelana) 23. Lord Derby's parakeet (Psittacula derbyana) 24. Vultures (Gyps indicus, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps tenuirostris) 25. White bellied hereon (Ardea insignis)]
SCHEDULE III Barking deer or muntjac (Munticacus munrjak); Chital (Axix axis) Gorals (Nemorhaedus goral, Nemorhaedus hodgsoni) Hegdeer (Axis porcinus); Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Sambar (Cervus unicolor) Wild pig (Sus scrofa); Sponges (all calcareans) SCHEDULE IV Five-striped plam squirrel (Funambulus pennanti) Hares (Black Naped, Common Indian, Desert, Himalayan mouse hare) Hedge hog (Hemiechinus auritus) Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) SCHEDULE V Common crow, Fruit bats, Mice, Rats
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Annexure 8
Procedures for obtaining Consent of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Consent to Establish
Consent of the Board has to be obtained for both establishment and operation of the industry (new and existing industries), as required under the provisions of the Water / Air Acts.
The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board enforces the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as amended and the Environment (protection) Act, 1986. Under the Water (P&CP) Act, 1974 as amended and under the Air (P&CP) Act, 1981 as amended, the industries have to obtain the consent of the Board for the establishment and operation of the industry.
The project proponent shall apply for consent only through Online Consent Management & Monitoring System (OCMMS). Application will not be received by offline. Web portal for online consent application is tnocmms.nic.in
OCMMS is a web based generic application software package for automating the workflow associated with Consent Management and Monitoring which is one of the basic functions of the TNPCB.
This system allows the industries for online submission of application for Consent to Establish, Consent to Operate, Renewal of Consents, uploading of documents, online payment of consent fee, online submission of clarification and for knowing the status of application. In order to help the project proponent on filing of application through OCMMS, TNPCB operates Care Centre in all the District Offices.
After submission of application in complete shape, it will be processed and site will be inspected by the officers of TNPCB. Thereafter, the subject will be placed before the respective Committee and decision will be taken. The applications which are in complete shape will be cleared and consent for establishment will be issued for a validity period of five years for non-EC cases and seven years for EC attracting cases.
If the project proponent is not able to complete the establishment of the project within stipulated years, then he/she has to apply for extension of CTE one month before the expiry of CTE to the concerned District Officer. Extension of CTE will be issued after field inspection by the concerned Officer.
In case of Projects which are covered under Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011, Clearance shall be obtained from Coastal Zone Management Authority, before applying for Consent of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. District Environmental Engineer, TNPCB is the convener of the District Coastal Zone Management Committee.
Consent to Establish validity period shall be as follows:
Projects Validity Period
All EIA Projects 7 Years (1 Fee)
All Non-EIA Projects 5 Years (1 Fee)
All the Consent to Establish order will be issued with validity date ending 31st March
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Consent to Operate
The Industries have to apply for the consent of the Board for operation of the industry two months in advance of the commissioning of the operation. The application shall be submitted through OCMMS. The District Officer will inspect the industry to verify whether all the conditions imposed in the consent for establishment have been complied with. The above report will be scrutinized and consent for operation will be granted. All the Consent to Operate orders will be issued with validity date ending 31st March. Time Limit for Processing Application by TNPCB (Source: Proc. No .TNPCB / P&D /F.No. 3437/2015 dated 26.9.2016) TNPCB prescribed time limit for processing of the applications received for issue of consent to establish, consent to operate, renewal of consent, consent for expansion activity, amendment, extension of consent, authorization under Bio- Medical Waste Rules, Hazardous Waste rules, Municipal Solid Waste Rules, E-Waste Rules, Plastic Waste Rules etc., as detailed below:
Sl.No. Category / Classification Time Limit Prescribed for
processing in days
1 Red / Large 45
2 Red / Medium 45
3 Red / Small 30
4 Orange / Large 30
5 Orange / Medium 30
6 Orange / Small 30
7 Green / Large 30
8 Green / Medium 30
9 Green / Small 30
10 Industries attracting EIA / CRZ Notification
45
11 Hazardous Waste Authorization
45
12 Bio-Medical Waste Authorization
45
13 Municipal Solid Waste Authorization
45
14 E-Waste Authorization 45
15 Plastic Waste Registration 45
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Annexure 9
List of Red, Orange, Green and White category Industries as per PCB Directions
Red Category
S. No Industry Sector type
1 Milk processes and dairy products (integrated project)
2 Organic Chemicals manufacturing
3 Yarn / Textile processing involving any effluent/ emission generating processes including bleaching, dyeing, printing and colouring
4 Tanneries
5 Slaughter house (as per notification S.0.270 (E) dated 26.03.2001)and meat processing industries
Orange Category
S. No Industry sector-Types
1 Bakery and confectionery units with production capacity > 1 Tons Per Day (TPD) (With ovens / furnaces)
2
Chanachur and ladoo from puffed and beaten rice(muri and shira) using husk fired oven
3 Food and food processing including fruits and vegetable processing
4 Jute processing without dyeing
5 Silk screen printing, sari printing by wooden blocks
6 Cotton spinning and weaving (medium and large scale)
7 Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicine (with Boiler)
8 Brickfields ( excluding fly ash brick manufacturing using lime process)
9 Dairy and dairy products (small scale)
10 Fish feed, poultry feed and cattle feed
11 Fish processing and packing (excluding chilling of fishes)
12 Lime manufacturing (using lime kiln)
13 Liquid floor cleaner, black phenyl, liquid soap, glycerol mono- stearate manufacturing
14 Manufacturing of iodized salt from crude/ raw salt
15 Cashew nut processing
16 Coffee seed processing
Green Category
S. No Industry sector-Types
1 Bakery /confectionery / sweets products (with production capacity <1tpd (with gas or electrical oven)
2 Biomass briquettes (sun drying) without using toxic hazardous wastes
3 Chilling plant, cold storage and ice making
4 Coke briquetting (sun drying)
5 Cotton spinning and weaving (small scale)
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6 Dal Mills
7 Facility of handling, storage and transportation of food grains in bulk
8 Flour mills (dry process)
9 Oil mill Ghani and extraction ( no hydrogenation / refining)
10 Poultry, Hatchery and piggery
11 Power looms (without dye and bleaching)
12 Puffed rice (muri) (using gas or electrical heating system)
13 Rice mill (Rice hullers only)
14 Rolling mill (gas fired) and cold rolling mill
15 Soap manufacturing (hand made without steam boiling / boiler)
16 Spice grinding (20 HP motor)
17 Spice grinding (20 hp motor)
18 Mineralized water
19 Tamarind powder manufacturing
20 Cutting, sizing and polishing of marble stone
White Category
S.No Industry sector-Types
1 Assembly of air coolers / conditioners, repairing and servicing
2 Assembly of bicycles, baby carriages and other small non motorizing vehicles
3 Bio fertilizer and bio-pesticides without using inorganic chemicals
4 Cotton and woolen hosiers making (Dry process only without any dying / washing operation)
5 Flavoured betel nuts production! grinding (completely dry mechanical operations)
6 Fly ash bricks/ block manufacturing
7 Fountain pen manufacturing by assembling only
8 Ground nut decorticating
9 Handloom/ carpet weaving (without dying and bleaching operation)
10 Leather cutting and stitching (more than 10 machine and using motor)
11 Manufacturing of coir items from coconut husks
12 Organic and inorganic nutrients ( by physical mixing)
13 Organic manure (manual mixing)
14 Rope (plastic and cotton)
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Annexure 10
Food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units Natural colouring matters which may be used include: (a) Carotene & Carotenoids including (i) Beta-carotene (ii) Beta-apo 8'- carotenal (iii) Methylester of Beta-apo 8' carotenoic acid (iv) Ethylester of Beta-apo 8' carotenoic acid (v) Canthaxanthin (b) Chlorophyll (c) Riboflavin (Lactoflavin) (d) Caramel. (e) Annatto (f) Saffron (g) Curcumin or turmeric No Synthetic food colours or a mixture thereof except the following shall be used in food:
Common name Chemical name
Red Ponceau Azo
Carmoisine Azo
Erythrosine Xanthene
2. Yellow Tartrazine Pyrazolone
Sunset Yellow Azo
Blue Indigo Carmine Indigoid
Brilliant Blue Triarylmethane
Green Fast Green Triarylmethane
Class I Preservatives - permitted in foods: Common salt Sugar Dextrose Glucose Syrup Spices Vinegar or acetic acid Honey Edible vegetable oils Class II Preservatives – Use of more than one is prohibited (useage should be in recommended doses): Benzoic acid including salts thereof Sulphurous acid including salts thereof Nitrates or Nitrites of Sodium or Potassium in respect of food like ham, pickled meat, Sorbic acid including its sodium, potassium and calcium salts, propionates of calcium or sodium, lactic acid, and acid calcium phosphate.
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Nisin Sodium and calcium propionate Methyl or propyl Parahydroxy-Benzoate Propionic acid, including esters or salt thereof, Sodium diacetate, and Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of lactic acid. The use of the following flavouring agents are prohibited in any article of food, namely: Coumarin and dihydrocoumarin; Tonkabean (Dipteryl adorat); asarone and cinamyl anthracilate" Estragole Ethyl Methyl Ketone Ethyl-3-Phenylglycidate Eugenyl methyl ether Methyl β napthyl Ketone P.Propylanisole Saffrole and Isosaffrole hujone and Isothujone α & β thujone. Solvent in flavour
Diethylene Glycol and Monoethyl ether shall not be used as solvent in flavours.
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Annexure 11
List of Prohibited Dyes: List of 42 Benzidine based Dyes Prohibited From 1993
S. No CI Generic Name CI Constn. No
1 Acid Orange 45 22195
2 Acid Red 85 22245
3 Acid Black 29
4 Acid Black 94 30336
5 Azoic Diazo Compo.1 12 37225
6 Direct Yellow 1 22250
7 Direct Yellow 24 22010
8 Direct Orange 1 22370
9 Direct Orange 8 22130
10 Direct Red 1 22310
11 Direct Red 10 22145
12 Direct Red 13 22153
13 Direct Red 17 22150
14 Direct Red 28 22120
15 Direct Red 37 22240
16 Direct Red 44 22500
17 Direct Violet 1 22570
18 Direct Violet 12 22550
19 Direct Violet 22 22480
20 Direct Blue 2 22590
21 Direct Blue 6 22610
22 Direct Green 1 30280
23 Direct Green 6 30295
24 Direct Green 8 30315
25 Direct Green 8:1 --
26 Direct Brown 1 30045
27 Direct Brown 1:2 30110
28 Direct Brown 2 22311
29 Direct Brown 6 30140
30 Direct Brown 25 36030
31 Direct Brown 27 31725
32 Direct Brown 31 35660
33 Direct Brown 33 35520
34 Direct Brown 51 31710
35 Direct Brown 59 22345
36 Direct Brown 79 30056
37 Direct Brown 95 30145
38 Direct Brown 101 31740
39 Direct Brown 154 30120
40 Direct Black 4 30245
41 Direct Black 29 22580
42 Direct Black 38 30235
155
LIST OF 70 Azo Dyes Prohibited From June 1997.
S.No CI Generic Name CI Constn.
No.
1 Acid Red 4 14710
2 Acid Red 5 14905
3 Acid Red 24 16140
4 Acid Red 26 16150
5 Acid Red 73 27290
6 Acid Red 114 23635
7 Acid Red 115 27200
8 Acid Red 116 26660
9 Acid Red 128 24125
10 Acid Red 148 26665
11 Acid Red 150 27190
12 Acid Red 158 20530
13 Acid Red 167 --
14 Acid Red 264 18133
15 Acid Red 265 18129
16 Acid Red 420 --
17 Acid Voilet 12 18075
18 Acid Brown 415 --
19 Acid Black 131 --
20 Acid Black 132 --
21 Acid Black 209 --
22 Basic Red 111 --
23 Basic Red 42 --
24 Basic Brown 4 21010
25 Developer 14 = Oxidation Base 20 76035
26 Direct Yellow 48 23660
27 Direct Orange 6 23375
28 Direct Orange 7 23380
29 Direct Orange 10 23370
30 Direct Orange 108 29173
31 Direct Red 2 23500
32 Direct Red 7 24100
33 Direct Red 21 23560
34 Direct Red 22 23565
35 Direct Red 24 29185
156
36 Direct Red 26 29190
37 Direct Red 39 23630
38 Direct Red 46 23050
39 Direct Red 62 29175
40 Direct Red 67 23505
41 Direct Red 72 29200
42 Direct Violet 21 23520
43 Direct Blue 1 24410
44 Direct Blue 3 23705
45 Direct Blue 8 24140
46 Direct Blue 9 24155
47 Direct Blue 10 24340
48 Direct Blue 14 23850
49 Direct Blue 15 24400
50 Direct Blue 22 24280
51 Direct Blue 25 23790
52 Direct Blue 35 24145
53 Direct Blue 53 23860
54 Direct Blue 76 24411
55 Direct Blue 151 24175
56 Direct Blue 160 --
57 Direct Blue 173 --
58 Direct Blue 192 --
59 Direct Blue 201 --
60 Direct Blue 215 24115
61 Direct Blue 295 23820
62 Direct Green 85 30387
63 Direct Blue 222 30368
64 Direct Black 91 30400
65 Direct Black 154 --
66 Disperse Yellow 7 26090
67 Disperse Yellow 23 26070
68 Disperse Yellow 56 --
69 Disperse Orange 149 --
70 Disperse Red 151 26130
157
Annexure 12
List of chemicals with quantities for application of Public Liability Insurance Act
Sl. No. Name of hazardous substances Quantity
Group 1: Toxic Substances
1 Aldicarb l00 kg
2 4-Aminodiphenyl 1 kg
3 Amiton 1 kg
4 Anabasine 100 kg
5 Arseinc pentoxide, Arsenic (V) acid & salts 100 kg
6 Arsenic trioxide, Arscius (III) acid & salts 100 kg
7 Arsine (Arsenic hydride) 10 kg
8 Azinphos-ethyl 100 kg
9 Azinphos-methyl 100 kg
10 Benzidine 1 kg
11 Benzidine salts 1 kg
12 Beryllium (powders, compounds) 10 kg
13 Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide 1 kg
14 Bis (chloromethyl) ether 1 kg
15 Carbophuran 100 kg
16 Carbophenothion 100 kg
17 Chlorefenvinphos 100 kg
18 4-(Chloroformyl) morpholine 1 kg
19 Chloromethyl methyl ether 1 kg
20 Cobalt (metal, oxides, carbonates, sulphides, as powders) 1 t
21 Crimidine 100 kg
22 Cynthoate 100 kg
23 Cycloheximide 100 kg
24 Demeton 100 kg
25 Dialifos 100 kg
26 OO-Diethyl S-ethylsulphinylmethyl phosphorothiate 100 kg
27 OO-Diethyl S-ethylsulphonylmethyl phosphorothioate 100 kg
28 OO-Diethyl S-ethylthiomethyl Phosphorothioate 100 kg
29 OO-Diethyl S-isopropylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate 100 kg
30 OO-Diethyl S-propylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate 100 kg
31 Dirnefox 100kg
32 Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride 1 kg
33 Dimelhylnitrosamine 1 kg
34 Dimethyl phosphoramidocynicidic acid 1 t
35 Diphacinone 100kg
36 Disulfoton 100 kg
37 EPN 100 kg
38 Ethion 100 kg
39 Fensulfothion 100 kg
40 Fluenetil 100 kg
158
41 Fluroacetic acid 1 kg
42 Fluoroacetic acid, salts 1 kg
43 Ruoroacetic acid, esters 1 kg
44 Fluoroacetic acid, amides 1 kg
45 4-Fluorobutyric acid 1 kg
46 4-Fluorobutyric acid, salts 1 kg
47 4-Fluorobutyric acid, esters 1 kg
48 4-Fluorobutyric acid, amides 1 kg
49 4-Florocrotonic acid 1 kg
50 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, salts 1 kg
51 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, esters 1 kg
52 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, amides 1 kg
53 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, amides 1 kg
54 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, salts 1 kg
55 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, esters 1 kg
56 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, amides 1 kg
57 Glycolonitrile (Hydroxyacetoni trile) 100kg
58 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 100g
59 Hexamethyl phosphoramide 1 kg
60 Hydrogen selenide 10 kg
61 Isobenzan 100 kg
62 Isodrin 100 kg
63 Juglone (S-Hydroxynaphithalene 1,4 dione) 100 kg
64 4, 4-Methylenebis (2-chloroniline) 10 kg
65 Mthyl isocynate 150 kg
66 Mevinphos 100 kg
67 2-Naphthylamine 1 kg
68 2-Nickel (metal, oxides, carbonates, 1 t
69 Nickel tetracarbonyl 10kg
70 Oxygendisulfoton 100 kg
71 Oxygen difuoride 10kg
72 Paraxon (Diethyl 4-n;trophenyl phosphate) 100 kg
73 Parathionf 100 kg
74 Parathion-methyl 100 kg
75 Pentaborane 100 kg
76 Phorate 100 kg
77 Phosacetim 100 kg
78 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) 750 kg
79 Phospharnidon 100 kg
80 Posphine (Hydrogen phosphide) 100 kg
81 Promurit (1-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl) 3-triazenelhiocarboxamide)
100kg
82 1, 3-Propanesullone 1 kg
83 1-Propcn-2-chloro-1, 3-diol diacetate 10 kg
84 Pyrazoxon 100 kg
85 Selenium hexalluoride 10 kg
159
86 Sodium selenite 100 kg
87 Stibine (Antimony hydride) 100 kg
88 Sulfotep 100 kg
89 Sulphur dichloride 1 t
90 Tellurium hexafluroride 100 kg
91 TEPP 100 kg
92 2, 3, 7, 8-Telrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 1 kg
93 Telramethylenedisulphototramine 1 kg
94 Thionazin 100 kg
95 Tirpate (2, 4-Dimethyl-1, 3-di thiolane-2-calboxaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime)
100 kg
96 Trichloromethanesulphenyl chloride 100 kg
97 1-Tri (cyclohexyl) stannyl-l H-l, 2, 4-triazole 100 kg
98 Triethylenemelamine 10 kg
99 Warfarin 100 kg
Group 2: Toxic Substances
100 Acetone cyanohydrin (2-Cyanopropan-2-01) 200 t
101 Acrolein (2-Propenal) 20 t
102 Acrylonitrile 20 t
103 Allyl alcohol (Propen-1-01) 200 t
104 Alylamine 200 t
105 Ammonia 50 t
106 Bromine 40 t
107 Carbon disulphide 20 t
108 Chlorine 10 t
109 Dipneyl ethane di-isocynate (MDI) 20 t
110 Ethylene dibromide (1, 2-Dibromocthanc) 5 t
111 Ethyloncimine 50 t
112 Formaldehyde (concentration <90%) 5 t
113 Hydrogen cyanide 5 t
114 Hydrogen chloride (liquified gas) 25
115 Hydrogen fluoride 5 t
116 Hydrogen sulphide 5 t
117 Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) 20 t
118 Nitrogen oxides 50t
119 Propylineimine 50t
120 Sulphur dioxide 20t
121 Sulphur trioxide 15t
122 Tetraethyl lead 5 t
123 Tetramethyl lead 5 t
124 Toluene di-isocynate (TDI) 10 t
Group 3: Highly Reactive Substances
125 Acetylene (ethyne) 5 t
126 a. Ammonium nitrate (I) 350 t
b. Ammonium nitrate in form of fertiliser (2) 1250 t
127 2, 2-Bis (tcrt-butylperoxy) butane) (concentration ≥70%) 5 t
160
128 1, 1-Bis (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (concentration ≥80%)
5 t
129 tert-Butyl proxyacetate (concentration ≥70%) 5 t
130 tert-Butyl peroxyisobutyrate (concentration ≥80%) 5 t
131 tert-Butyl peroxy isopropY1 carbonate (concentration -≥80%)
5 t
132 tert-Butyl peroxymalcate (concentration- ≥80%) 5 t
133 tert-Butyl peroxypivalate (concentration ≥77%) 50 t
134 dibenzyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥90%) 5 t
135 Di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥80%) 5 t
136 Diethyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥30%) 50 t
137 2, 2-dihydroperoxypropanc (concentration ≥30%) 5 t
138 di-isobutyryl peroxide concentration ≥50%) 50 t
139 Di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥80%) 5 t
140 Ethylene oxide 5 t
141 Elyl nilrat 50 t
142 3, 3, 6, 6, 9, 9Hcxamcthyl-1, 2, 4, 5 tertoxacyclononane (concentration ≥75%)
50 t
143 Hydrogen 2 t
144 Liquid Oxygen 200 t
145 Melhyl ethyl ketone peroxide (concentration 260%) 5 t
146 Methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide (concentration 260%) 50 t
147 Peracetic acid (concentration 260%) 50 t
148 Propylene oxide 5 t
149 Sodium chlorate 25 t
150 Barium azide 50 t
151 Bis (2,4, 6-trinitrophenyl) amine 50 t
152 Chlorotrinitro benzene 50 t
153 Cellulose nitrate (containing 12.6% Nitrogen) 50 t
154 Cyclotetramethylenctcranitramine 50 t
155 Cyclotrimethylenetiranitramine 50 t
156 Diazodinitsphenol 10 t
157 Dicthylene glycol dinitrate 10 t
158 Dinitrophenol, salts 50 t
159 EthyIene glycol dinitrate 10 t
160 l-Gyanyl4-nitrosaminoguanyl- 1 -tetrazene 10 t
161 2, 2', 4, 4,' 6, 6'-Hexanirostilbene 50 t
162 Hydrazine nitrate 50 t
163 Lead azide 50 t
164 Lead styphnate (Lead 2, 4, 6-trinitroresorcinoxide) 50 t
165 Mercury fuliminate 10 t
166 N-Mcthyl-N,2, 4, 6-tetranitroanilinc 50 t
167 Nitroglycerine 10 t
168 Pentacrylhrilol tetranitrate 50 t
169 Picric acid (2, 3, 6-Trinitrophenol) 50 t
170 Sodium picramate 50 t
161
171 Styphnic acid (2, 4, 6-TriniLroresorcinol 50 t
172 1, 3, 5-Triamino-2, 4. 6-trinitrobenzene 50 t
173 Trinitroaniline- 50 t
174 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisole 50 t
175 Trinitrobenzene 50 t
176 Trinitrobenzoic acid 50 t
177 Trinitrocresol 50 t
178 2,4, 6-Trinitrophenitole 50 t
179 2,4, 6-Trinitrotulene 50 t
162
Annexure 13
List of Rivers, Streams, Reservoirs, etc where industries causing water pollution is not permitted
(Water and Air Pollution: Environment and forests department G.o. ms. No: 213 dated the 30th March, 1989)
S. No
1.
Rivers
2.
Tanks and
Reservoirs
3.
Canals
4.
Madras & Chengalpattu Districts
1. Araniyaru Chembarambakkam
Tank
Thenneri Hissa Tank
Uthiramerur Tank
Maduranthagam Tank
Parayankalathur Tank
Cooum Tank
Manimangalam Tank
Poondi Reservoir
Cholavaram Lake
Red Hills Lake
Upper supply Channel (Poondi to
Cholavaram)
Lower supply Channel (Cholavaram to
Redhills)
Cheyyar Anicut Main Channel
2. Koaratalaiyar
3. Cooum
4. Adayar
5. Palar
6. Nagari
7. Nandiyaru
8. Cheyyar
9. Kiliyaru
10. Ongur
South Arcot District
1. Varahanadhi Wellington Reservoir
Vidur Reservoir
Gomuki Reservoir
Manimukthanadhi
Reservoir
Veeranam Tank
Perumal Tank
Sathanur Reservoir Project Canal
Sathanur Reservoir Project Right Bank
Canal
2. Malattaru
3. Pennaiaru Pambai Channel
Malattar Channel
Raghavian Channel
Sithalingamadam
Channel
Vadamarudur Channel
Thirukkoilur
anaicut
4. Gadilam
5. Vellar
6. Coleroon
7. Tundiaru
8. Pambaiyar
9. Gomuki Maragadapuram
Channel
Alargal Channel
Kandapakkam Channel
Eralur Channel
Ellis Choatry
Anaicut
10. Manimukthanadhi
11. Musukunda Nadhi
12. Thurinjalar Wellington Reservoir Supply Channel
(From Toludur Regulator)
13. Vasistanadhi Wellington Reservoir Main Canal
163
14. Vadavar Wellingdon Reservoir Low Level Canal.
Pelandorai Anicut Main Channel
North Rajan Channel
South Rajan Channel
Kunukkumanniyar
Channel
Lower
Coleroon
Anaicut.
Vellar Rajan Channel
Veeranam and New
Supply Channel
Sethiathope
Anaicut
Gomuki Reservoir Main
Canal
Manimukthanadhi
Reservoir Main Canal
Vridhachalam Anaicut Main channels
(North & South)
Mehamathur Anaicut Channel
Thanjavur district
1. Cauvery Grand Anaicut Canal
Lower Coleroon Anaicut Canals 2. Coleroon
3. Kodamurutty
4. Arasalar
5. Veerasholan
6. Vikramanar
7. Vennar
8. Vettar
9. Vadavar
10. Koraiyar
11. Paminiar
12. Pandavayar
13. Vellayar
14. Mulliyar
15. Ayyanar
Trichy District
1. Cauvery Ponnaiyar Reservoirs North bank Canal
South Bank Canal
Kattalai Bed
Regulator
Kattalai Right-Left Canal
2. Amaravathi Uyyakondan Channel
3. Coleroon Nanganur channel
Pullambadi Channel
Ponnaniyar Reservoir new Canal
164
Pudukkottai District.
1. Vellar - Grand Anicut Canal
2. Ambuliyaru
3. Agniceru
4. Koraiar
Madurai district
1. Vaigai Vaigai Reservoir Gungun Valley Anaicut Canals
2. Suriliyar Sathiar Odai Reservoir Periyar Main Canal
3. Kottakudiar Manjalar Canal
Thirumangalam Main Canal
Sathiar Odai Reservoir Canals
Anna District
1. Shanmughanathi Palar Porandalar Palar-Porandalar Main Canal
Thadakulam Tank canals
2. Koduvanaru Parappalar Ramasandram Anicut Channel
(Posappalam)
Vardamahadhi Reservoirs System
3. Manjalaru Vardamanadhi Vardamahadhi Reservoirs System
4. Mamdanadhi Manjalar Thirumangalam Main Channel
5. Palar-Porandalar Kodaikanal Lake Periyar Main Canals
6. Parajipalar Berijam Lake Murudanadhi Reservoir Left & Right
Side
7. Vaigai River Kamaraj Sagar Mayalaru Reservoir Canals
Ramanathapuram District
1. Vaigai R.S. Mangalam Tank --
2. Vaipparu Ramanad Big Tank --
3. Vembaru Kanoor Tank --
4. Maranadu Tank --
Pasumpon Muthuramalingam District
1. Vaigai -- Periyar Main Canals
2. Manimuthar
Kamarajar District
1. Vaipparu Kullur Sandai
Reservoir
--
2. -- Vembokottai
Reservoir
Thirunelveli Kattabomman District
1. Thamaraparani Manimuthar
Karuppanadhi
Ramanadhi
North Kodamelagian Channel
Nadiyunni Channel
Kannadian Channel
2. Karuppanadhi
3. Chettiar
165
4. Servalar Gatana
Papanasam
Kadamba Tank
Vijayanarayar
Periyakulam
Tenkanai Tank
Kodayan Chennel
Palayam Channel 5. Manimuthar
Tirunelveli Channel
Tenkal Channel
Vadakkal Channel
Ramanathi
Reservoir
Manimuthar Reservoir main Channel-
Gatana Reservoir
Arasapattu Channel
Vadakuruvaipathu Channel Gatana
Reservoirs
Radhapuram Channel
Voc Chidambaranar District
1. Tambaraparani Korampallam Tank Marudur Melakkal Channel
2. Vaippar South Main Channel of Srivaikundam
Anicut
North Main Channel of Srivaikundam
Anicut
Kanyakumari District
1. Kodaiyaru Pechiparai Padmanabhapuram Puthen Channel
2. Valliar Perunchani Pandiankal
3. Palayaru Chittar Thovala Channel
N.P. Channel
Pazhayaru
E.K. Kal System
A.V.M. Channel
Thiruvithancode Canal System
Pechiparai Left Bank Canal
Pattanamkal System
Radhapuram Canal
Coimbatore District
1. Bhavani Parambikulam Ramakulan Channel
2. Noyyal Sholayar Kallapuram Channel
3. Amaravathi Amaravathi Parambikulam Right Left Canal
Parambikulam Main Canal
Bhalli Channel system
4. Aliyar Aliyar Vettaikaranpudur Canal
Poruvanpallar Sethumadai Canal
Thunnokhadam Udumalpet Canal
Upper Nivan Aliyar Feeder Canal
Lower Nivan Pollachi canal
166
Thirumathi
Nilgiris District
1. Moyar Upper Bhavani Avara Halla Canal
2. Bhavani Emerald
3. Pillur Pallam Avalanche
4. Kulkathurai Halla Pillur
5. Dedarahalla Kundah
6. Avarai Halla Paikara
7. Paikara Ooty Halla
8. Amkour halla Parson Valley
9. Singar Glemergon
Singara
Periyar District
1. Cauvery Bhavani Sagar Modineri Anicut Canals
2. Bhavani Uppar Thadappalli Channel
Lower Bhavani Channel
Kalingarayan Anicut Canal
3. Moyar Uttamalaikarai Odai Upper Reservoirs canal
4. Noyyal Varattapallam Vattamalai Kaveri odai Reservoirs Canal
Gunderipallam Varattappallam Keshmir Canal
Gunderipallam Reservoirs right side and
left side canals
Salem District
1. Cauvery Mettur Reservoir Mettur Canals (East & West Bank
canals)
2. Thirumanimuthar Yercadu Lake
3. Vashishtanadhi
Dharmapuri District
1. Cauvery Krishnagiri Reservoir Krishnagiri Reservoir Main Canal
2. Pennaiyaru Chinnar Reservoir Bargur Tank Supply Channel (West &
East)
3. Palar Thunvalahalli
Reservoir
Nedungal Anicut Channel
4. Chinnar I Bargur Big Tank Devarahalli Tank Supply Channel
5. Chinnar II Mettur Reservoir Chinnar Reservoir Right Side Channel
6. Bargur river Pambar
7. Pambar
8. Vaniar
9. Chinnaru
10. Palaru
167
North Arcot District
1. Palar Sathanur Reservoir Mahendravadi Channel
Kaveri pak Channel
Sukkiramallur Channel
Dari (Temmampattu)
Channel
Kavai Channel
Govindavadi Channel
Palar Anaicut
2. Poiney Dusi Mamandur Tank
3. Cheyyar Kaveripakkam Tank
4. Pennaiyar
5. Thurinjilaru
Poiney Eastern Main
Channel
Poiney Western Main
Channel
Poiney Anicut
Sathanur Reservoir
Project Canal
Sathanur Reservoir
Project Right Bank
Canal
Sathanur
Reservoir
168
Annexure 14
The WHO classification of pesticides by hazard
1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common
name) – Not permissible in the project
Common name
Aldicarb Difenacoum Mevinphos
Brodifacoum Difethialone Parathion
Bromadiolone Diphacinone Parathion-methyl
Bromethalin Disulfoton Phenylmercury acetate
Calcium cyanide EPN Phorate
Captafol Ethoprophos Phosphamidon
Chlorethoxyfos Flocoumafen Sodium fluoroacetate
Chlormephos Hexachlorobenzene Sulfotep
Chlorophacinone Mercuric chloride Tebupirimfos
Terbufos
2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common
name) – Not permissible in the project
Common name
Acrolein Dinoterb Methomyl
Allyl alcohol DNOC Monocrotophos
Azinphos-ethyl Edifenphos Nicotine
Azinphos-methyl Ethiofencarb Omethoate
Blasticidin-S Famphur Oxamyl
Butocarboxim Fenamiphos Oxydemeton-methyl
Butoxycarboxim Flucythrinate Paris green
Cadusafos Fluoroacetamide Pentachlorophenol
Calcium arsenate Formetanate Propetamphos
Carbofuran Furathiocarb Sodium arsenite
Chlorfenvinphos Heptenophos Sodium cyanide
3-Chloro-1, 2-propanediol Isoxathion Strychnine
Coumaphos Lead arsenate Tefluthrin
Coumatetralyl Mecarbam Thallium sulfate
Zeta-cypermethrin Mercuric oxide Thiofanox
Demeton-S-methyl Methamidophos Thiometon
Dichlorvos Methidathion Triazophos
Dicrotophos Methiocarb Vamidothion
Zinc phosphide Warfarin
169
3. Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) – Not permissible in the project
Common name
Alanycarb Dimethoate Molinate
Anilofos Dinobuton Nabam
Azaconazole Diquat Naled
Azocyclotin Endosulfan Paraquat
Bendiocarb Endothal-sodium Pebulate
Benfuracarb EPTC Permethrin
Bensulide Esfenvalerate Phenthoate
Bifenthrin Ethion Phosalone
Bilanafos Fenazaquin Phosmet
Bioallethrin Fenitrothion Phoxim
Bromoxynil Fenobucarb Piperophos
Bromuconazole Fenpropidin Pirimicarb
Bronopol Fenpropathrin Prallethrin
Butamifos Fenthion Profenofos
Butylamine Fentin acetate Propiconazole
Carbaryl Fentin hydroxide Propoxur
Carbosulfan Fenvalerate [ISO] Prosulfocarb
Cartap Fipronil Prothiofos
Chloralose Fluxofenim Pyraclofos
Chlorfenapyr Fuberidazole Pyrazophos
Chlordane Gamma-HCH, Lindane Pyrethrins
Chlorphonium chloride Guazatine Pyroquilon
Chlorpyrifos Haloxyfop Quinalphos
Clomazone HCH Quizalofop-p-tefuryl
Copper sulfate Imazalil Rotenone
Cuprous oxide Imidacloprid Spiroxamine
Cyanazine Iminoctadine TCA (acid)
Cyanophos Ioxynil Terbumeton
Cyfluthrin Ioxyniloctanoate Tetraconazole
Beta-cyfluthrin Isoprocarb Thiacloprid
Cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Thiobencarb
Cypermethrin Mercurous chloride Thiocyclam
Alpha-cypermethrin Metaldehyde Thiodicarb
Cyphenothrin [(1R)-isomers] Metam-sodium Tralomethrin
2,4-D Methacrifos Triazamate
DDT Methasulfocarb Trichlorfon
Deltamethrin Methyl isothiocyanate Tricyclazole
170
Diazinon Metolcarb Tridemorph
Difenzoquat Metribuzin Xylylcarb
4. Slightly hazardous (Class III) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) – Permissible under IPM
Common name
Acephate Dinocap Nitrapyrin
Acetochlor Diphenamid Nuarimol
Acifluorfen Dithianon Octhilinone
Alachlor Dodine N-
octylbicycloheptenedicarb
oximide
Allethrin Empenthrin Oxadixyl
Ametryn Esprocarb Paclobutrazol
Amitraz Etridiazole Pendimethalin
Azamethiphos Fenothiocarb Pimaricin
Bensultap Ferimzone Pirimiphos-methyl
Bentazone Fluazifop-p-butyl Prochloraz
Butralin Fluchloralin Propachlor
Butroxydim Flufenacet Propanil
Chinomethionat Fluoroglycofen Propargite
Chlormequat (chloride) Flurprimidol Pyrazoxyfen
Chloroacetic acid Flusilazole Pyridaben
Copper hydroxide Flutriafol Pyridaphenthion
Copper oxychloride Fomesafen Pyridate
4-CPA Furalaxyl Pyrifenox
Cycloate Glufosinate Quinoclamine
Cyhexatin Hexazinone Quizalofop
Cymoxanil Hydramethylnon Resmethrin
Cyproconazole Iprobenfos Sethoxydim
Dazomet Isoprothiolane Simetryn
2,4-DB Isoproturon Sodium chlorate
Dicamba Isouron Sulfluramid
Dichlormid Malathion 2,3,6-TBA
Dichlorobenzene MCPA Tebuconazole
Dichlorophen MCPA-thioethyl Tebufenpyrad
Dichlorprop MCPB Tebuthiuron
Diclofop Mecoprop Thiram
171
Dicofol Mecoprop Tralkoxydim
Diethyltoluamide Mefluidide Triadimefon
Difenoconazole Mepiquat Triadimenol
Dimepiperate Metalaxyl Tri-allate
Dimethachlor Metamitron Triclopyr
Dimethametryn Metconazole Triflumizole
Dimethipin Methylarsonic acid Undecan-2-one
Dimethylarsinic acid Metolachlor Uniconazole
Diniconazole Myclobutanil XMC
2-Napthyloxyacetic acid Ziram
5. Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard in
normal use (Common name)-Permissible in PVP
Aclonifen Ethirimol Noviflumuron
Acrinathrin Ethofumesate Ofurace
Alloxydim Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate Oryzalin
Amitrole Etofenprox Oxabetrinil
Ammonium sulfamate Famoxadone Oxadiazon
Ancymidol Fenarimol Oxine-copper
Anthraquinone Fenbuconazole Oxycarboxin
Asulam Fenbutatin oxide Oxyfluorfen
Atrazine Fenchlorazole Penconazole
Azimsulfuron Fenclorim Pencycuron
Azoxystrobine Fenfuram Penoxsulam
Bacillus thuringiensis Fenhexamid Pentanochlor
Benalaxyl Fenoxycarb Phenmedipham
Benazolin Fenpiclonil Phenothrin
Benfluralin Fenpropimorph 2-Phenylphenol
Benfuresate Ferbam Phosphorus acid
Benomyl Flamprop-M Phthalide
Benoxacor Florasulam Picloram
Bensulfuron-methyl Flucarbazone-sodium Piperonylbutoxide
Bifenox Flucycloxuron Pretilachlor
Bioresmethrin Flufenoxuron Primisulfuron
Biphenyl Flumetralin Probenazole
Bispyribac Flumetsulam Procymidone
Bitertanol Fluometuron Prodiamine
Borax Flupropanate Prometon
Bromacil Flupyrsulfuron Prometryn
Bromobutide Flurenol Propamocarb
Bromopropylate Fluridone Propaquizafop
Bupirimate Flurochloridone Propazine
Buprofezin Fluroxypyr Propham
172
Butachlor Fluthiacet Propineb
Butylate Flutolanil Propyzamide
Captan Fluvalinate Pyrazolynate
Carbendazim Folpet Pyrazosulfuron
Carbetamide Fosamine Pyrimethanil
Carboxin Fosetyl Pyriminobac
Carpropamid Gibberellic acid Pyriproxyfen
Chloransulam methyl Glyphosate Pyrithiobac sodium
Chlorfluazuron Halofenozide Quinclorac
Chloridazon Hexaconazole Quinmerac
Chlorimuron Hexaflumuron Quinoxyfen
Chlorothalonil Ethephon Nicosulfuron
Chlorotoluron Hexythiazox Nitrothal-isopropyl
Chlorpropham Hydroprene Norflurazon
Chlorpyrifos methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl octylsulphide
Quintozene
Chlorsulfuron Hymexazol Rimsulfuron
Chlorthal-dimethyl Imazamethabenzmethyl Siduron
Chlozolinate Imazapyr Simazine
Cinmethylin Imazaquin Spinosad
Cinosulfuron Imazethapyr Sulfometuron
Clofentezine Imibenconazole Sulphur
Clomeprop Inabenfide TCA (sodium salt)
Clopyralid Iprodione Tebufenozide
Cloxyfonac Iprovalicarb Tebutam
Cryolite Isoxaben Tecnazene
Cycloprothrin Kasugamycin Teflubenzuron
Cyclosulfamuron Lenacil Temephos
Cycloxydim Linuron Terbacil
Cyhalofop Maleic hydrazide Terbuthylazine
Cyromazine Mancozeb Terbutryn
Daimuron Maneb Tetrachlorvinphos
Dalapon Mefenacet Tetradifon
Daminozide Mepanipyrim Tetramethrin
Desmedipham Mepronil Thiabendazole
Diafenthiuron Metazachlor Thidiazuron
Dichlobenil Methabenzthiazuron Thifensulfuron-methyl
Dichlofluanid Methoprene Thifluzamide
Diclomezine Methoxychlor Thiophanate-methyl
Dicloran Methozyfenozide Tiocarbazil
Diclosulam Methyldymron Tolclofos-methyl
Diethofencarb Metiram Tolylfluanid
Diflubenzuron Metobromuron Transfluthrin
Diflufenican Metosulam Triasulfuron
Dikegulac Metoxuron Tribenuron
Dimefuron Metsulfuron methyl Trietazine
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Dimethirimol Monolinuron Triflumuron
Dimethomorph 2-(1-Naphthyl) acetamide Trifluralin
Dimethyl phthalate 1-Naphthylacetic acid Triflusulfuron-methyl
Dinitramine Napropamide Triforine
Dipropylisocinchomerate Naptalam Triticonazole
Dithiopyr Neburon Validamycin
Diuron Niclosamide Vinclozolin
Dodemorph Zineb
Ethalfluralin
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Annexure 15
Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Workshop Social Assessment & Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Date: 30.03.217
The Stake holder consultation workshop for Social Assessment (SA) and Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF) Stakeholder were organized by TNRTP and the respective
agencies viz., Economic Perspectives Ltd and Center for Environment Education (CEE). The
Objective of the consultation is to further strengthen the Framework and also it will help to take
adequate support. Welcome note and Inaugural address were given by TNRTP staff and the Project
Director. The Project Director requested for Beneficiaries’ inputs, because the beneficiaries are the
important stakehholder to decide the type of income generation activities.
Key points in the presentation:
Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project will be inaugurated by April 2017. TNRTP is an extension of TNPVP.
From July 1 2017 on TNRTP will function in 120 Non PVP blocks.
Objective of TNRTP is mainly to uplift the job opportunities and value addition.
Social Assessment:
Group activities are less in the field; the reasons are no working capital and not getting loan with lesser interest.
65 % of the communities are ready to do business/enterprises provided with required knowledge, funds & hand holding support.
SHGs showed interest on doing Dairy, Floriculture and Food business. Concerns with middleman interventions in Horticulture and Floriculture were put forth by the beneficiaries.
Farmer’s producers companies & Value addition of Products is the key component to be focused on transforming the Livelihoods of the project beneficiaries.
Differently abled, Psycho social, autistic, neurologically impaired persons are to be included in social assessment for the possibility of catering them in TNRTP
Sugessions on Environmental and Social Management Frame work:
Process of Categorization and Responsibility - Business plans will be categorized into four (red, orange, green and white) based on PCB criteria. And Community Professionals with the help of Block Team will identify the categorization. Adequate training will be given for them to do Environmental Assessment.
About Disposal method of sanitary napkin, since it is not infectious waste it will not be considered as a biomedical waste. The beneficiaries will be trained on proper disposal methods of used napkins. Innovative disposal machines will be explored as part of the Green Enterprises
Carbon foot print of the business activities to be measured
During District Diagnostic Studies ESMF components will be incorporated. This is to ensure that natural resources are being safeguarded and improved.
48 % population of Tamil Nadu is urban. Strengthening of existing Business & promotion is safer than going to totally new business. Both should be environmentally enhancing and should not damage the Environment.
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Develop skills and business for Local business.
NTFP collection from forest – Training for alternative resource business can be given to – minimize the presseure on resources and to secure the resources from forests.
Gulf of manner – more fisheries is going on and hence the Resources are getting depleted – We need to search for alternative business –TNRTP to handhold these alternate business.
Women should come out of sterohypic work (Tailoring).
Women are already involved successfully in the works like masonry, courier service, EB meter reading, and Auto driving in the TNPVP districts, such examples will be explored for TNRTP also
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Glimpses:
Inaugural Talk by the PD About TNRTP
Experts Discussion About SA by Economic Perspective
About ESMF by CEE Community Discussion
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List of Participants:
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