Environmental Engineering

Introduction to Engineering

Dr. Hasan Hamouda

What is Environmental Engineering Science?We are concerned with the quality and

availability of environmental resources and with the waste streams that impact them.

Science…improve our understanding of natural processes

Engineering…use this understanding to develop and apply technologies that will maintain or improve environmental quality

What is an engineer?Problem solver.

Specifically, one who uses science to solve real world problems.

SO, what about an environmental engineer?Solves environmental problems using

scientific tools

Environmental EngineeringAir pollution

Control devices-control unitPermitting-license Modeling

Water (surface and groundwater):Treatment & disinfectionStorage and distributionDispersionQuality

Environmental Engineering

WastewaterSolid WastesHazardous WastesRadioactive WastesIntegrated Systems Pollution PreventionOther – noise and light pollution

WATER QUALITY EngineeringWater treatment - take water from a

source and subject it to treatment processes to make the water suitable for its intended use

Waste water treatment - after water is used, it is collected and treated to make it suitable to be returned to the environment

World Population

2000 2050

2100

6 Billion 8.9 Billion 5.6 BillionIncrease until 2050:

50 % of the Population

100 % of the Consumption per Capita (1.4

%/a, av. 1967 - 1997)

Consumption Bomb (Paul

Harrison)

Water AvailabilityWorldwide Renewable Freshwater: 40,000 km3/ year

Withdrawals:

Irrigation 2,500 km3/year

freshwater is polluted by used water

Industry 750 km3/year

Municipalities 350 km3/year Total: 10%

(incl. 200 km3/a evaporation)But:

a large fraction is available where human demands are

small (e.g. Amazon basin, Alaska)

Rainfall and river runoffs occur in large amount during

very short periods (e.g. monsoon period in Asia)

ITV:

1.4 billion km3

35 mill. km3 fresh water

200.000 km3 usable

ITV:

1.4 billion km3

35 mill. km3 fresh water

200.000 km3 usable

Basic Water RequirementDrinking Water: 5 liters/day

Sanitation Services: 20 liters/day

2.2 Billion People Live in 62 Countries with less than 50 l /

(person * day)

Food Preparation: 10 liters/day

Bathing: 15 liters/day

Recommended Minimum: 50 liters/day

Water WithdrawalMunicipalities: 3 to 560 l / (day * person)

Industry: 3 to 3,100 l / (day * person)

Agriculture: 3 to 14,100 l / (day * person)

0

1

10

100

1000

10000

100 1000 10000 100000

Wa

ter

Co

nsu

mp

tion

in m

3p

er

Pe

rso

n a

nd

Y

ea

r

Gross National Product in US $ per Person and Year

Domestic Use

Industry

Public and Private Environmental Protection Costs in % of the Gross National Product (1996)

2,1%

2,0%

2,0%

1,7%

1,6%

1,4%

1,2%

1,1%

1,0%

0,9%

0,6%

Netherlands

Austria

Switzerland

Germany

USA

France

Sweden

Great Britain

Canada

Denmark

Japan

EC countries: 1,4 % = 220 US$ per person and year

Water for Food1 kg (0.2 to 1.5 kg) of Cereal Grains (CG) per 1,000 liters of Water

USA: 800 kg CG / (person * year)

India: 300 kg CG / (person * year)

Africa South of Sahara: 180 kg CG / (person *

year)

Water Consumption = f (Living

Standard & Export)

1 kg Eggs 3.2 kg CG 3,200 l

Water1 kg Lamb 17.2 kg CG 17,200 l

Water

Total Est. 2000 Total GNP AnnualFreshwater Per Capita GNP Million Growth Domestic Industrial AgriculturalWithdrawal Withdrawal US $/p/yr US $/yr in % Use Use Use

Country Year (km3/yr) (m3/p/yr) 1997 1997 1990-97 l/p/day l/p/day l/p/dayFrance 1994 34,88 591 26300 1541630 1,0 259 1116 243Italy 1990 56,20 983 20170 1160444 1,0 377 727 1588Israel 1990 1,70 280 16180 94402 2,6 123 38 605Spain 1994 33,30 837 14490 569637 1,3 275 596 1421Greece 1990 6,00 566 11640 122430 1,0 124 450 977Malta 1995 0,06 147 9330 3498 3,0 351 4 48Lebanon 1994 1,29 393 3350 13900 4,9 302 43 732Turkey 1992 31,60 481 3130 199307 2,3 211 145 948Tunisia 1990 3,08 313 2110 19433 2,0 73 24 760Jordan 1993 0,98 155 1520 6755 2,8 94 13 319Algeria 1990 4,50 142 1500 43924 -1,6 97 59 234Morocco 1991 11,05 381 1260 34380 0,2 51 30 962Egypt 1993 55,10 809 1200 72164 2,8 133 177 1906Syria 1993 14,41 894 1120 16643 3,3 98 49 2301Albania 1970 0,20 57 760 2540 2,2 9 28 119Cyprus 1993 0,21 267 no data 51 15 666Libya 1994 4,60 720 no data 214 43 1715Yugoslavia 1980 8,77 368 no data 161 727 121

Korea

Standards for Pollutants Discharged by Industry (1996)

(unit: mg/l)

Volume of emissions 2,000 m3/day or more Less than 2,000 m3/day Pollution inicatorsZone

BOD COD SS BOD COD SS

Clean 30 40 30 40 50 40A 60 70 60 80 90 80B 80 90 80 120 130 120Special 30 40 40 30 40 30

+ Nitrogen and Phosphorus Standards

KoreaStandards for Pollutants Discharged (1996)

Pollution indicators Zone

pH

n-Hexane

Phe

nol

CN

Cr

solu

ble

Fe

Zn

Cu

Cd

Hg

orga

nic

phos

phat

e

As

Min

eral

oil

plan

t an

d an

imal

oil

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Clean 5.8 ~

8.6 < 1 < 5 < 1 < 0.2 < 0.5 < 2 < 1 < 0.5

< 0.02

n.E. < 0.2 < 0.1

A 5.8 ~

8.6 < 5 < 30 < 3 < 1 < 2 < 10 < 5 < 3 < 0.1

< 0.005

< 1 < 0.5

B 5.8 ~

8.6 < 5 < 30 < 3 < 1 < 2 < 10 < 5 < 3 < 0.1

< 0.005

< 1 < 0.5

Special 5.8 ~

8.6 < 5 < 30 < 3 < 1 < 2 < 10 < 5 < 3 < 0.1

< 0.005

< 1 < 0.5

KoreaStandards for Pollutants Discharged (1996)

Pollution indicators Zone

Pb

Cr

6+

solu

ble

Mn

F

PC

B

colo

ur

tem

pera

ture

Nto

tal

P t

otal

tric

hlor

oeth

ylen

e

tetr

achl

oroe

thyl

ene

anio

nic

tens

ides

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l (Degree) (°C) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Clean < 0.2 < 0.1 < 2 < 3 n.E. < 200 < 40 < 30 < 4 < 0.06 < 0.02 < 3

A < 1 < 0.5 < 10 < 15 < 0.03 < 300 < 40 < 60 < 8 < 0.3 < 0.1 < 5

B < 1 < 0.5 < 10 < 15 < 0.003 < 400 < 40 < 60 < 8 < 0.3 < 0.1 < 5

Special < 1 < 0.5 < 10 < 15 < 0.003 < 400 < 40 < 60 < 8 < 0.3 < 0.1 < 5

increasing salinationorganicsshortage

f (GNP)

WaterSupply

EnvironmentalProtection

Wastewater Treatment

and Recycling

DesalinationPlants

Conflicts

The Water “Problem” in Arid Countries

Abwasseraufbereitungsanlage Windhoek, Namibia

Waste Water Treatment

Plant

Mixing

Active Carbon Dosage

Ozonation

Flocculation

Flotation

Sand filtration

Ozonation

Active Carbon Filtration

Membranefiltration

Chlorination

Stabilization

Safety Chlorination

NET

Waste Water - Recycle Process

A first Water Quality Engineering Problem

1854, outbreak of cholera in London

10,000 deathsConvinced city

official to remove pump handle

Boulder, CO

How the Waste Water Treatment Plant Works

A few problems that we need to solve!RUN-OFF: Contamination of aquatic

environments by fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural runoff

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION: Contamination of groundwater resources, especially by hazardous wastes

REUSE: Treating wastewater for reuse

AIR QUALITY EngineeringApply science and technology to

control adverse effects of air pollution on human health and welfare, on other organisms, on materials, or on ecosystems

Most efforts focus on emission sources since once pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, there are no practical engineering techniques for removing them

Clear DayClear Day

Hazy DayHazy Day

We’ve We’ve come a come a long way long way baby???baby???

Kuwait, August 1990Kuwait, August 1990

Kuwait, February 1991Kuwait, February 1991

3 April 20023 April 2002

This dust plume This dust plume passed over passed over urban areas in urban areas in China, Korea and China, Korea and Japan, cruised Japan, cruised over the Pacific over the Pacific Ocean and Ocean and eventually made eventually made its way to Alaska.its way to Alaska.

Pollution doesn’t have boundariesPollution doesn’t have boundaries

WHY DO WE CARE??WHY DO WE CARE??Some air pollutants cause adverse health effects, and we don’t like feeling bad or dying young.

Two examples of Two examples of particle collectors in particle collectors in southern Californiasouthern California

Human welfare…Human welfare…

Statue damaged by acid rainStatue damaged by acid rain

Melon leaves damaged by ozoneMelon leaves damaged by ozone

FeedlotFeedlot

A few problems that we need to solve!ACID RAIN: Deposition of

contaminants emitted into the atmosphere that have been converted to acidic species

OZONE HOLE: Depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorine from CFCs

BIOMASS COMBUSTION: Exposure of women and children to emissions from biomass cook stoves in rural areas in developing countries