environmental life style analysis (elsa)web.mit.edu/2.813/www/class slides 2008/elsa 2008.pdf ·...

Environmental Life Style Environmental Life Style Environmental Life Style Environmental Life Style Analysis (ELSA)Analysis (ELSA)Analysis (ELSA)Analysis (ELSA)****

Environmental Life Style AnalysisEnvironmental Life Style AnalysisEnvironmental Life Style AnalysisEnvironmental Life Style AnalysisTimothy Gutowski, Amanda Taplett, Anna Allen, Amy Banzaert, Rob Cirinciore, Christopher Cleaver, Stacy Figueredo, Susan Fredholm, Betar Gallant, Alissa Jones, Jonathan Krones, Barry Kudrowitz, Cynthia Lin, Alfredo Morales, David Quinn,Megan Roberts, Robert Scaringe, Tim Studley, Sittha Sukkasi, Mika Tomczak,

Jessica Vechakul, and Malima Wolf.IEEE International Symposium on Electronics

and the Environment, San Francisco, USA May 19 – 21, 2008

How to characterize a Lifestyle?

� What do you spend your money on?

� Major spending categories� See Bureau of Labor Statistics

� Major impacts of the goods and services in these categories� Use EIOLCA

Framework for Calculating the Framework for Calculating the Framework for Calculating the Framework for Calculating the Environmental Impact Associated with a Environmental Impact Associated with a Environmental Impact Associated with a Environmental Impact Associated with a

Life StyleLife StyleLife StyleLife Style

• IIIIjjjj is an impact of type “j” (j = CO2, GWP etc.)

• DDDDiiii are the dollars spent in life style sector “i”

(i = diet, clothing etc.)

• AAAAijijijij is an impact factor (technological) in units of impact ”j” per dollar spent in sector “i”

iji

ij ADI ∑=

Example: Two sector economy with 1 = guns and 2 = butter

� You make $10,000 a year and split your money evenly between guns and butter then D1 = D2 = $5,000. Assume the coefficients are A1 = 1kg CO2/dollar, and A2 = 0.5kg CO2/dollar.

� $5,000 x 1kg CO2 /$ + $5,000 x 0.5 CO2/$ = 7.5t CO2

Example:Two sector economy with 1 = guns and 2 = butter

� Your spending increases from $10,000 to $12,000, the butter sector improves to 0.25kg CO2 /$, but you shift your spending to guns 55%, butter 45%. Now your impact is

� $6,600 x 1kg CO2 /$ + $5,400 x 0.25kg CO2 /$ = 7.95t CO2

Did the improvement in buttermake you �sustainable�?

� No!� CO2 increased by 6%� Why?� Increased spending overall and a shift in

spending by category

For infinitesimals

� See hand out

Ii

ij

ij

iD

i

Di

j

j fAA

ff

DD

II

)(∆

+∆

+∆=∆

∑

Did the butter sector move toward �sustainable�?

� Yes!

08.0000,5

000,5400,5 =−=∆PP

501

1 .AA

ee =

∆−=∆

PP

ee ∆≥∆

See handout

How to characterize a Lifestyle?

• expenditures = income - taxes –support paid out + subsidies received

� what goods and services are bought?� note expenditures by the 8 categories

� http://www.bls.gov/� www.redefiningprogress.org.

� physical quantities, gasoline etc need tobe accounted for in the �use� phase

Eight Spending Categories1. Food2. Housing3. Clothing4. Utilities5. Transportation6. Services7. Insurance and Investments8. Government

Note possible double counting

Example: 1. Food

1. growfood

2. process

food

3. prepare

5.waste

4. eat

Diet. Where does the food come from, is it organic or conventional, irrigated,hothouse, transported a long distance etc. Is the person a vegetarian or carnivore. How is the food prepared? Do you prepare your own food? Do you eat out?Do they compost their waste food products or throw them away?See Smil p 56-63, p 129-133, see FAO, Pimm

Example: 2. Clothing

1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg3.

wear5.

waste4.

wash

Clothing. Does this person wear cotton clothing, polyester, �do they repair or replace it, are they fashion conscious and have a large wardrobe or do they wear the same thing every day, Do they wash and dry their clothes using hot water or cold water, are the clothes ironed, dry cleaned, line dried, etc. Are the used clothes recycled or thrown away? See �Well Dressed?� Julian Allwood, U Cambridge, Mfg Inst. 2006

Example: 3. Travel

1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use

5.waste

4. Repair

Travel. Here all categories of travel will be included, land, sea and airwith special emphasis on automobiles and air travel,particularly charter air travel as well as other modessuch as bicycling and walking. Are carbon offsets used?

See Smil p 139-149, HLM, Ch 6

Example: 4. Housing


5.waste

4. Repair

Housing.Do you rent or own? Where is the house located and what is the climate? Is the house large, small, new or old, repairs etc. Multiple houses?Do you heat and cool your home(s) while you are not in them?What fuels are used? These have to be calculated separately.Potential overlap with utilities. Financial aspects of housing can be important.

Example: 5. Utilities


5.waste

4. Repair

Utilities: Water, sewerage, electricity. How do you generate your electricity?Gas, oil, coal, hydro-electric, nuclear, wing, photovoltaic? This will vary bylocation, or use national average. There are Utilities sectors in the CMU/EIOmodel.

Appliances used in the home or elsewhere


5.waste

4. Repair

Household Appliances. This includes the refrigerators, washers, dryers, freezers,hot water heaters, toaster oven, fans, coffee maker, lighting and so forth. Also electronics, computers, TV, plasma screens, gameboys, charging cell phones�

Note the overlap with Utilities and Housing. Don�t double count See Power Values in Spreadsheet.We have small measurement device you can check out and take home overnight.

Example: 6 Services


5.waste

4. Repair

Services. 70 to 80 percent of our economy is now in the services sector. In terms ofyou direct expenditures they may constitute ~16% to 35% (see Kudrowitz and Allen, and �What We Work For�) The basic areas are: Health Care, Education, Entertainment, Recreation, Legal. .

Example: 7, Insurance, Pensions, Investments and Financial Charges


5.waste

4. Repair

Insurance, Pensions etc. Payments to these sectors can be quite large formiddle income and upper income people. Ex., Home financing, retirement benefits and employer matching benefits, interest on accrued benefits, 401 K, stocks, bonds, etc. The benefits you receive are handled as expenditure to support your life style and have associated environmental impacts.

Example: 8, Government


5.waste

4. Repair

Government: All the services you get for paying your taxes to State,Federal and Local governments. This ranges from roads, police, fire courts, health organizations, social security, military on and on�

Table 1 Relative Share of Expenditures, Average Ref: �What We Work for Now�, J. Segal et al, 2001 www.RedefiningProgress.org, and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey

Production Services Use Total 1 • Food

• Rest 8%

6% ↓ 14%

2 • Housing • Utilities & fuels • Furnishings &

supplies

19% 6%

2% 6%

33%

3 • Apparel

3% 2% ↑ 5%

4 • Transport • Vehicle • Gas • Other • Public transp.

9% 3%

3% 1%

3%

19%

5 • Services/Personal

20% 20%

6 • Insurance/Pension

9% 9%

TOTAL 48% 43% 9% 100%

Table 2 Expenditures by Category for $20,000 Production Services Use Total 1 • Food

• Rest $1,600

1,200 ↓ 1,600

1,200


supplies

3,800 1,200

400 1,200

4,200 1,200 1,200

3 • Apparel

600 400 ↑ 1,000


1,800 600

600 200

600

1,800 600 1.200 200


4,000 4,000


1,800 1,800

TOTAL 9,600 8,600 1,800 20,000

Table 3 Approximate Energy Used (GJ) Productiona Servicesb Use Total 1 • Food

• Rest 34GJ

8GJ ↓ 42GJ


supplies

81 26

3 69c

179GJ

3 • Apparel

13 3 ↑ 16GJ


39 13

4 1

60d

117GJ


27


12

TOTAL 206GJ 58GJ 129GJ 393GJ

Notes for Table 3a) Average Energy Intensity for Production 21.4MJ/$ (HLM Ch 11)b) Average Energy Intensity for Services 6.8 MJ/$ (HLM Ch 11)c) DOE says 69GJd) DOE says 60GJ

Compare with National Statistics:Energy Consumption U.S. 1997 94.37 Quads ≈100EJPopulation 270MEnergy/Person = 370 GJ per person, VS 393 GJ above (plus 12GJ for

Gov)Personal Consumption Expenditures 1997 ≈ $20, 370

Table 1. List of Student Contributions and Areas of Contribution

Student Grad/ Undergrad

Life Styles, (variants) Nine Impact Areas (Grads only)

1 Allen, Anna N. G Soccer Mom 1.Services 2

Banzaert, Amy G �Oprah

approximation� 2.Housing

3 G Pro Golfer (2) 3.Insurance & Pensions

4 Cleaver, Christopher

U Management Consultant

5 Figueredo, Stacy G Retired Person 4.Utilities 6 Fredholm, Susan G Engineer 5.Government 7 Krones, Jonathan U U.S. Senator (3) 8 Kudrowitz, Barry G Commercial Artist (1.Services) 9

Lin, Cynthia U

Teach for America (3)

10 Morales, Alfredo U Corporate CEO 11 Quinn, David G Buddhist Monks (2) (2.Housing) 12 Roberts, Megan U Coma Patients (3) 13

Scaringe, Robert J. G �Bill Gates

approximation� 6.Transportation

14 Studley, Tim U Investment Banker 15 Sukkasi, Sittha G Homeless Person 7.Apparel 16 Taplett, Amanda G Project Coordinator Project Coordinator 17 Tomczak, Mika G 5 year old 8.Food Industry 18

Vechakul, Jessica G Vegetarian College

Student (8.Food Industry)

19 Wolf, Malina Isabella G Nursing Home 9.Utilities

Expenditure by Category Annual ($) Annual (%)

Food 6,648

11.96% Housing 6,737 12.12% Utilities 1,655 2.98% Apparel 1,565 2.82% Transportation 3,035 5.46% Services/Personal 4,702 8.46% Insurance and Investment 26,726 48.06% Government Services 4,528 8.15%

Totals 55,586 100.0%

Impacts by Categories Impacts

GWP

(MT CO2E) CO2 (MT)

Energy (MJ)

Total Toxic (kg)

Econ. Activity

($) Food 7.5 3.9 57498 2.5 $14,715 Housing 0.5 0.5 6461 0.5 $2,034 Utilities 6.3 5.3 41667 1.2 $2,105 Apparel 1.2 0.9 14332 1.4 $3,882 Transportation 7.4 6.7 98461 1.0 $5,921 Services/Personal 1.6 1.3 18955 1.7 $9,157 Insurance and Investment 8.6 7.1 105371 3.0 $94,761 Government Services 1.1 0.9 11824 0.3 $5,404 Totals 34.2 26.5 354568 11.7 $137,980

ELSA Results for EngineerELSA Results for EngineerELSA Results for EngineerELSA Results for Engineer

ELSA Results for Teach for ELSA Results for Teach for ELSA Results for Teach for ELSA Results for Teach for America member (Houston TX)America member (Houston TX)America member (Houston TX)America member (Houston TX)

Disposable Income, Annual Expenditures, Government Services and Total Income

Income Data by Lifestyle

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

ChildCom

a - ICU

Coma - m

ix

Coma - s

upport

Homeles

sMonk

2

Nursing H

omeMonk

1Veg S

tudent

Retiree

TFA - Chica

go

TFA - Houst

onTFA - N

YCArtis

tEngin

eer

Soccer M

om

Mgmt Consu

ltant

Inv Banker

Golfer -

HighGolfe

r - Low

CEO "Aver

age"CEO "G

reat"OprahGates

Lifestyle

Dol

lars

Disposable Income

Annual ExpendituresTotal Income Calculation

Govt Services

Global warming potential per person and disposable

income for 23 different Life Styles in the United States.

Global Warming Potential

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

Child

Coma -

ICU

Coma -

mix

Coma -

supp

ortHom

eless

Monk 2

Nursing

Hom

eMon

k 1Veg

Stud

ent

Retiree

TFA - Chic

ago

TFA - Hou

ston

TFA - NYC

Artist

Engine

er

Socce

r Mom

Mgmt C

onsu

ltant

Inv Ban

ker

Golfer

- High

Golfer

- Low

CEO "Ave

rage"

CEO "Grea

t"Opra

hGate

s

Lifestyle

Dis

posa

ble

Inco

me

($)

1.00

10.00

100.00

1,000.00

10,000.00

100,000.00

1,000,000.00

GW

P (MT C

O2E)

Disposable Income GWP (MT CO2E)

Energy use versus disposable income for

23 different life styles in the U.S.

Energy Use vs. Disposable Income

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

Disposable Income ($)

Ener

gy U

se (M

J)

Table 2 Life Styles with estimated expenditures including most subsidies (add $4391 for government services) and energy use

Life Style

Est. Income

Est. Expenditure Energy GJ Comment

1 Buddhist Monk I $13k $8.5k 154 interviewed 2 Buddhist Monk II $26k $20.5k 370 interviewed 3 Homeless person $4k $24k 160 4 Retired person - $31k 390 some interviews 5 Five year old 0 $32k 160 estimated 6 Soccer Mom - $32k 518 some interviews 7 Teach for America - $35k 300-500 interviewed (3) 8 Veg. College Student 11k $52k 260 interviewed 9 Engineer $75k $58k 350 composite 10 Commercial Artist - $50-65k 500 interviewed 11 Manage Consultant $120k $80k 640 some interviews 12 Nursing Home Patient 0 $90k 580 estimate 13 Investment Banker - $275k 780 (3 variants) 14 Coma Patient 0 $680k 3500 (3 variants) 15 U.S. Senator $1M $950k 4800 (3 variants) 16 Pro Golfer $3.9M $1.7M 6000 (2 variants)

Toxic Releases generated by each life style versus

disposable income for 23 life styles in the U.S. 1997 data

Total Toxic Releases

1.00

10.00

100.00

1,000.00

10,000.00

100,000.00

1,000,000.00

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000


Toxi

c R

elea

ses

(kg)

Economic activity generated by each life style versus

disposable income for 23 life styles in the U.S. 1997 data

Economic Impact of Activity

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

100,000,000,000

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000


Econ

omic

Act

ivity

($)

Eco-Footprint versus disposable income for 23 life styles in

the U.S. 1997 data

Wackernagel Eco Footprint vs Income

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000

10,000,000,000


Eco

Foot

prin

t (ac

res)

Lifestyle Analysis: Soccer MomAnna Nicholson Allen

May 07, 20072.83

Soccer Mom Lifestyle Specifics

• Family of four, single family home• Lives in Durham, NC• $75,000 post-tax income• $32,000 per adult ($5,500 per child)

Expenditures by Category Annual ($) Annual (%)

Food, Diet and Alcoholic Beverages 4,512$ 6.0%Housing, Including Maintenance and Furnishings 7,043$ 9.4%Utilities and Fuel Consumed at Home 2,372$ 3.2%Apparel and Services 2,530$ 3.4%Transportation 5,194$ 6.9%Services/Personal 5,580$ 7.4%Insurance and Investment 43,272$ 57.7%Taxes/Government Services 4,510$ 6.0%

Totals 75,013$ 100.0%

Transportation Dominates as Impact Category

� 25,700 miles/year, Honda Odyssey Minivan, 21 mpg

� Transportation dominates for Energy, GWP, CO2, & Toxics

Total Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by Area

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Taxes/G

overn

ment Serv

ices

Appare

l and

Serv

ices

Service

s/Pers

onal

Housin

g

Food

Utilities

Insura

nce a

nd In

vestm

entTrans

porta

tion

(MJ)

(MJ)

(MJ)

(MJ)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Total Energy = 518.5 GJ (242.4 is for transportation)

� Suggested improvementso Purchase smaller, hybrid

car (55 mpg) o Carpool with other families

for half of season�s games

= 70% reduction in energy attributed to transportation

Lifestyle Alternatives: SuggestedImprovements

Total Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by Area

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Taxes/G

overn

ment Serv

ices

Appare

l and

Serv

ices

Service

s/Pers

onal

Housin

g

Food

Utilities

Transpo

rtatio

n

Insura

nce a

nd In

vestm

ent

(MJ)

(MJ)

(MJ)

(MJ)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Eco-footprint Analysis

� 29 acres (compared to national average of 4.4 acres in US)

� 6.6 Earths

FOOD 5.2MOBILITY 6.2SHELTER 6.4GOODS/SERVICES 11.4

TOTAL FOOTPRINT: 29

Baseline SM 30% SM 50% SM Food $7.70/day; mostly

meats, grains, snacks & desserts;

eats out infrequently ($30/month)

$7.20/day; more money spent on fruits and vegetables and plant-based proteins; meats,

grains and snacks reduced but still a part of lifestyle; still

eats out

$5.90/day; vegan diet; snacks & desserts, eating

out still allowed

Utilities $ 300/year electricity;

$600/year natural gas; $150/year

water

Electricity, natural gas and water usage reduced by 25%

Electricity and gas reduced by 50%; Water reduced by

33%

Apparel $2530/year; mostly cut-and-sew

No change No new clothing (children wear hand-me-downs)

Transportation $600/year air transportation; drives 26,000

miles/year at 21 mpg

$600/year air transportation; drives 25,000 miles/year at

45 mpg

No air travel; drives 8,000 miles/year at 45 mpg

Services Various services, including personal

care, medical, recreation, electronic

entertainment

No change No services except for medical

Insurance and Investment

No stock purchases $2,400 environmentally-friendly stock purchased

annually

$13,500 environmentally-friendly stock purchased

annually

Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom –––– Energy Impact ReductionsEnergy Impact ReductionsEnergy Impact ReductionsEnergy Impact Reductions

Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom –––– Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact ReductionsReductionsReductionsReductions

Baseline SM [GJ/year]

30% reduction [GJ/year]


Food 34.0 31.2 25.5 Housing 38.3 38.3 37.9 Utilities 45.6 34.1 24.5 Apparel 21.9 21.9 0

Transportation 242.4 130.7 52.5 Services/Personal 25.0 25.0 1.6

Taxes/Government Services

11.8 11.8 11.8

Total 419.0 293.2 208.8

Note: this calculation does not include insurance and investments

Baseline Engineer 30% Engineer 50% Engineer Food $18.50/day; divided

between meats, dairy, fruits & vegetables, beverages, and pre-

packaged food; eats out frequently ($360/month

out of house)

$12.80/day; slightly more fruits/vegetables and slightly less dairy, beverages, and snack food; still eats out

fairly regularly ($220/month out of house)

$8.00/day; vegan diet; fewer beverages and prepared foods; eats out much less ($100/month out of

house)

Utilities $ 450/year electricity; $500/year heating oil1

Electricity and heating oil reduced by 1/3

Electricity and heating oil reduced by 1/2

Apparel $1600/year; some knits; mostly cut-and-sew

$960/year; no knits; mostly cut-and-sew $230/year; only cut-and-sew and laundry necessities

Transportation $400/year air transportation; drives

15,000 miles/year at 30 mpg

$400/year air transportation; drives 11,000 miles/year at 45 mpg

No air travel; drives 9,000 miles/year at 45 mpg

Services Various services, including personal care,

medical, recreation, electronic entertainment

No change All medical services the same; Elimination of some services (gambling, sports equipment,

electronics purchases); Services retained: Movies, DVD rentals,

books, toys, newspapers2

Insurance and Investment

No stock purchases $4,200 environmentally-friendly stock purchased annually

$9,700 environmentally-friendly stock purchased annually

1 Water usage was given as $0 annually in the spreadsheet I received from Amanda; this value must have been omitted accidentally. 2 There is some arbitrariness about which services must be eliminated, and which can be retained. For instance, if the Engineer values sports above other activities, he could still attend sports events and purchase sports equipment, but would have to give up almost all other services (books, personal care, electronics purchases) besides medical and dental services.

EngineerEngineerEngineerEngineer

Baseline Engineer[GJ/year]



Food 57.5 42.4 28.7 Housing 25.8 25.8 25.8 Utilities 41.7 29.0 22.7 Apparel 14.3 8.7 2.2

Transportation 97.8 51.5 35.3 Services/Personal 18.9 18.9 8.3

Taxes/Government Services

11.8 11.8 11.8

Total 268.6 188.5 135.4

EngineerEngineerEngineerEngineer–––– Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact ReductionsReductionsReductionsReductions

Note: this calculation does not include insurance and investments

Brother, can you spare a carbon credit?Thinkers weigh a radical new way to reduce greenhouse gas: Give everyone an individual carbon allowance, and let the dealing begin.Email|Print| Text size – + By Rebecca Tuhus-DubrowFebruary 24, 2008 GLOBAL WARMING IS a planet-sized problem, so policy solutions tend to aim�.

Go To 2007 Project FolderGo To 2007 Project FolderGo To 2007 Project FolderGo To 2007 Project Folder

Critique of “ELSA”Critique of “ELSA”Critique of “ELSA”Critique of “ELSA”

� Other impacts � land, species�

� Need to up-date data

� Foreign contribution

� Changes in price

� Cumbersome

environmental life style analysis (elsa)web.mit.edu/2.813/www/class slides 2008/elsa 2008.pdf ·...

Documents