environmental life style analysis (elsa)web.mit.edu/2.813/www/class slides 2008/elsa 2008.pdf ·...
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Environmental Life Style Environmental Life Style Environmental Life Style Environmental Life Style Analysis (ELSA)Analysis (ELSA)Analysis (ELSA)Analysis (ELSA)****
Environmental Life Style AnalysisEnvironmental Life Style AnalysisEnvironmental Life Style AnalysisEnvironmental Life Style AnalysisTimothy Gutowski, Amanda Taplett, Anna Allen, Amy Banzaert, Rob Cirinciore, Christopher Cleaver, Stacy Figueredo, Susan Fredholm, Betar Gallant, Alissa Jones, Jonathan Krones, Barry Kudrowitz, Cynthia Lin, Alfredo Morales, David Quinn,Megan Roberts, Robert Scaringe, Tim Studley, Sittha Sukkasi, Mika Tomczak,
Jessica Vechakul, and Malima Wolf.IEEE International Symposium on Electronics
and the Environment, San Francisco, USA May 19 – 21, 2008
How to characterize a Lifestyle?
� What do you spend your money on?
� Major spending categories� See Bureau of Labor Statistics
� Major impacts of the goods and services in these categories� Use EIOLCA
Framework for Calculating the Framework for Calculating the Framework for Calculating the Framework for Calculating the Environmental Impact Associated with a Environmental Impact Associated with a Environmental Impact Associated with a Environmental Impact Associated with a
Life StyleLife StyleLife StyleLife Style
• IIIIjjjj is an impact of type “j” (j = CO2, GWP etc.)
• DDDDiiii are the dollars spent in life style sector “i”
(i = diet, clothing etc.)
• AAAAijijijij is an impact factor (technological) in units of impact ”j” per dollar spent in sector “i”
iji
ij ADI ∑=
Example: Two sector economy with 1 = guns and 2 = butter
� You make $10,000 a year and split your money evenly between guns and butter then D1 = D2 = $5,000. Assume the coefficients are A1 = 1kg CO2/dollar, and A2 = 0.5kg CO2/dollar.
� $5,000 x 1kg CO2 /$ + $5,000 x 0.5 CO2/$ = 7.5t CO2
Example:Two sector economy with 1 = guns and 2 = butter
� Your spending increases from $10,000 to $12,000, the butter sector improves to 0.25kg CO2 /$, but you shift your spending to guns 55%, butter 45%. Now your impact is
� $6,600 x 1kg CO2 /$ + $5,400 x 0.25kg CO2 /$ = 7.95t CO2
Did the improvement in buttermake you �sustainable�?
� No!� CO2 increased by 6%� Why?� Increased spending overall and a shift in
spending by category
For infinitesimals
� See hand out
Ii
ij
ij
iD
i
Di
j
j fAA
ff
DD
II
)(∆
+∆
+∆=∆
∑
Did the butter sector move toward �sustainable�?
� Yes!
08.0000,5
000,5400,5 =−=∆PP
501
1 .AA
ee =
∆−=∆
PP
ee ∆≥∆
See handout
How to characterize a Lifestyle?
• expenditures = income - taxes –support paid out + subsidies received
� what goods and services are bought?� note expenditures by the 8 categories
� http://www.bls.gov/� www.redefiningprogress.org.
� physical quantities, gasoline etc need tobe accounted for in the �use� phase
Eight Spending Categories1. Food2. Housing3. Clothing4. Utilities5. Transportation6. Services7. Insurance and Investments8. Government
Note possible double counting
Example: 1. Food
1. growfood
2. process
food
3. prepare
5.waste
4. eat
Diet. Where does the food come from, is it organic or conventional, irrigated,hothouse, transported a long distance etc. Is the person a vegetarian or carnivore. How is the food prepared? Do you prepare your own food? Do you eat out?Do they compost their waste food products or throw them away?See Smil p 56-63, p 129-133, see FAO, Pimm
Example: 2. Clothing
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg3.
wear5.
waste4.
wash
Clothing. Does this person wear cotton clothing, polyester, �do they repair or replace it, are they fashion conscious and have a large wardrobe or do they wear the same thing every day, Do they wash and dry their clothes using hot water or cold water, are the clothes ironed, dry cleaned, line dried, etc. Are the used clothes recycled or thrown away? See �Well Dressed?� Julian Allwood, U Cambridge, Mfg Inst. 2006
Example: 3. Travel
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Travel. Here all categories of travel will be included, land, sea and airwith special emphasis on automobiles and air travel,particularly charter air travel as well as other modessuch as bicycling and walking. Are carbon offsets used?
See Smil p 139-149, HLM, Ch 6
Example: 4. Housing
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Housing.Do you rent or own? Where is the house located and what is the climate? Is the house large, small, new or old, repairs etc. Multiple houses?Do you heat and cool your home(s) while you are not in them?What fuels are used? These have to be calculated separately.Potential overlap with utilities. Financial aspects of housing can be important.
Example: 5. Utilities
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Utilities: Water, sewerage, electricity. How do you generate your electricity?Gas, oil, coal, hydro-electric, nuclear, wing, photovoltaic? This will vary bylocation, or use national average. There are Utilities sectors in the CMU/EIOmodel.
Appliances used in the home or elsewhere
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Household Appliances. This includes the refrigerators, washers, dryers, freezers,hot water heaters, toaster oven, fans, coffee maker, lighting and so forth. Also electronics, computers, TV, plasma screens, gameboys, charging cell phones�
Note the overlap with Utilities and Housing. Don�t double count See Power Values in Spreadsheet.We have small measurement device you can check out and take home overnight.
Example: 6 Services
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Services. 70 to 80 percent of our economy is now in the services sector. In terms ofyou direct expenditures they may constitute ~16% to 35% (see Kudrowitz and Allen, and �What We Work For�) The basic areas are: Health Care, Education, Entertainment, Recreation, Legal. .
Example: 7, Insurance, Pensions, Investments and Financial Charges
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Insurance, Pensions etc. Payments to these sectors can be quite large formiddle income and upper income people. Ex., Home financing, retirement benefits and employer matching benefits, interest on accrued benefits, 401 K, stocks, bonds, etc. The benefits you receive are handled as expenditure to support your life style and have associated environmental impacts.
Example: 8, Government
1. Mat�ls 2. Mfg 3. Use
5.waste
4. Repair
Government: All the services you get for paying your taxes to State,Federal and Local governments. This ranges from roads, police, fire courts, health organizations, social security, military on and on�
Table 1 Relative Share of Expenditures, Average Ref: �What We Work for Now�, J. Segal et al, 2001 www.RedefiningProgress.org, and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey
Production Services Use Total 1 • Food
• Rest 8%
6% ↓ 14%
2 • Housing • Utilities & fuels • Furnishings &
supplies
19% 6%
2% 6%
33%
3 • Apparel
3% 2% ↑ 5%
4 • Transport • Vehicle • Gas • Other • Public transp.
9% 3%
3% 1%
3%
19%
5 • Services/Personal
20% 20%
6 • Insurance/Pension
9% 9%
TOTAL 48% 43% 9% 100%
Table 2 Expenditures by Category for $20,000 Production Services Use Total 1 • Food
• Rest $1,600
1,200 ↓ 1,600
1,200
2 • Housing • Utilities & fuels • Furnishings &
supplies
3,800 1,200
400 1,200
4,200 1,200 1,200
3 • Apparel
600 400 ↑ 1,000
4 • Transport • Vehicle • Gas • Other • Public transp.
1,800 600
600 200
600
1,800 600 1.200 200
5 • Services/Personal
4,000 4,000
6 • Insurance/Pension
1,800 1,800
TOTAL 9,600 8,600 1,800 20,000
Table 3 Approximate Energy Used (GJ) Productiona Servicesb Use Total 1 • Food
• Rest 34GJ
8GJ ↓ 42GJ
2 • Housing • Utilities & fuels • Furnishings &
supplies
81 26
3 69c
179GJ
3 • Apparel
13 3 ↑ 16GJ
4 • Transport • Vehicle • Gas • Other • Public transp.
39 13
4 1
60d
117GJ
5 • Services/Personal
27
6 • Insurance/Pension
12
TOTAL 206GJ 58GJ 129GJ 393GJ
Notes for Table 3a) Average Energy Intensity for Production 21.4MJ/$ (HLM Ch 11)b) Average Energy Intensity for Services 6.8 MJ/$ (HLM Ch 11)c) DOE says 69GJd) DOE says 60GJ
Compare with National Statistics:Energy Consumption U.S. 1997 94.37 Quads ≈100EJPopulation 270MEnergy/Person = 370 GJ per person, VS 393 GJ above (plus 12GJ for
Gov)Personal Consumption Expenditures 1997 ≈ $20, 370
Table 1. List of Student Contributions and Areas of Contribution
Student Grad/ Undergrad
Life Styles, (variants) Nine Impact Areas (Grads only)
1 Allen, Anna N. G Soccer Mom 1.Services 2
Banzaert, Amy G �Oprah
approximation� 2.Housing
3 G Pro Golfer (2) 3.Insurance & Pensions
4 Cleaver, Christopher
U Management Consultant
5 Figueredo, Stacy G Retired Person 4.Utilities 6 Fredholm, Susan G Engineer 5.Government 7 Krones, Jonathan U U.S. Senator (3) 8 Kudrowitz, Barry G Commercial Artist (1.Services) 9
Lin, Cynthia U
Teach for America (3)
10 Morales, Alfredo U Corporate CEO 11 Quinn, David G Buddhist Monks (2) (2.Housing) 12 Roberts, Megan U Coma Patients (3) 13
Scaringe, Robert J. G �Bill Gates
approximation� 6.Transportation
14 Studley, Tim U Investment Banker 15 Sukkasi, Sittha G Homeless Person 7.Apparel 16 Taplett, Amanda G Project Coordinator Project Coordinator 17 Tomczak, Mika G 5 year old 8.Food Industry 18
Vechakul, Jessica G Vegetarian College
Student (8.Food Industry)
19 Wolf, Malina Isabella G Nursing Home 9.Utilities
Expenditure by Category Annual ($) Annual (%)
Food 6,648
11.96% Housing 6,737 12.12% Utilities 1,655 2.98% Apparel 1,565 2.82% Transportation 3,035 5.46% Services/Personal 4,702 8.46% Insurance and Investment 26,726 48.06% Government Services 4,528 8.15%
Totals 55,586 100.0%
Impacts by Categories Impacts
GWP
(MT CO2E) CO2 (MT)
Energy (MJ)
Total Toxic (kg)
Econ. Activity
($) Food 7.5 3.9 57498 2.5 $14,715 Housing 0.5 0.5 6461 0.5 $2,034 Utilities 6.3 5.3 41667 1.2 $2,105 Apparel 1.2 0.9 14332 1.4 $3,882 Transportation 7.4 6.7 98461 1.0 $5,921 Services/Personal 1.6 1.3 18955 1.7 $9,157 Insurance and Investment 8.6 7.1 105371 3.0 $94,761 Government Services 1.1 0.9 11824 0.3 $5,404 Totals 34.2 26.5 354568 11.7 $137,980
ELSA Results for EngineerELSA Results for EngineerELSA Results for EngineerELSA Results for Engineer
ELSA Results for Teach for ELSA Results for Teach for ELSA Results for Teach for ELSA Results for Teach for America member (Houston TX)America member (Houston TX)America member (Houston TX)America member (Houston TX)
Disposable Income, Annual Expenditures, Government Services and Total Income
Income Data by Lifestyle
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
ChildCom
a - ICU
Coma - m
ix
Coma - s
upport
Homeles
sMonk
2
Nursing H
omeMonk
1Veg S
tudent
Retiree
TFA - Chica
go
TFA - Houst
onTFA - N
YCArtis
tEngin
eer
Soccer M
om
Mgmt Consu
ltant
Inv Banker
Golfer -
HighGolfe
r - Low
CEO "Aver
age"CEO "G
reat"OprahGates
Lifestyle
Dol
lars
Disposable Income
Annual ExpendituresTotal Income Calculation
Govt Services
Global warming potential per person and disposable
income for 23 different Life Styles in the United States.
Global Warming Potential
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Child
Coma -
ICU
Coma -
mix
Coma -
supp
ortHom
eless
Monk 2
Nursing
Hom
eMon
k 1Veg
Stud
ent
Retiree
TFA - Chic
ago
TFA - Hou
ston
TFA - NYC
Artist
Engine
er
Socce
r Mom
Mgmt C
onsu
ltant
Inv Ban
ker
Golfer
- High
Golfer
- Low
CEO "Ave
rage"
CEO "Grea
t"Opra
hGate
s
Lifestyle
Dis
posa
ble
Inco
me
($)
1.00
10.00
100.00
1,000.00
10,000.00
100,000.00
1,000,000.00
GW
P (MT C
O2E)
Disposable Income GWP (MT CO2E)
Energy use versus disposable income for
23 different life styles in the U.S.
Energy Use vs. Disposable Income
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Disposable Income ($)
Ener
gy U
se (M
J)
Table 2 Life Styles with estimated expenditures including most subsidies (add $4391 for government services) and energy use
Life Style
Est. Income
Est. Expenditure Energy GJ Comment
1 Buddhist Monk I $13k $8.5k 154 interviewed 2 Buddhist Monk II $26k $20.5k 370 interviewed 3 Homeless person $4k $24k 160 4 Retired person - $31k 390 some interviews 5 Five year old 0 $32k 160 estimated 6 Soccer Mom - $32k 518 some interviews 7 Teach for America - $35k 300-500 interviewed (3) 8 Veg. College Student 11k $52k 260 interviewed 9 Engineer $75k $58k 350 composite 10 Commercial Artist - $50-65k 500 interviewed 11 Manage Consultant $120k $80k 640 some interviews 12 Nursing Home Patient 0 $90k 580 estimate 13 Investment Banker - $275k 780 (3 variants) 14 Coma Patient 0 $680k 3500 (3 variants) 15 U.S. Senator $1M $950k 4800 (3 variants) 16 Pro Golfer $3.9M $1.7M 6000 (2 variants)
Toxic Releases generated by each life style versus
disposable income for 23 life styles in the U.S. 1997 data
Total Toxic Releases
1.00
10.00
100.00
1,000.00
10,000.00
100,000.00
1,000,000.00
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Disposable Income ($)
Toxi
c R
elea
ses
(kg)
Economic activity generated by each life style versus
disposable income for 23 life styles in the U.S. 1997 data
Economic Impact of Activity
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Disposable Income ($)
Econ
omic
Act
ivity
($)
Eco-Footprint versus disposable income for 23 life styles in
the U.S. 1997 data
Wackernagel Eco Footprint vs Income
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Disposable Income ($)
Eco
Foot
prin
t (ac
res)
Lifestyle Analysis: Soccer MomAnna Nicholson Allen
May 07, 20072.83
Soccer Mom Lifestyle Specifics
• Family of four, single family home• Lives in Durham, NC• $75,000 post-tax income• $32,000 per adult ($5,500 per child)
Expenditures by Category Annual ($) Annual (%)
Food, Diet and Alcoholic Beverages 4,512$ 6.0%Housing, Including Maintenance and Furnishings 7,043$ 9.4%Utilities and Fuel Consumed at Home 2,372$ 3.2%Apparel and Services 2,530$ 3.4%Transportation 5,194$ 6.9%Services/Personal 5,580$ 7.4%Insurance and Investment 43,272$ 57.7%Taxes/Government Services 4,510$ 6.0%
Totals 75,013$ 100.0%
Transportation Dominates as Impact Category
� 25,700 miles/year, Honda Odyssey Minivan, 21 mpg
� Transportation dominates for Energy, GWP, CO2, & Toxics
Total Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by Area
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Taxes/G
overn
ment Serv
ices
Appare
l and
Serv
ices
Service
s/Pers
onal
Housin
g
Food
Utilities
Insura
nce a
nd In
vestm
entTrans
porta
tion
(MJ)
(MJ)
(MJ)
(MJ)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Total Energy = 518.5 GJ (242.4 is for transportation)
� Suggested improvementso Purchase smaller, hybrid
car (55 mpg) o Carpool with other families
for half of season�s games
= 70% reduction in energy attributed to transportation
Lifestyle Alternatives: SuggestedImprovements
Total Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by AreaTotal Energy by Area
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Taxes/G
overn
ment Serv
ices
Appare
l and
Serv
ices
Service
s/Pers
onal
Housin
g
Food
Utilities
Transpo
rtatio
n
Insura
nce a
nd In
vestm
ent
(MJ)
(MJ)
(MJ)
(MJ)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Eco-footprint Analysis
� 29 acres (compared to national average of 4.4 acres in US)
� 6.6 Earths
FOOD 5.2MOBILITY 6.2SHELTER 6.4GOODS/SERVICES 11.4
TOTAL FOOTPRINT: 29
Baseline SM 30% SM 50% SM Food $7.70/day; mostly
meats, grains, snacks & desserts;
eats out infrequently ($30/month)
$7.20/day; more money spent on fruits and vegetables and plant-based proteins; meats,
grains and snacks reduced but still a part of lifestyle; still
eats out
$5.90/day; vegan diet; snacks & desserts, eating
out still allowed
Utilities $ 300/year electricity;
$600/year natural gas; $150/year
water
Electricity, natural gas and water usage reduced by 25%
Electricity and gas reduced by 50%; Water reduced by
33%
Apparel $2530/year; mostly cut-and-sew
No change No new clothing (children wear hand-me-downs)
Transportation $600/year air transportation; drives 26,000
miles/year at 21 mpg
$600/year air transportation; drives 25,000 miles/year at
45 mpg
No air travel; drives 8,000 miles/year at 45 mpg
Services Various services, including personal
care, medical, recreation, electronic
entertainment
No change No services except for medical
Insurance and Investment
No stock purchases $2,400 environmentally-friendly stock purchased
annually
$13,500 environmentally-friendly stock purchased
annually
Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom –––– Energy Impact ReductionsEnergy Impact ReductionsEnergy Impact ReductionsEnergy Impact Reductions
Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom Soccer Mom –––– Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact ReductionsReductionsReductionsReductions
Baseline SM [GJ/year]
30% reduction [GJ/year]
50% reduction [GJ/year]
Food 34.0 31.2 25.5 Housing 38.3 38.3 37.9 Utilities 45.6 34.1 24.5 Apparel 21.9 21.9 0
Transportation 242.4 130.7 52.5 Services/Personal 25.0 25.0 1.6
Taxes/Government Services
11.8 11.8 11.8
Total 419.0 293.2 208.8
Note: this calculation does not include insurance and investments
Baseline Engineer 30% Engineer 50% Engineer Food $18.50/day; divided
between meats, dairy, fruits & vegetables, beverages, and pre-
packaged food; eats out frequently ($360/month
out of house)
$12.80/day; slightly more fruits/vegetables and slightly less dairy, beverages, and snack food; still eats out
fairly regularly ($220/month out of house)
$8.00/day; vegan diet; fewer beverages and prepared foods; eats out much less ($100/month out of
house)
Utilities $ 450/year electricity; $500/year heating oil1
Electricity and heating oil reduced by 1/3
Electricity and heating oil reduced by 1/2
Apparel $1600/year; some knits; mostly cut-and-sew
$960/year; no knits; mostly cut-and-sew $230/year; only cut-and-sew and laundry necessities
Transportation $400/year air transportation; drives
15,000 miles/year at 30 mpg
$400/year air transportation; drives 11,000 miles/year at 45 mpg
No air travel; drives 9,000 miles/year at 45 mpg
Services Various services, including personal care,
medical, recreation, electronic entertainment
No change All medical services the same; Elimination of some services (gambling, sports equipment,
electronics purchases); Services retained: Movies, DVD rentals,
books, toys, newspapers2
Insurance and Investment
No stock purchases $4,200 environmentally-friendly stock purchased annually
$9,700 environmentally-friendly stock purchased annually
1 Water usage was given as $0 annually in the spreadsheet I received from Amanda; this value must have been omitted accidentally. 2 There is some arbitrariness about which services must be eliminated, and which can be retained. For instance, if the Engineer values sports above other activities, he could still attend sports events and purchase sports equipment, but would have to give up almost all other services (books, personal care, electronics purchases) besides medical and dental services.
EngineerEngineerEngineerEngineer
Baseline Engineer[GJ/year]
30% reduction [GJ/year]
50% reduction [GJ/year]
Food 57.5 42.4 28.7 Housing 25.8 25.8 25.8 Utilities 41.7 29.0 22.7 Apparel 14.3 8.7 2.2
Transportation 97.8 51.5 35.3 Services/Personal 18.9 18.9 8.3
Taxes/Government Services
11.8 11.8 11.8
Total 268.6 188.5 135.4
EngineerEngineerEngineerEngineer–––– Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact Energy Impact ReductionsReductionsReductionsReductions
Note: this calculation does not include insurance and investments
Brother, can you spare a carbon credit?Thinkers weigh a radical new way to reduce greenhouse gas: Give everyone an individual carbon allowance, and let the dealing begin.Email|Print| Text size – + By Rebecca Tuhus-DubrowFebruary 24, 2008 GLOBAL WARMING IS a planet-sized problem, so policy solutions tend to aim�.
Go To 2007 Project FolderGo To 2007 Project FolderGo To 2007 Project FolderGo To 2007 Project Folder
Critique of “ELSA”Critique of “ELSA”Critique of “ELSA”Critique of “ELSA”
� Other impacts � land, species�
� Need to up-date data
� Foreign contribution
� Changes in price
� Cumbersome