ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

Environmental Technology

Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Environmental Technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 22-26, 1987

edited by

K.J.A. DE WAAL

TNO Division of Technology for Society Apeldoorn, The Netherlands

W.J. VAN DEN BRINK

TNO Corporate Communication Department The Hague, The Netherlands

1987 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS • a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP II DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER

Distributors

for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

European Conference on Environmental Technology (2nd 1987: Amsterdam, Netherlands) Environmental technology.

1. Environmental engineering--Europe--Congresses. 2. Environmental policy--Europe--Congresses. 3. Factory and trade waste--Environmental aspects--Europe-­Congresses. 4. Recycling (Waste, etc.)--Europe-­Congresses. 5. Salvage (Waste, etc.)--Europe--Congresses. I. Waal, K. J. A. de. II. Brink, W. J. van den. III. Title. TD55.AIE97 1987 628 87-15241

ISBN -13:978-94-0 10-8139-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3663-8

Copyright

e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-3663-8

© 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Second European

Conference on

Environmental Technology

* * * * * * * * *

in the 'European Year

of the Environment'

* * *

VII

Recommending committee of the Second European COnference on Environmental Technology

G.A. Wagner (chairman) Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. The Netherlands.

J.C. Blankert President of the Association of the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Industries (FME). The Netherlands.

G. Bresser Chairman of the Association of the Dutch Chemical Industry (VNCI). The Netherlands.

S. Clinton Davis Member of the Commission of the European Communities. Belgium.

J.N. Dirken Vice-chancellor of Delft University of Technology. The Netherlands.

M.C. van der Harst Director General of the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs. The Netherlands.

J.D. Hooglandt Chairman of the Dutch Steel Producers' Association. The Netherlands.

R.W. ter Horst President of the Industrial Council for Energy and Environmental Technology. The Netherlands.

W.A. de Jong President of the TNO Board of Management. The Netherlands.

N.G. Ketting President of the Board of Managing Directors of the NV SEP Dutch Electricity Generating Board. The Netherlands.

C.J .A. van Lede President of the Federation of Netherlands Industries (VNO). The Netherlands.

Lord Nathan Chairman of the Environment Committee of the House of Lords. Great Britain.

S. Patijn Chairman of the national committee of the European Year of the Environment. The Netherlands.

VIII

W.C. Reij Director General of the Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment. The Netherlands.

K.C. Sivaramakrishnan I.A.S. Project Director for the Central Ganges Authority. India.

Programme Committee of the Second European Conference on Environmental Technology

K.J.A. de Waal (chairman) TNO Division of Technology for Society, Apeldoorn. The Netherlands. W.J. van den Brink (secretary) TNO Corporate Communication Department, The Hague. The Netherlands. F. van den Akker Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, Leidschendam. The Netherlands. H.M. de Bliek Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Hague. The Netherlands. A.M. Buekens Free University of Brussels, Brussels. Belgium. S. Dudenkov USSR. D. Huisingh North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. USA. P.J. Huiswaard Association of Consulting Engineers of the Netherlands (ONRI), The Hague. The Netherlands. G.S. Jonker Delft University of Technology, Delft. The Netherlands. F.E. Joyce ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd, Birmingham. Great Britain. J.M. Junger Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. Belgium. K. Miiller National Agency of Environmental Protection, Copenhagen. Denmark. Ms. F. Petillot Direction de la Prevention des Pollutions, Neuilly-sur-Seine. France. H.F. Peze Gist Brocades B.V., Delft. The Netherlands. M. Tels University of Technology Eindhoven, Eindhoven. The Netherlands. A.W. Veenman Netherlands Association of Suppliers of Environmental Equipment and Technics (VLM) , Zoetermeer. The Netherlands. L. Verweij Federation of Netherlands Industries (VNO), BMRO Bureau of Environment and Physical Planning, The Hague. The Netherlands. E.J. Vles Association of the Dutch Chemical Industry (VNCI), Leidschendam The Netherlands. J. Voskamp Hoogovens Groep B.V., IJmuiden. The Netherlands.

IX

The Programme committee wants to thank the following persons for their assistance in the preparations of this conference:

Ms. C. A.. Arensman TNO Corporate Communication Department, The Hague. The Netherlands. G.A. Maas Geesteranus Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, Leidschendam. The Netherlands. W.J.C. Melgert TNO Corporate Communication Department, The Hague. The Netherlands. s.v. SWolfs Netherlands Association of Suppliers of Environmental Equipment and Technics (VLM), Zoetermeer. The Netherlands. J.I. Walpot TNO Division of Technology for Society, Apeldoorn. The Netherlands.

XI

CONTENTS

Programme Committee and Recommending Committee of the Second European Conference on Environmental Technology VII

Introduction B.B.T.M. Nijpels 1

RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY

Combined-cycle power generation - a promising alternative for the generation of electric power from coal. E. Nitschke 5

A proposal for the energy infra-structure of AtatUrk Organized Industrial District in Izmir. A. OUrmaz. Y. Ercan. O.E. Ataer & M. Sivrioglu 18

Fluidized bed combustion technology for low grade lignite utilization in Turkey. M. Arikol. E. Ekinci. D. Bilqe & A. Serpil 28

Pressurised combustion - a new tool in emission abatement. L.3.M.3. Blomen. J.E. Bille & P.F. van den Oosterkamp 37

Safety assessment and the selection of detergent raw materials. N.T. de Oude 43

Thermodynamic analysis of solar powered absorption refrigeration systems for comparison of working fluids. O.E. Ataer 49

PROCESS- INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

Process integrated environmental technology. A must to survive. J. Quakernaat. 3.A. Don & F. van den Akker 55

XII

The development of clean technology phosphate fertilizer production processes. G.H.M. Calis

Hydrolysis of waste paper. J.I. Walpot & H. Visscher

The effect of processing on the heavy metal content in compost. G.R.E.M. van Roosmalen, M.M.G. Senden. T. Brethouwer & M. Tels

Autothermal incineration of waste water sludge in a fluid bed furnace.

67

69

77

R. Tize 87

Dealing with environmental affairs in the Dutch sugar industry. J .A. Don & L. Feenstra 96

Removal of nitrogen compounds from waste water. L.W.F. Harmsen 110

Cleaner technologies in Denmark - examples and experiences. K. Miiller 114

The application of the Best Practicable Environmental Option to pollution control in 1987. R.G.P. Hawkins 121

Removal of cadmium by anion exchange in a wet phosphoric acid process. T.T. Tjioe. P. Weij & G.M. van Rosmalen 145

Cadmium incorporation in calcium sulfate modifications. G.J. Witkamp & G.M. van Rosmalen 148

Removal of cadmium from phosphoric acid solutions by selective coprecipitation in a minor amount of anhydrite. J.A. Kroon

A clean technology phosphoric acid process. S. van der Sluis & G.M. van Rosmalen

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS / WASTE

Abatement of HCI and HF emissions from waste incinerators by injection of hydrated lime. A. Verbeek, D. Schmal & C. van der Harst

Residual products from flue gas desulphurization by spray-dryer method - technical and economic aspects of their disposal and recovery for utilization.

151

153

157

H. Ludwig. M. Hetschel & H. Fitjer 165

XIII

Flue gas treatment according to the BF/UHDE process. U. Neumann 182

Technical/economical developments of fluegas desulphurization (FGD) installations. L.A.J. Tol & W.L. Prins 194

The Bischoff flue gas desulphurization process in the power plants of Borssele and Maasvlakte in the Netherlands. T. Risse & I. Maassen 211

The biological treatment of waste gases from small urban sources (emission of volatile organic compounds). A.J. Dragt, A. Jol, C. van Lith & S.P.P. Ottengraf 224

Biofiltration - a relatively cheap and effective method of waste gas treatment. P.G. Paul & F.J. Castelijn 231

Experience with full-scale Biopaq - U.A.S.B.-plants treating various types of effluent. P.J.F.M. Back & L.B.A. Babets 238

Wet air oxidation of toxic wastewater. M.A.G. Vorstman & M. Tels 247

Thermochemical treatment of solid waste obtained from pulp and paper factory with 15 % acetic acid and NaOH for conversion to crudes. F. Taner, B. Boztepe & U. Kimyonsen 256

Ozonation of the aqueous layers obtained from thermochemical treatment of solid waste with 15 % acetic acid and NaOH. H. Boztepe, F. Taner & U. Kimyonsen 263

Chloroff, a non-destructive dechlorination process. P.F. van den Oosterkamp, L.J.M.J. Blomen, A.S. Laghate & B. ten Doesschate 275

Electrochemical treatment of organohalogens in process waste waters. D. Schmal, J. van Erkel, A.M.C.P. de Jong & P.J. van Duin 284

Recovery of heavy metals by crystallization in the pellet reactor. M. Scholler, J.C. van Dijk & D. Wilms 294

Removal of arsenic from waste waters of the lead glass industry. A. Kaiser, F. Butter, J. Kappel & B. Schmidt 304

Mercury removal by activated carbon process. K.-D. Benning, K. Keldenich & K. Knoblauch 314

XIV

Fate of some trace elements in combustion and gasification processes. W. Mojtahedi & K. Larjava 323

Reduction of the cadmium content of waste gypsum produced by the DSM-phosphoric acid plant at Pernis. R. Spijker 334

Investigations of the adsorptive removal and recovery of halocarbons. K.-D. Henning, M. Schafer, W. Bongartz & K. Knoblauch 337

The ug~ of Zooqloae ramiqera for removal and recovery of Cr ions from industrial waste waters. T. Kutsal & Y. Sag 340

Inactivation of sewage sludges with calcium oxide prior to agricultural uses. T. Marcinkowski 343

Fly-ashes in soil improvement. B. Quandt 349

Vegetation establishment on fly ash ponds by means of hydroseeding. D. de Vleeschauwer & R. Imler 352

Atmospheric probing with lidar. G.J. Kunz 355

VT-Biofilter. J.J.W. Bijl 358

Removal of heavy metals and dioxins in flue gases from waste to energy plants. K. Carlsson 361

PRODUCTS (DESIGN)

Designing of products in view of recycling. W. Jorden 367

Electrodeposited aluminium by the SIGALR-process. A superior coating for corrosion protection as an alternative to cadmium and zinc coatings. H. de Vries 377

Economic aspects of environmental product design. G. Huppes 383

Waste prevention in the ecological building project of Delft University of Technology. H. Hubers 391

APPLICATION / UTILIZATION OF SALVAGEABLE REFUSE COMPONENTS

Application of some waste materials in hydraulic engineering.

xv

K.W. Pilarczyk, G.J. Laan & H. den Adel 399

The processing of industrial waste for immobilization and/or recycling applying pozzolanic reactions. P.O. Rademaker & R.B. Wiegers 411

Utilization of industrial waste gypsum for the manufacture of gypsum-bonded particleboards in a semi-dry process. K. Lempfer 422

The use of concrete and masonry waste as aggregates for concrete production in the Netherlands. Ch.F. Hendriks 431

Utilization of residues of desulphurization and denitrification technologies. H.-J. Pietrzeniuk 441

Glass-recycling. C.Q.M. Enneking 448

Photometric sorting of cullet. A. Reichert & H. Hoberg 457

The use of off-gas CO2 in greenhouses. Removal of NO and ethylene. x C.M. van den Bleek, P.J. van den Berg & A.G. Montfoort 466

Product development needs of waste management. P. Vilppunen 476

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES AND WASTE HANDLING

Review of soil treatment techniques in the Netherlands. E.R. Socz6, E.J.H. Verhagen & C.W. Versluijs 481

In situ remedial action techniques for treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater by means of groundwater extraction and infiltration techniques. E. de Zeeuw 493

Cleaning soils contaminated with heavy metals. J.W. Assink & W.H. Rulkens 502

Steam stripping organic compounds from contaminated waters. F.B.M.M. Langen, P.G. Paul & R. van Booren 513

XVI

Extractive cleaning of heavy metal contaminated clay soils. B.J.W. Tuin, M.M.G. Senden & M. Tels 520

Characterization and remediation of coking plant sites in the Ruhr territory. H. Koesters & H. Spittank 529

In situ remedial action techniques of cadmium polluted soil. L.G.C.M. Urlings, A.T. Blonk, J.A. Woelders & P.R. Massink 539

Need and availability of cover material for landfill sites in South Wales. E.M. Bridges, A.T. Evans & D.J. Leech 549

Development of technology for contaminated dredged material remediation. H.J. van Veen & A.C. de Waaij 559

Research on polluted sediment. P. J. A. Baan 568

Cone penetration testing in relation to environmental problems. J .G. de Gijt & G. van Roekel 577

Re-infiltration of waste tip leachate: an inexpensive alternative. P .A. de Boks 587

Nitrate removal from ground water. J. P. van der Hoek 593

Nitrates in groundwater. A.L. Kowal & A. Polik 604

Indaver n.v. - a new industrial waste treatment plant in Belgium. L.M.J. Sterckx 610

Methodological evaluation of containment strategies. C.C.D.F. van Ree, R. Kabos, F.A. Weststrate & M. Loxham 614

The use of diaphragm walls of over 50 meter deep to stop spreading of contamination. H. H. van Breukelen 617

Leaching of cyanides. W.P. van Oosterom & L.G.C.M. Urlings 619

Polymeric flocculants in waste water treatment and in sludge dewatering - technical and economical aspects. A. Landscheidt & J .M. Reuter 622

On-site application of trickling filter and rotating biocontactor in treatment of groundwater, polluted with chlorinated hydrocarbons.

XVII

A.L.B.M. van Campen. L.G.C.M. Urlings & B. Bethe 624

Pollution-controlling effect of adsorbing materials on the leaching of pollutants from dredging spoil depots. A.W. Grinwis & L.G.C.M. Urlings 627

Characterization and environmental effects of sludges produced by metallurgical factory. J.R. Dobosz & M. Sebastian 630

Recovery of chemical wastes - results of a Danish case study and implications for other countries. K. Christiansen 635

Waste management: a comprehensive service to industry. P.H.M. Meyer zu Schlochtern 638

INCENTIVES / ATTITUDES

Implementation of energysaving and environmental technologies. R.W. Hommes. J.C. Brezet & L.W. Baas 643

Innovative strategies in the environmental industry -an international comparison. D. Drouet 653

Risk analysis as a rational basis for soil protection and contaminated land clean up. M. Loxham & C.C.D.F. van Ree 662

Methods for assessing the risk of environmental contamination. C.L. van Deelen 671

Risk analysis and risk policy in the Netherlands. B.J.M. Ale & M. Seaman 682

Growth of environmental technology as foreseen by the recent administrative and legislative developments. A. Miiezzinoglu & F. Sengiil 690

Development of appropriate technology and way out for environmental protection of China - a way for the developing countries like China. R. Hou 698

Surabaya Indonesia: options in solid waste management. S.A. Vigil 707

Application of the UASB-process for anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater under (sub)tropical conditions. A.F.M. vanVelsen & J.A.W. Maas 716

XVIII

Wastewater treatment technology for developing countries. J .G. Bruins 729

A waste reduction program and assessment of current status for Illinois. D.L. Thomas. D.O. Kraybill & G.D. Miller 740

Towards a network for environmental transfer. F. Joyce 750

Research and development of environmental biotechnology in the Netherlands. K. Visscher & W.H. Rulkens 755

American nongovernmental organizations' role in promoting waste reduction and clean technology transfer. L.R. Martin 763

The waste water sanitation program of Gist-Brocades N.V. location Delft. P .A. Lourens 773

Environmental technology and ecologization. H. Marinov 777

Optimization of environmental policy by integrated environmental research. J. S.A. Langerwerf 784

National Environmental Centre. Outline summary: objectives, structure, function and procedures. A.W. Veenman 788

Environmental Care Programme: Exploring the market for environmental technology. E. J. VIes 795

Innovation and pollution abatement. D. Wiersma & T. Pulles 806

A micro-computer package for calculating the cost of waste management options. F. Etemad & D. J. Leech 809

Hazardous waste management on the regional, macroregional and national levels. R. Szpadt 812

Siting of industries and status of wetland ecosystem on the Indian coast. R. Mahalingam & K. Gopinathan 817

List of addresses of first-named authors 819