enzymes cell biology lecture powerpoint vcbc

7/27/2019 Enzymes Cell Biology Lecture PowerPoint VCBC

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Enzymes

Image: Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase, Labrador2 From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.png


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What areenzymes?

Enzymes are__________(tertiary andquaternarystructures).

Image: Levels of protein structure, M RuizFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_protein_structure_levels_en.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_protein_structure_levels_en.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.html


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What do enzymes do?

Enzymes act as_________ in

cellular reactions.

Q:What does a

catalyst do?

Images: Activation energy graph, WikiFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activation_energy.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activation_energy.svg


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How do enzymes work?

Enzymes catalyzereactions byweakening chemicalbonds, which

________ activationenergy.

Image: Activation energy graph, WikiFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activation_energy.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activation_energy.svg


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How do enzymes work?

Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, including a surface groove calledan ______ _____.

The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant (_________)to its active site, causing the substrate to become unstable and react.

The resulting __________ (s) is then released from the active site.

Image: Enzymatic reaction, Jerry Crimson ManniFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive_inhibition.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive_inhibition.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.html


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are ________ forwhat they willcatalyze.

fit with substratelike a ____ and

____.

Enzymes

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.html


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When an enzyme is interacting withits substrate, during the chemical

reaction, together they are referredto as the

Image: Enzyme substrate complex, UC DavisFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalystshttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalystshttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalystshttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalystshttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalystshttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalysts


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are _______.

They are notconsumed (used up)in the reactionsthey catalyze.

Enzymes



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The more cans (substrate),the more $ (product).The more recycling machines (enzymes),the faster the cans turn into $.

Enzymes are like tiny machines within living things.


$

$

$

$

$

$

$


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Enzymes

Have names thatusually end in -_____.-Sucrase-Lactase

-Maltase

Image: Animation of Enzyme, WikiFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.gifhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.gif


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Why Are Enzymes So Important?

Why are we devotingone whole lecture topicto a protein molecule?

Nearly all chemicalreactions in

biological cells need

enzymes to makethe reaction occurfast enough tosupport life.

Image: Jumping rope, Meagan E. KleinFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jumprope_navy.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jumprope_navy.jpg


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Formats for writing a enzymaticreaction.

( ________ )

_______ + ________ -----------> _________

( ________ )

__________ -----------> ________ ________



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Meet the Enzyme:___ _______Important metabolic enzyme thatharnesses energy for biological cellsto use.

Involved in synthesis of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), from:

- adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- a phosphate group and- energy from H+ ion gradient

ATP is the most commonly used"energy currency" of cells.

Reaction:

(ATP synthase)

ADP + Pi -------ATPsubstrate substrate product

Images: ATP synthase diagram, Tim VickersFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-nucleotide-adenosine-triphosphate-atp.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATPsynthase_labelled.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATPsynthase_labelled.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-nucleotide-adenosine-triphosphate-atp.html


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How do you stopan enzyme?

Irreversible eggprotein

denaturationcaused by hightemperature

(while cooking it).

__________ _____!

Alteration of a protein shape throughsome form of external stress

Example, by applying heat or changing pH.

Denatured protein cant carry out itscellular function .

http://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-ph-scale-acidity-alkalinity.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-ph-scale-acidity-alkalinity.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg


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Temperature & pH

Think about what kind of cell ororganism an enzymemay work in

Temperatures far above the normalrange _________ enzymes. (This is whyvery high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook thebodys proteins.)

Most enzymes work best near__________pH(6 to 8).

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-is-ph-scale-acidity-alkalinity.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-is-ph-scale-acidity-alkalinity.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_Scale.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_Scale.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-is-ph-scale-acidity-alkalinity.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.html


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Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity

Temperature

pH

Cofactors & Coenzymes

Inhibitors



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Non-protein substances (zinc,iron, copper, vitamins) are sometimesneed for proper enzymaticactivity.

Coenzyme vs Cofactor:Whatsthe difference?

_________more generalterm. Includes inorganic andorganic molecules.

_________type of cofactor,But specifically organicmolecules.

Image: Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki. Ribbon-diagram showing carbonicanhydrase II. The grey sphere is the zinc cofactor in the active site.From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-is-organic-chemistry-carbohydrates-proteins-lipids-nucleic-acids.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-is-organic-chemistry-carbohydrates-proteins-lipids-nucleic-acids.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-is-organic-chemistry-carbohydrates-proteins-lipids-nucleic-acids.html


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Coenzyme:Vitamin B12

Most_________arecoenzymes essential inhelping move atoms betweenmolecules in the formation ofcarbohydrates, fats, and

proteins.

Exclusively synthesized by___________.

Dietary sources includemeat, eggs, dairy productsand supplements.

Images: Streptomycesspores, Wiki; Vitamin B12 chemical structure, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptomyces_griseus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptomyces_griseus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobalamin.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobalamin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptomyces_griseus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptomyces_griseus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptomyces_griseus.jpg


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Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity

Temperature

pH


Inhibitors



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Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors

1. ________________

Chemicals that resemblean enzymes normal

substrate andcompete with it forthe active site.

Reversible depending on

concentration ofinhibitor andsubstrate.

Image: Competitive inhibition of enzyme, Jerry Crimson Mann

EXAMPLE: The drug Antabuse is used to help alcoholicsquit drinking. Antabuse inhibits aldehyde oxidase, resultingin the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say a-si-tell-de-hide)during the metabolism of alcohol. Elevated acetaldehydelevels cause symptoms of nausea and vomiting.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive_inhibition.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive_inhibition.svg


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Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors

2. ________________________

Do not enter activesite, but bind toanother part of theenzyme, causing theenzyme & active site tochange shape.

Usually reversible,depending onconcentration of

inhibitor & substrate.

EXAMPLE: You may know that compounds containingheavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper or silverare poisonous. This is because ions of these metalsare non-competitive inhibitors for several enzymes.

Image: Pouring liquid mercury, BionerdFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg


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Enzyme Inhibitors

Blocking an enzyme's activitycan kill a pathogen or correct ametabolic imbalance.

Many _____ are enzymeinhibitors.

Enzyme inhibitors arealso used as _________and __________.

Images: Prescription bottle, T. Port; Dead cockroach, Wiki

EXAMPLE:

Another example of

competitive inhibition isprotease inhibitors.

They are a class of anti-retroviral drugs used totreat HIV.

The structure of the drugritonavir (say ri-TAHN-a-veer)resembles the substrate ofHIV protease, an enzymerequired for HIV to be made.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_american_cockroach.JPGhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_american_cockroach.JPG


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Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase Catecholase is present in most ______ and __________.

It is the enzyme that facilitates the ________ of cut or bruised fruitsand vegetables by catalyzing the following reaction:

(______________)

_________ + _____ ----------------- _____________colorless substrate brown product

Image: Bananas T. PortFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com


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Meet the Enzyme:Catecholase_________ juice and other acids are used to preserve

color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the ____and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the

enzyme to function.

Reaction:

catecholase

catechol + O2 ---------- polyphenolcolorless substrate brown product

Images: Apples, T. Port; Lemons, Andr Karwath; Enzymewith Cofactor, Wiki; pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_Scale.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_Scale.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemon.jpg


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Meet the Enzyme:Bromelain Pineapple contains enzyme bromelain, which can

_______ _________.

Jell-O is made ofgelatin, a processed versionof a structural protein called _________found in many animals, including humans.

Collagen = big, fibrous molecule makes skin,

bones, and tendons both strong and elastic.

Gelatin you eat in Jell-O comes from thecollagen in cow or pig bones, hooves, andconnective tissues. (Yummie!)

Examine 2 containers:

a. In one, canned pineapple was used to make Jell-O .

b. The other, fresh pineapple was used.

Q: Why is one Jell-O solid and the other liquid?

Image: Pineapple, Whaldener EndoFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ananas_cosmosus_Whaldener_Endo.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ananas_cosmosus_Whaldener_Endo.jpg


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Meet the Enzyme:Bromelain

(bromelain)

collagen protein + H20 -------------- amino acidssubstrate products

Bromelain is a ______enzyme that facilitateshydrolysis of protein.

Remember, hydrolysis cutsmolecule by adding waterthe

reverse of the hydrationsynthesis pictured to the left.

FYI: Bromelain is used as a meat tenderizer. Breaks downthe collagen in meat. So what do you think could happen toyour tongue when you eat fresh pineapple?

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.html


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Goodtimes with Enzymes(to the tune of Goodtimes by Chic)

by Annette M. Parrott, PhD

Enzymes are proteins usually ending in aseThey change but are not changed, the definition of

a catalase

Combine with substrates to break them apartTheir specific activation site makes sure they hit

the mark

Theres a reaction that you want to goWithout an enzyme itll move too slowEnzymes lower activation energyAnd once thats lowered youre home free

CHORUS

Amino acids are the monomersof a polypeptide a protein polymerThey require a specific temperatureAnd if its not exact they can be denatured

They are specific, my lock to your keyUnlocks the active site so we can proceedNow you know enzyme you can sing it with meOn the count of three123.

CHORUS

2003 Annette M. Parrott

CHORUS:

Enzymes, These are the enzymesWith substrates combineLeave products behind

Enzymes, Reduce reaction timeWith substrates combineThese are the enzymes

Image: Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.africangreyparrott.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.pnghttp://www.africangreyparrott.com/


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Confused?Here are some links to fun resources that further

explain enzymes:

Enzymes Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom ofScience Prof Online.

How Enzymes Work an animation from McGraw-Hill.

Interactive Enzyme Tutorial and quiz from Life: The Scienceof Biology.

The Role Enzymes Play in the Bodyfrom Enzymedica.These guys are selling supplements. I dont endorse the supplement, buttheir video is very instructive regarding enzymes and digestion.

Assignment Discovery: Enzyme CatalystsfromHowStuffWorks, a Discovery Company.

Enzymes and Digestionfrom About.com.

Bio Rad GTCA Song musical advertisement for SsoFast.

And why not sing Goodtimes with Enzymes to the Chic songGoodtimes. See next slide for lyrics.

(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/vcbc/enzymes-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.htmlhttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFbPHlhI13ghttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28733-assignment-discovery-enzyme-catalysts-video.htmhttp://video.about.com/nutrition/Enzymes-and-Digestion.htmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQEaX3MiDowhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKl6EZShaawhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKl6EZShaawhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQEaX3MiDowhttp://video.about.com/nutrition/Enzymes-and-Digestion.htmhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28733-assignment-discovery-enzyme-catalysts-video.htmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFbPHlhI13ghttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/vcbc/enzymes-main.htmlhttp://www.organic-city.com/apple.jpg/apple-full.jpg


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Assignment

At the end of most lectures,I will give you some type ofin-class assignment orhomework to evaluate yourunderstanding of todays

topic.

This assignment will alwaysbe open-book.

Today you may be completingan experimenton the topicof Enzymes.

See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual CellBiology Classroom: Enzymes Lecture for aprintable Word .doc of this assignment.

Image: Accumulation of polyphenol in apple, T. Port From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-cell-main.htmlhttp://www.organic-city.com/apple.jpg/apple-full.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/


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Are you feeling blinded by science?

Do yourself a favor. Use the

Virtual Cell BiologyClassroom (VCBC) !

The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed,including:

practice test questions

review questions

study guides and learning objectives PowerPoints on other topics

You can access the VCBC by going to the Science Prof Online websitewww.ScienceProfOnline.com

enzymes cell biology lecture powerpoint vcbc

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