enzymes. outline review – what is an enzyme? models of enzyme activity ◦ lock and key ◦...
TRANSCRIPT
OutlineOutline Review – What is an enzyme?
Models of enzyme activity◦ Lock and key◦ Induced fit model
Factors affecting enzyme activity◦ Temperature◦ pH
Regulation of enzyme activity◦ Inhibition◦ Allosterically◦ Feedback inhibition
What is a catalyst????What is a catalyst????a substance which increase in the rate of a
chemical reaction due to it’s participation.The effect of a catalyst may vary due to
the presence of other substances known as inhibitors or poisons (which reduce the catalytic activity)
Promoters (which increase the activity). The opposite of a catalyst, a substance
that reduces the rate of a reaction, is an inhibitor.
The antonym…The antonym…The opposite of a catalyst, a substance
that reduces the rate of a reaction, is an inhibitor.
Literacy T.Y.P. 5 minutes.Literacy T.Y.P. 5 minutes.List three synonyms and three antonyms
of a catalyst.Give an example of each.
Share with your peers.
Type of protein◦Polymer of amino acids
Often globular (spherical) in shape
Contain “active sites” – depressions or grooves on the surface where molecules can bind
Binding to an enzyme is very selective:◦Active sites interact with specific molecules to
catalyze specific reactions
The molecule that binds to an enzyme is called its “substrate”
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.◦Stabilizes the transition state by stretching the
bonds of the substrate
Some enzymes need to bind to additional molecules to function:◦Cofactors (usu. metal ions), or◦Coenzymes (act like shuttles btw. enzymes)
Apoenzyme – The enzyme, without its cofactors/coenzymes
Holoenzyme – The active form, bound to cofactors/coenzymes
The “Lock and Key” modelThe “Lock and Key” modelThe enzyme has an active site that is
unchangingSubstrates bind chemical process
occurs
Induced fit modelInduced fit model
The enzyme can change its shape
1. One substrate molecule binds weakly2. The enzyme’s active site changes shape so
that a second substrate molecule can bind3. The second substrate binds
Chemical process (rx) occurs
Increase in activity with temperature (molecules have more energy)
... but only to a certain point.
Too much heat will disrupt the 2° , 3° and 4° structure◦Denaturation & loss of function
Every enzyme has a temperature at which it functions best – this is the optimal temperature
For human enzymes it is usually 37°C (body temp.)
pHpH
Enzymes also have optimal pHsThese will vary according to the location
in which they function
Location Optimal pH
Pepsin Stomach 2
Trypsin Small intestine 8
REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITYREGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
1. Inhibition2. Allosterically3. Feedback inhibition
Competitive inhibitionCompetitive inhibitionAre very similar in shape to an enzyme’s
substrate.Bind to the active site, and physically
block the correct substrate from binding.
Noncompetitive inhibitionNoncompetitive inhibition
May be allostericOR
The inhibitor directly affects the enzyme so that it cannot carry out its function. (chemicals that alter the enzyme’s shape and therefore function)
Allosteric RegulationAllosteric RegulationAllosteric site – Site on an enzyme that
can bind with an effector.NOT the same as active site.
Effector:◦Activator, or◦ Inhibitor
Inhibition vs ActivationInhibition vs ActivationInhibitors vs ActivatorsInhibitors vs ActivatorsSome substances can inhibit enzyme
function – Inhibitors Some substances can enhance enzyme
function – activators
Inhibition can be either competitive or noncompetitive
Allosteric activatorStabilize the active-form
Allosteric inhibitorStabilize the inactive form
See pg. 73, Figure 7
Feedback inhibitionFeedback inhibition
Feedback inhibition: The product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions acts to allosterically inhibit an enzyme that acts earlier in the series.
Often biological reactions occur in a series.
WHY IS FEEDBACK INHIBITION WHY IS FEEDBACK INHIBITION important?important?5 minutes discussions:WHY DO CELLS NEED FEEDBACK?WHY DO YOU NEED FEEDBACK?“TWO-WAY” WORLD ANYONE?
There are three main enzymes There are three main enzymes found in a human body found in a human body
1. digestive enzymes2. metabolic enzymes3. food enzymes