eoc review #3: photosynthesis, cell respiration, dna, mitosis, and protein synthesis
DESCRIPTION
EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis, and Protein synthesis. Christopherson. Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis I. Photosynthesis Function. To produce glucose (food) for producers The formula for glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6. Photosynthesis: How?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis,
and Protein synthesis
Christopherson
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis I
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Photosynthesis Function
To produce glucose
(food) for producers
The formula for glucose:
C6H12O6
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Photosynthesis: How?Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon
dioxide and water to make glucose
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Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis: Plants
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Bacteria
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Protists – ex/ Green Algae
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Photosynthesis: Location
ProducerLeaf
Leaf Cross-section
Chloroplast Chlorophyll: Pigment
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Pigments
Found inside the thylakoid
Absorb sunlight energy and give
plants their color.
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Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula)
CO2 H2O+ C6H12O6 + O2
Sunlight Energy
Reactants What is needed
Products What is produced
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Cell Respiration I: ATP and Anaerobic Respiration
Christopherson
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Purpose of Cell Respiration
C6H12O6 ATP
The process in which glucose (food) is broken down into ATP (usable energy)
C6H12O6
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ATP StructureContains adenosine, sugar, and three
phosphatesphosphates
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Does ATP have ENERGY?
YES
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Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula)
CO2 H2O+C6H12O6 +O2
Reactants Need?
Products Produced?
ATP
+
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Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs without oxygen present
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Organisms that undergo
Anaerobic Respiration:
All living things
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Process: Anaerobic Respiration
Simple Organisms
Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C
Pyruvate:C-C-C and C-C-C
ATP
Fermentation
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Breaking down of Pyruvate: Simple Organisms - Result
Pyruvate is broken down into waste. It’s trash.This process is Fermentation.
Pyruvate
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Breaking down of Pyruvate Simple Organisms
Bacteria
Yeast
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Process: Anaerobic Respiration
Complex Organisms
Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C
Pyruvate:C-C-C and C-C-C
ATP
To the Mitochondria(Aerobic Respiration)
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Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs with oxygen present
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Organisms that undergo
Aerobic Respiration:
Complex Organisms(Everything BUT
Bacteria and Yeast)
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MitochondriaFunction: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of
the cell
Location: Throughout the cell
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Aerobic Respiration RESULT
C-C-C and C-C-CPyruvate
ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATPATP ATP ATP ATP ATPATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
O2
O2 is the key to the mitochondria
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DNA Structure and Discovery
Christopherson
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DNA: Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
DNA is a Nucleic Acid
Monomer: Nucleotide
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Structure of a Nucleotide
1. Phosphate
2. Deoxyribose
3. Nitrogen Base
a. Adenineb. Thyminec. Cytosine
d. Guanine
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Structure of DNA
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen Bases
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Practice with Base Pairing
A T C G G C T A C G A T T A G C C G A T G C T A
Sugar and Phosphate
Sugar and Phosphate
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Cell Cycle Summary
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What is a Body Cell?
All the cells that make up the “body” of an organism.
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What is a Homologous Pair?A pair of chromosomes that are very similar; one is
from your mom and the other from your dad
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Diploid?Formula: 2n
n = the number of chromosomes2 = that homologous pairs are present
-Normal number of chromosomes in organisms body cell
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Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell
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Purpose of the Cell Cycle
To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction
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Location of the Cell Cycle
Within an organisms body cells
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1st Step of the Cell Cycle
Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by
making more organelles and cytoplasm (G1
and G2); Replicates DNA
(S)
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2nd Step of the Cell CycleMitosis: The
replicated DNA is separated
Made up of PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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3rd Step of the Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell
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End Result of the Cell Cycle
Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes
Interphase MitosisCytokinesis
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If an organism has 50
chromosomes and it undergoes
mitosis, how many
chromosomes will be present in
the new cells?
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If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be
present in the new cells?
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What is a GENE?
Instruction manual for our body
Portion of the DNA that “codes” (has
the directions) for a specific trait.
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Where is a Gene?
•Within DNA
•The nitrogen bases spell out
the instructions
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RNARibonucleic Acid
Make up of Nucleotides
Contains Phosphorus
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RNA Nucleotide
A
BC
Phosphate
Ribose
Nitrogen Base
GuanineCytosineAdenine
Uracil
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How is DNA different from RNA?
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DNA versus RNA: # of Strands
1 strand2 strands
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DNA versus RNA: Sugar
Deoxyribose Ribose
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DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine
Adenine Thymine Adenine Uracil
DNA RNA
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What are the types of RNA?
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mRNA FunctionCopy a message from a gene on DNA
DNA
mRNA
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tRNA FunctionCarries amino acids to mRNA
mRNA
Amino Acids
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Brief summary of Protein synthesis
A protein is made from a gene on DNA
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Brief Summary of Transcription
Make mRNA from a gene on
DNA
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Transcription Animation #2
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Transcribe the following
TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGTDNA
AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA mRNA
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Location of Translation
Ribosome
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Brief Summary of Translation
Make a protein
from mRNA
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AUG CGC GGA UCC UCA UAA mRNA
UAC AGU AUUAGGCCUGCG
Met Ser StopSerGlyArg
Three base sequence in mRNA is called a codonCodon
Ribosome
A ribosome attaches to mRNAA tRNA anticodon matches with a mRNA codon
Anticodon
Codon
Another tRNA anticodon matches with a codon rRNA forms a peptide bond between theamino acids
Peptide Bond
First tRNA leaves and the ribosome shifts. A new tRNA fills empty space.Another peptide bond is formed and the process continues
A protein has been made
ProteinAmino acid
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TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT
AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA
Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP
DNA
mRNA
Amino Acid
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MutationsMutations
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What is a mutation?
Change in the DNA nitrogen base
sequence of a gene
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How do Mutations Occur?
Damaged DNA caused by
agents such as sunlight, smoke,
radiation; It can also be inherited
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Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence.
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat
Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat
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Example of Point Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia
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Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation
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Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting
in a different sequence of DNA.
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat
Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at
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Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation