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EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis, and Protein synthesis Christopherson Slide 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis I Slide 3 Photosynthesis Function To produce glucose (food) for producers The formula for glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 Slide 4 Photosynthesis: How? Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose Slide 5 Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis: Plants Slide 6 Bacteria Slide 7 Protists ex/ Green Algae Slide 8 Photosynthesis: Location Producer Leaf Leaf Cross-section Chloroplast Chlorophyll: Pigment Slide 9 Pigments Found inside the thylakoid Absorb sunlight energy and give plants their color. Slide 10 Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Sunlight Energy Reactants What is needed Products What is produced Slide 11 Cell Respiration I: ATP and Anaerobic Respiration Christopherson Slide 12 Purpose of Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP The process in which glucose (food) is broken down into ATP (usable energy) C 6 H 12 O 6 Slide 13 ATP Structure phosphates Contains adenosine, sugar, and three phosphates Slide 14 Does ATP have ENERGY? YES Slide 15 Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Reactants Need? Products Produced? ATP + Slide 16 Anaerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs without oxygen present Slide 17 Organisms that undergo Anaerobic Respiration: All living things Slide 18 Process: Anaerobic Respiration Simple Organisms Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C Pyruvate: C-C-C and C-C-C ATP Fermentation Slide 19 Breaking down of Pyruvate: Simple Organisms - Result Pyruvate is broken down into waste. Its trash. This process is Fermentation. Pyruvate Slide 20 Breaking down of Pyruvate Simple Organisms Bacteria Yeast Slide 21 Process: Anaerobic Respiration Complex Organisms Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C Pyruvate: C-C-C and C-C-C ATP To the Mitochondria (Aerobic Respiration) Slide 22 Aerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs with oxygen present Slide 23 Organisms that undergo Aerobic Respiration: Complex Organisms (Everything BUT Bacteria and Yeast) Slide 24 Mitochondria Function: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell Location: Throughout the cell Slide 25 Aerobic Respiration RESULT C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP O2O2 O 2 is the key to the mitochondria Slide 26 DNA Structure and Discovery Christopherson Slide 27 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is a Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide Slide 28 Structure of a Nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose 3. Nitrogen Base a. Adenine b. Thymine c. Cytosine d. Guanine Slide 29 Slide 30 Structure of DNA Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen Bases Slide 31 Practice with Base Pairing A T C G G C T A C G A T T A G C C G A T G C T A Sugar and Phosphate Slide 32 Cell Cycle Summary Slide 33 What is a Body Cell? All the cells that make up the body of an organism. Slide 34 What is a Homologous Pair? A pair of chromosomes that are very similar; one is from your mom and the other from your dad Slide 35 Diploid? Formula: 2n n = the number of chromosomes 2 = that homologous pairs are present -Normal number of chromosomes in organisms body cell Slide 36 Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell Slide 37 Purpose of the Cell Cycle To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction Slide 38 Location of the Cell Cycle Within an organisms body cells Slide 39 1 st Step of the Cell Cycle Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by making more organelles and cytoplasm (G1 and G2); Replicates DNA (S) Slide 40 2 nd Step of the Cell Cycle Mitosis: The replicated DNA is separated Made up of PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Slide 41 3 rd Step of the Cell Cycle Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell Slide 42 End Result of the Cell Cycle Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis Slide 43 If an organism has 50 chromosomes and it undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells? Slide 44 If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells? Slide 45 What is a GENE? Instruction manual for our body Portion of the DNA that codes (has the directions) for a specific trait. Slide 46 Where is a Gene? Within DNA The nitrogen bases spell out the instructions Slide 47 RNA Ribonucleic Acid Make up of Nucleotides Contains Phosphorus Slide 48 RNA Nucleotide A B C Phosphate Ribose Nitrogen Base Guanine Cytosine Adenine Uracil Slide 49 How is DNA different from RNA? Slide 50 DNA versus RNA: # of Strands 1 strand2 strands Slide 51 DNA versus RNA: Sugar DeoxyriboseRibose Slide 52 DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine AdenineThymineAdenineUracil DNARNA Slide 53 What are the types of RNA? Slide 54 mRNA Function Copy a message from a gene on DNA DNA mRNA Slide 55 tRNA Function Carries amino acids to mRNA mRNA Amino Acids Slide 56 Brief summary of Protein synthesis A protein is made from a gene on DNA Slide 57 Brief Summary of Transcription Make mRNA from a gene on DNA Slide 58 Transcription Animation Transcription Animation #2 Slide 59 Transcribe the following TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGT DNA AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA mRNA Slide 60 Location of Translation Ribosome Slide 61 Brief Summary of Translation Make a protein from mRNA Slide 62 AUG CGC GGA UCC UCA UAA mRNA UACAGUAUUAGGCCUGCG Met Ser Stop SerGl y Arg Three base sequence in mRNA is called a codon Codon Ribosome A ribosome attaches to mRNAA tRNA anticodon matches with a mRNA codon Anticodon Codon Another tRNA anticodon matches with a codon rRNA forms a peptide bond between the amino acids Peptide Bond First tRNA leaves and the ribosome shifts. A new tRNA fills empty space. Another peptide bond is formed and the process continues A protein has been made ProteinAmino acid Slide 63 Translation Animation #1 Slide 64 TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA Met Pro Val Leu Pro Phe - STOP DNA mRNA Amino Acid Slide 65 Mutations Slide 66 What is a mutation? Change in the DNA nitrogen base sequence of a gene Slide 67 How do Mutations Occur? Damaged DNA caused by agents such as sunlight, smoke, radiation; It can also be inherited Slide 68 Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat Slide 69 Example of Point Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia Slide 70 Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation Slide 71 Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting in a different sequence of DNA. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at Slide 72 Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation