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ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚFreedom and Security

ëÔËÒ‡ÌËÂÁ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡Ë ‡Á‚ËÚËÂÌ‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó

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53 äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

53rd Liberal International Congress

Ç Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÓ‚ÓÚÓ ıËÎfl‰ÓÎÂÚËÂ Ò‚ÂÚ˙Ú ÒÂ ËÁÔ‡‚ËÔÂ‰ ÌÓ‚Ë ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ËÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. í‡„Ë˜ÌËÚÂ Ò˙·ËÚËfl ‚ ëÄô ÓÚ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚-Ë 2001 „. Ë ‚ àÒÔ‡ÌËfl ÓÚ 11 Ï‡Ú 2004 „. ÔÓÏÂÌËı‡ ÓÚÌÓ-¯ÂÌËÂÚÓ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· Ë ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Ëı‡‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ Á‡ „‡ÌËˆËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡. ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËflÚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ-‚ÂÌ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡Ú‡ ÓÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û‰˙Ê‡‚ÌËÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË, ÓÚ ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ·ËÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÌË Ë ‰Û„Ë Ó˙ÊËflÁ‡ Ï‡ÒÓ‚Ó ÛÌË˘ÓÊ‡‚‡ÌÂ, Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ ËÂÚÌË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ Ì‡ÔÂÊÂÌËfl Ò‡ Â‡ÎÌÓÒÚËÚÂ, Ì‡ ÍÓËÚÓ Ò˙‚Â-ÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓflÚ.

ëÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ËÁ‰‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ “2007” Â ÔÓÒ‚ÂÚÂÌÓ Ì‡53-fl äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î, ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡˘ ÒÂ‚ ëÓÙËfl, Å˙Î„‡Ëfl Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚fl ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‚ËÁËfl ‚ ÒÙÂ‡-Ú‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. ÇÒflÍÓ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ ÛÔ-‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ ‰ÌÂÒ Â Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌÓ Í˙Ï „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓÎ-ÌÓÚÓ ÒÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ë Ô‡‚ËÎ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌÓ Ò˙ÊË-ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË ‚˙ıÛ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ Ë ÌÂÌ‡Í˙ÌËÏËÔ‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ì‡ ÎË˜ÌÓÒÚÚ‡. á‡ÚÓ‚‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÚÓ ÔÂ‰ËÁ-‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÂÚÓ Â ËÁÔ‡‚ÂÌ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎË-ÚËÍ‡ ‰ÌÂÒ, Â ‰‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ë ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Ë ÔÓˆÂ‰ÛË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡Ú Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ËÁfl‚‡ Ë ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Ì‡ ÎË˜ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ ÏÓ‰ÂÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ËÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚÌËfl ÔÓÒÔÂËÚÂÚ.

Ö‰Ì‡ ÓÚ ÒÂËÓÁÌËÚÂ Á‡‰‡˜Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ ‰ÌÂÒ ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ ‰Â-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ ïïß ‚ÂÍ Â ÔÓÒÚË-„‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡. íÓÈ Â Ò‚˙-Á‡Ì Ò˙Ò Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÌÓ‚Ë ÔËÌˆËÔË Á‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÒËÒ-ÚÂÏËÚÂ Á‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ Ë ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓÂÚÓÓ·‡˜Â ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Ì‡ÎÓÊË Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡Î-ÌË „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌË ÓÚ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËËÚÂÌ‡ ‡Á‚ËÚËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËË. ãË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÏËÒÎÂ˘Ë-ÚÂ ıÓ‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓflÚ Ì‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ-‚Ó, Ú˙È Í‡ÚÓ ÓÚ Â‰Ì‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ‡Á·‡ÌËÚÂ Ú‚˙‰Â ¯ËÓÍÓÒ‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ÔÂ‚˙Ì‡Ú Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ ÌË ‚ ÎÂÒÌ‡ ÏË-¯ÂÌ‡ Á‡ Ì‡Ô‡‰ÂÌËfl, ‡ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡ ÔÂÍÓÏÂÌÓÚÓ Û‚ÂÎË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÛflÁ‚Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌË-ÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. Çfl‚‡ÏÂ, ˜Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ ÏÓÊÂ‰‡ ‰Ó‚Â‰Â ‰Ó ÓÌÁË ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÊË‚ÓÚ‡, Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ë ËÏÛ-˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ·ÂÁ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÂÏËÌ‡‚‡ ÓÌ‡ÁË „‡-ÌËˆ‡, ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÏËÒ˙Î˙Ú Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÂÌ‡Û¯ÂÌ Ë ÚÓ ÔÂÒÚ‡‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ.

èÓÁÓ‚‡‚‡ÈÍË ÒÂ Ì‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ë ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡Î-Ì‡Ú‡ Ú‡‰ËˆËfl, Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡Ú, ˜Â ‚Ú˙ÒÂÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ËÎÌËfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ, ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ ÌÂ ÔÓÁÌ‡‚‡„‡ÌËˆË. á‡˘ÓÚÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ÌÂ Â ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ ÓÔ-Â‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ Ì‡ˆËfl ËÎË Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡. ífl Â ‚ÒÂ-Ó·˘Ó ·Î‡„Ó, Í˙Ï ÍÓÂÚÓ ‚ÒË˜ÍË Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏflÚÍ‡ÚÓ fl Á‡˘ËÚ‡‚‡Ú ÔÓ Ì‡˜ËÌ, ÍÓÈÚÓ ÌÂ ‡ÁÛ¯‡‚‡ Ò‡Ï‡Ú‡ÌÂfl, ‡ ÚÓ‚‡ Â Â‰ÌÓ ‰ÓÒÚÓÈÌÓ ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó.

In the beginning of the new millennium, the world is faced withnew challenges in the area of freedom and security. The tragicevents from September 11, 2001 in the USA and from March 11,2004 in Spain changed the attitude towards security on a glob-al scale and posed the question of the boundaries of freedom.The world terrorism, poverty, threat of international conflicts,menace of biological and other weapons of mass destruction,organized crime, and ethnic conflicts are the realities, which thecontemporary liberal society ought to address.

The special issue of “2007” magazine is devoted to the 53rdLiberal International Congress, which is taking place in Sofia,Bulgaria and presents the liberal vision about freedom andsecurity issues. All democratic governments today strive to guar-antee voluntarily observance of the principles and rules ofpeaceful common existence, based on the natural and invio-lable human rights and freedoms. Therefore, the main challengethat the liberal politics is facing today is improving the work ofdemocratic institutions and procedures, which guarantee free-dom of expression and personal development in the modernsociety, in the name of common prosperity.

One of the most serious tasks, which confront the democraticsocieties in the beginning of XXI century, is achieving a balancebetween freedom and security. This issue requires a reformationof the principles and approaches of national and collective secu-rity. However, that may lead to restriction of some civil rights andliberties, guaranteed by the constitutions in the developed liber-al democracies. Liberal-minded people have to respond to thischallenge, since on one hand, freedoms, interpreted too broad-ly, could make our societies vulnerable to terrorists, but on theother, excessive increase of security levels may harm democrat-ic freedoms, pillars of our society. We believe that precisely theliberal approach can ensure this balance, which will guaranteeprotection of individual life, rights and property, without crossingthe border, beyond which the meaning of human society is lostand it is no longer democratic.

Relying on the principles and values of the liberal tradition, theliberals of today demonstrate that in search for the right balance,democracy does not know boundaries. Because the freedom isnot a possession of one nation or political system. It is a com-mon good, toward which we all should strive and protect it in away that not destroy the very freedom. And this is one worthychallenge.

Editorial

Freedom and Security

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ç‡ ÙÓÍÛÒ 53 äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ‚ ëÓÙËfl 10ãËˆ‡ ÓÚ 53-Ëfl äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î 11

ÖÍÒÍÎÛÁË‚ÌÓ Á‡ ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ “2007”ãË‰Â˙Ú Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË ‚Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ – ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì ÔÓ ‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂÌ‡ ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ 18

ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡ - Ñ‡ÌËÂÎ í‡Ì‡ı‡ÚÓÂ, èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl 20

ãË·Â‡ÎÌË ÔÓÁËˆËËãË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ 21

Contents

Theory and PracticeEuropean Integration in the field of Freedom and Security –Facts and Dates 4

In Focus53rd Liberal International Congress in Sofia 10Faces from the 53rd Liberal International Congress 11

Exclusive for “2007” magazine The Leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europein the European Parliament – Mr. Graham Watson on the issuesof Freedom and Security 18

Liberal EuropeFreedom and Security, the Liberal perspective - Daniel Tanahatoe,Political Advisor, European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party 20

Liberal positionsLiberalism, Freedom and Security 21

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2007 Â ËÁ‰‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ÔÓÎËÚÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÌ

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ëÓÙËfl 1124, ÛÎ. üÌÚ‡ 19íÂÎ./î‡ÍÒ: +359 2 944 28 17

e-mail.: [email protected]://www.lpi-bg.org

Magazine for politics, economicsand civil society development

May 2005

DirectorNikolay Paunov

Executive EditorEvelina Stoyanova

Contributing EditorsMagdalena Stoynova

Ivan TodorovTeodora Polimenova

TranslationEvelina Stoyanova

Ivan Todorov

2007 is a publication ofthe Liberal Politological Institute

Liberal Politological Institute19 Yantra Str., Sofia 1124

Tel./Fax: +359 2 944 28 17e-mail.: [email protected]://www.lpi-bg.org

22 flÌÛ‡Ë 1948 „.Ñ˙Ê‡‚ÌËflÚ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ö-ÌÂÒÚ ÅÂ‚ËÌ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡, ‚ Â˜ ÔÂ‰ ä‡Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ,Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÂÌ Ò˙˛Á.

17 Ï‡Ú 1948 „.èÓ‰ÔËÒ‡Ì Â Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Á‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌÓ Ë ÍÛÎ-ÚÛÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ Ò‡ÏÓÓÚ·‡Ì‡ ÓÚ ÏËÌËÒÚË-ÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„, î‡ÌˆËflË ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. éÒÌÓ‚ÂÌ ‡ÍˆÂÌÚ ‚ ÌÂ„Ó Â ‡Ì„‡ÊËÏÂÌÚ˙Ú Á‡ ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡ Á‡-˘ËÚ‡, ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È ˜Â ÌflÍÓfl ÓÚ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË ÒÚ‡ÌÂ ÊÂÚ‚‡ Ì‡‚˙Ó˙ÊÂÌ‡ ‡Ú‡Í‡. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú Â ÒÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ Á‡ ÒÓÍ ÓÚ 50 „Ó‰ËÌË.

27-28 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1948 „.åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ ÓÚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÒ˙Á‰‡‚‡Ú é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌËfl ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÂÌ Ò˙˛Á.

24 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1950 „.åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎflÚ Ì‡ î‡ÌˆËfl êÂÌÂ èÎÂ‚ÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓ-ÂÍÚ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ ÔÂ‰ ÙÂÌ-ÒÍÓÚÓ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ. èÎ‡Ì˙Ú “èÎÂ‚ÂÌ” ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ-ÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ‡ÏËfl ÔÓ‰ Ó·˘Ó ÍÓÏ‡Ì‰‚‡ÌÂ, ‚ ÍÓflÚÓ ÙÂÌÒÍËÚÂË „ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍË ˜‡ÒÚË ‰‡ Ò‡ ‡‚ÌË.

15 ÙÂ‚Û‡Ë 1951 „.èÓ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÙÂÌÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó ‚ è‡ËÊ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ ÍÓÌ-ÙÂÂÌˆËfl Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ‡ÏËfl.

27 Ï‡È 1952 „.î‡ÌˆËfl, îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ëã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Á‡ Û˜Â‰fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ-·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ (Öéé). íÓÈ ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ‰‡ ÔÂı‚˙-ÎflÚ ‚˙ıÛ ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌË-ÚÂÎÌ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ‰‡ Á‡Ô‡ÁflÚ Ò‡ÏÓ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌË ÒËÎË.

10 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1952 „.Ç ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ î‡ÌˆËfl, îÂ‰Â-‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„Â¯‡‚‡Ú ‰‡ ‚ÍÎ˛˜‡Ú ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡-Ì‡ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl, Á‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÛÎÂÒÌË ‡ÚËÙËˆË-‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Öéé. èÓ ÚÓÁË Ì‡˜ËÌ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘-ÌÓÒÚ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÏÒÚ‚Ó ÔÂ‰ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. á‡ Â‡ÎËÁË‡ÌÂ-ÚÓ Ì‡ Ú‡ÁË Ë‰Âfl Â Ò‚ËÍ‡Ì‡ ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ‡Ò‡Ï·ÎÂfl Ò ¯ÂÒÚÏÂÒÂ˜ÂÌ Ï‡Ì-‰‡Ú, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ Â ‚˙ÁÎÓÊÂÌÓ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚ‚Ë ÔÓÂÍÚ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚-ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ.

9 Ï‡Ú 1953 „.ÅÂÎ„ËÈÒÍËflÚ ‚˙Ì¯ÂÌ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ èÓÎ ÄÌË ëÔ‡‡Í, ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓ Ò˙Á‰‡‰ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ‡Ò‡Ï·ÎÂfl, ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓÂÍÚ‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ (Öèé), ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡Î‡„‡ Ì‡ ÙÂ‰Â-‡ÎËÁÏ‡ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl. èÓÂÍÚ˙Ú ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ-‰‡ Ó·Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËËÚÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ‚˙„ÎË-˘‡ Ë ÒÚÓÏ‡Ì‡ Ë Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓÓ‰Ë-ÌË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ë Â‡ÎËÁË‡ÌÂÌ‡ Ó·˘ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË Ô‡Á‡. é·˘ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ̆ Â ÔËÚÂÊ‡‚‡ ̄ ËÓÍË Ô˙Î-ÌÓÏÓ˘Ëfl, ·ÂÁ ‰‡ ËÒÍ‡ ÓÚ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ÓÚ ÒÛ‚ÂÂÌË-ÚÂÚ‡ ÒË. íÓÁË ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÔÓÂÍÚ Â Ô˙‚‡Ú‡ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡-‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘Ó Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ Ì‡‰Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ.

30 ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1954 „.ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓÚÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ î‡ÌˆËfl ÓÚı‚˙Îfl ‡ÚËÙËÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡

22 January 1948The United Kingdom Foreign Secretary, Earnest Bevin proposes in aspeech before the House of Representatives, the creation of a WesternUnion.

17 March 1948The Brussels Treaty (Western Union Treaty) on Economic, Social andCultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence is signed by theDefence Ministers of Belgium, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands andthe United Kingdom. Its main feature is the commitment to mutualdefence should any of the signatories be the victim of an armed attack inEurope. The treaty is signed for a period of 50 years.

September 1948Military co-operation is initiated in theframework of the Brussels TreatyOrganization. A plan for commondefence is adopted, involving the inte-gration of air defences and a jointcommand organization.

24 October 1950The Prime Minister of France RenePleven presents a plan for establishinga European Defence Communitybefore the French Parliament. The socalled Pleven Plan aims at the creationof an integrated European army under

joint command, which will operate within the framework of the Allianceand will replace national armies.

15 February 1951On the initiative of the French Government, in Paris begins a conferencefor the creation of a European Army.

27 May 1952Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and the FederalRepublic of Germany sign in Paris a Treaty for setting up a EuropeanDefence Community (EDC). The Treaty provides for Member States totransfer most of their defence powers to the new Alliance, while retainingonly limited powers.

10 September 1952In Luxemburg, the Foreign Ministers of France, Federal Republic ofGermany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg take a decision toinclude the establishment of a common European defence in the process

of political integration, in order to facili-tate the ratification of the EDC Treaty.For the realization of this idea, a spe-cial ad hoc Assembly is created with amandate of six months, which has toput forward a project for establishing apolitical European community.

9 March 1953The Belgium foreign minister Paul-Henri Spaak, President of the ad hocAssembly, hands to G. Bidault,President of the ECSC (European Coaland Steel Community) Council, a drafttreaty instituting a political European

European Integrationin the Field ofFreedom and SecurityFacts and Dates

Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡

‚˙‚ Ù‡ÍÚË Ë ‰‡Ú‡

4

êÂÌÂ èÎÂ‚ÂÌ / Rene Pleven

èÓÎ ÄÌË ëÔ‡‡ÍPaul-Henri Spaak

Community. Such Community will aim at safeguarding human rights andguaranteeing security of Member States against aggression, at ensuringthe co-ordination of Member States' external policy and at progressivelyestablishing the Common Market. Five institutions are foreseen in the drafttreaty: a European Executive Council, a two-chamber Parliament, aCouncil of National Ministers, a Court of Justice and an Economic andSocial Committee.

30 August 1954The French National Assembly refuses to ratify the European DefenceCommunity Treaty and as a result it collapses. This refusal to ratify thetreaty also means the end to the closely linked plan for a European PoliticalCommunity.

September 1954At a special Conference convened in London and attended by theBrussels Treaty powers, the United States, Canada, the Federal Republicof Germany and Italy, it has been decided to invite the latter two countriesto join the Brussels Treaty.

20 October 1954The conclusions of the London conference are formalized by the ParisAgreements, which amend the Brussels Treaty, create Western EuropeanUnion (WEU) as a new international organization and provide for theFederal Republic of Germany and Italy to join. The signatories of the Paris Agreements clearly state their main objectivesin the preamble to the modified Brussels Treaty:• To create in Western Europe a firm basis for European economic recov-

ery; • To afford assistance to each other in resisting any policy of aggression; • To promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of

Europe.

1955 – 1973WEU plays an important role by promoting the development of consulta-tion and co-operation in Western Europe, in the aftermath of the SecondWorld War.It permits:• the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into the Atlantic

Alliance; • the restoration of confidence among Western European countries by

assuming responsibilities for arms control; • settlement of the Saar problem; • consultation between the European Community founding Member

States and the United Kingdom.

1973 - 1984WEU’s activities as an intergovernmental organization gradual-

ly slow down. The Agency for the Control of Armamentsand the Standing Armaments Committee continue

their work. WEU’s economic, social and culturalroles have been taken over by the

Organization for European Economic Co-operation and the Council of Europe. TheWEU Council’s political activities losemuch of their relevance with the develop-ment of European Political Co-operation.

12 June 1984At a meeting in Paris, the ForeignMinisters of the WEU member states take

a decision to revive the organization.

26 – 27 October 1984On the initiative of the Belgian and French

Governments, a preliminary joint meeting of theForeign and Defence Ministers within the WEU

framework is held in Rome. It is marked by the adoptionof the founding text of WEU’s reactivation: the "RomeDeclaration". Work on the definition of a European security

ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ.çÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ Ó·Ò˙Ê‰‡ÌÂ ÔËÍÎ˛˜‚‡ Ó˘Â Ì‡ ÔÂ‰‚‡ËÚÂÎÂÌ ÂÚ‡Ô Ò 319ÒÂ˘Û 264 „Î‡Ò‡. è‡ÍÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÚÓ‚‡ ‰Ó‚ÂÊ‰‡ ‰Ó ÔÓ‚‡ÎflÌÂÚÓ Ì‡Ô˙‚ËÚÂ ÓÔËÚË Á‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl ‚ Ö‚ÓÔ‡, Á‡-˘ÓÚÓ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ‚ÎÂÁÂ ‚ ÒËÎ‡, ‡ÍÓ ‚ ÌÂ„Ó ÌÂ Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡Ú‚ÒË˜ÍË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ „Ó ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË.

ëÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1954ç‡ ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓ Ò‚ËÍ‡Ì‡ ÍÓÌÙÂÂÌˆËfl ‚ ãÓÌ‰ÓÌ, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ ÔËÒ˙ÒÚ‚‡ÚÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ëÄô, ä‡Ì‡‰‡, îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ êÂ-ÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl Ë àÚ‡ÎËfl, ÒÂ Â¯‡‚‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÌËÚÂ ‰‚Â ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÓ-Í‡ÌÂÌË ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌflÚ Í˙Ï Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó.

20 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1954àÁ‚Ó‰ËÚÂ ÓÚ ãÓÌ‰ÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÙÂÂÌˆËfl ‚ÎËÁ‡Ú ‚ ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËflÚ‡ÓÚ è‡ËÊ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÓÏÂÌflÚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Ë Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡Ú á‡-Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á (áÖë) Í‡ÚÓ ÌÓ‚‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡-ˆËfl. èÂ‰‚Ë‰ÂÌÓ Â ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂ-Ï‡ÌËfl Ë àÚ‡ÎËfl. ëÚ‡ÌËÚÂ, ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËflÚ‡ ÓÚ è‡ËÊ, flÒÌÓ Á‡fl‚fl‚‡Ú ÓÒ-ÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ÒË ˆÂÎË ‚ ÔÂ‡Ï·˛Î‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÏÂÌÂÌËfl Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍË ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó:• ‰‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‰‡Ú ‚ á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Á‰‡‚‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ Á‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ

‚˙ÁÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ;• ‰‡ ÒË ÓÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ ÔË ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚flÌÂÚÓ Ì‡

‚ÒflÍ‡ ‡„ÂÒË‚Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡;• ‰‡ Ì‡Ò˙˜‡‚‡Ú Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ë ÓÍÛ‡Ê‡‚‡Ú ÔÓ„ÂÒË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Â‚Ó-

ÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl.

1955 – 1973ëÎÂ‰ ÇÚÓ‡Ú‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡ ‚ÓÈÌ‡ áÖë Ë„‡Â ‚‡ÊÌ‡ ÓÎfl ‚ á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡ Ö‚-ÓÔ‡ Ë Ò˙‰ÂÈÒÚ‚‡ Á‡ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ë ‡Á·Ë‡-ÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ. íÓÈ Ò˙‰ÂÈÒÚ‚‡:• ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl ‚ ëÂ‚ÂÌÓ‡Ú-

Î‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl Ô‡ÍÚ;• ‚˙ÁÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰Ó‚ÂËÂÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ

ÒÚ‡ÌË ˜ÂÁ ÔÓÂÏ‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ Ì‡‰ ‚˙Ó˙-Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ;

• ÍÓÌÒÛÎÚ‡ˆËËÚÂ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÍË Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ Ë é·Â‰ËÌÂÌÓÚÓ ä‡ÎÒÚ‚Ó.

1973 – 1984ÑÂÈÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ áÖë Í‡ÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÔ‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÒ-ÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ Ì‡Ï‡Îfl‚‡. Ä„ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ Ì‡‰ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ËèÓÒÚÓflÌÌËflÚ ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ ÔÓ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÔÓ‰˙ÎÊ‡‚‡Ú Ò‚ÓflÚ‡‡·ÓÚ‡. àÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ë ÍÛÎÚÛÌËÚÂ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ì‡áÖë ÒÂ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú ÓÚ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓÒ˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡. èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÎfl Ì‡ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ áÖë „Û·Ë Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÁÌ‡˜ËÏÓÒÚ Ò ‡Á‚ËÚËÂÚÓÌ‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó.

12 ˛ÌË 1984 „.ç‡ ÒÂ˘‡ ‚ è‡ËÊ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÏËÌËÒÚË Ì‡ÒÂ‰ÂÏÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË ÓÚ áÖë Â¯‡‚‡Ú ‰‡ ‚˙-ÁÓ·ÌÓ‚flÚ ‰ÂÈÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡.

26 – 27 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1984 „.èÓ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ Ì‡ ·ÂÎ„ËÈÒÍÓÚÓ Ë ÙÂÌÒ-ÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ ‚ êËÏ ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ÔÂ‰‚‡ËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ò˙‚ÏÂÒÚÌ‡ ÒÂ˘‡ Ì‡‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌËÚÂ ÏËÌËÒÚË Ì‡ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ áÖë. ç‡ ÌÂfl ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡“êËÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl”, ÍÓflÚÓ ÓÚ·ÂÎflÁ‚‡‚˙Á‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ áÖë. ëÂ‰ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÂÌËÚÂˆÂÎË Ò‡ ‰ÂÙËÌË‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ-·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚ Ë ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ‡Ú‡ı‡ÏÓÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË.

14 ˛ÌË 1985 „.î‡ÌˆËfl, ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„

5

ÔËÂÏ‡ÌÂ “êËÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl”“Rome Declaration” adoption

ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú ‚ òÂÌ„ÂÌ (ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„) ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ Á‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ÔÂ-Ï‡ı‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ „‡ÌË˜ÌËfl ÍÓÌÚÓÎ ÔÓÏÂÊ‰Û ËÏ Ë Á‡ ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Á‡ÒË-ÎÂÌ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ ÔÓ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ËÏ "‚˙Ì¯Ì‡" „‡ÌËˆ‡. íÓÁË ‡ÍÚ ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ì‡ ÔË‰‚ËÊ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÒË˜ÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎËÚÂÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË, ‰Û„Ë ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË ËÎË ÚÂÚË ÒÚ‡ÌË Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓ-ËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Ú‡Í‡ Ó·ÓÒÓ·ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ¯ÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍ‡ ÁÓÌ‡.

19 ˛ÌË 1987 „.ÉÂÏ‡ÌÒÍËflÚ Í‡ÌˆÎÂ ïÂÎÏÛÚ äÓÎ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ Ó·‡ÁÛ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ÙÂÌÒÍÓ-„ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍ‡ ·Ë„‡‰‡ Í‡ÚÓ Ô˙‚‡ ÒÚ˙ÔÍ‡ Í˙Ï ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓÌ‡ Ó·˘Ë Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‚˙Ó˙ÊÂÌË ÒËÎË.

27 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1987 „.Ç˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÏËÌËÒÚË Ë ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ áÖë ÔËÂÏ‡Ú Ú.Ì‡. ï‡„ÒÍ‡ ÔÎ‡ÚÙÓÏ‡ Á‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚ.êÂ¯ÂÌÓ Â ‰‡ ÒÂ Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡Ú ÔÂ„Ó‚ÓË Ò èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl Ë àÒÔ‡ÌËfl Á‡ ÔË-Ò˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ËÏ Í˙Ï ÔÓÏÂÌÂÌËfl Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍË ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. íÂÁËÒÚ‡ÌË ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚‡Ú Ô˙ÎÌÓÔ‡‚ÌË ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ì‡ áÖë Ì‡ 27Ï‡Ú 1990 „. èÂÁ 1988 „. ‰Û„Ë ‰‚Â ÒÚ‡ÌË ÓÚ ëÂ‚ÂÌÓ‡ÚÎ‡ÌÚË-˜ÂÒÍËfl Ô‡ÍÚ, É̇ ˆËfl Ë íÛˆËfl, ËÁ‡Áfl‚‡Ú ÊÂÎ‡ÌËÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔËÒ˙Â‰Ë-ÌflÚ Í˙Ï Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡.

22 flÌÛ‡Ë 1988 „.ë˙Á‰‡‚‡ ÒÂ ÒÏÂÒÂÌ ë˙‚ÂÚ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl Ë î‡ÌˆËfl. íÂ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú Ë ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛ-ÏÂÌËÂ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ ÙÂÌÒÍÓ-„ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍ‡ ‡ÏÂÈÒÍ‡ ·Ë„‡‰‡.

19 ˛ÌË 1990 „.î‡ÌˆËfl, ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú äÓÌ-‚ÂÌˆËfl Á‡ ÔËÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ òÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍÓÚÓ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ, ÌÓ Úfl ÌÂ ‚ÎËÁ‡‚ ÒËÎ‡ ‰Ó 1995„. ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂÚÓ Ë ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ÌÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ ÔËÎ‡-„‡ÌÂ, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÔËÂÚËÚÂ ÓÚ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl Ì‡ òÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍÓ-ÚÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËË Ë Â¯ÂÌËfl, Ò˙‰˙Ê‡Ú ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÍÓÏÔÂÌ-Ò‡ÚÓÌË ÏÂÍË, Â„ÛÎË‡˘Ë ÍÓÌÚÓÎ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ„‡ÌËˆË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ òÂÌ„ÂÌ.èÓÚÓÍÓÎË Á‡ ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ‰‚‡Ú‡‡ÍÚ‡ Ò‡ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÌË Ò àÚ‡ÎËfl (1990 „.), àÒ-Ô‡ÌËfl Ë èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl (1991 „.), É̇ ˆËfl(1992 „.), Ä‚ÒÚËfl (1995 „.), Ñ‡ÌËfl, îËÌ-Î‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ò‚ÂˆËfl (1996 „.) Ë Ò àÒÎ‡Ì-‰Ëfl Ë çÓ‚Â„Ëfl (1996 „.). àÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ËÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú ËÁ‚˙ÌòÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍÓÚÓ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ.

7 ÙÂ‚Û‡Ë 1992 „.Ç å‡‡ÒÚËıÚ Â ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡Ì ˆflÎÓÒ-ÚÂÌ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÒ˙˛Á, ÍÓÈÚÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÌÓ‚ ÂÚ‡Ô ‚ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡-ˆËfl. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ÓÚ å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÓ·ı‚‡˘‡ ‚ÒË˜ÍË Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡˘ËÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘-ÌÓÒÚ, Á‡ÎÂ„Ì‡ÎË ‚ ÔÂ‰Ë¯ÌËÚÂ ‰Ó„Ó-‚ÓË, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌË Í‡ÚÓ Ú.Ì‡"è˙‚Ë ÒÚ˙Î·". Ç ÌÂ„Ó ‚ÎËÁ‡Ú ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡-Ú‡, Â„ËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë ÏËÚÌË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚË-ÍË. å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ Ë ‰‚‡ÌÓ‚Ë ÒÚ˙Î·‡ ‚ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËÓÌÌËfl ÔÓˆÂÒ. "ÇÚÓËÒÚ˙Î·" Ó·ı‚‡˘‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì-¯ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ (éèéÇéë), ‡ "íÂÚËÒÚ˙Î·" Ó·Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰ËÂÚÓË ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË (ëéèÇê).Ç ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙˛Á ‚ ˜Î. 2 ‡Î. Ç Â Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÓ: “Ñ‡ ÛÚ‚˙‰ËË‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÒË Ì‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ ÒˆÂÌ‡, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ˜ÂÁ ÔËÎ‡-„‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ‚ÍÎ˛˜Ë-ÚÂÎÌÓ Ë ˜ÂÁ Ó˜ÂÚ‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ ·˙‰Â˘‡ Ó·˘‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Á‡ ÓÚ·-‡Ì‡, ÍÓflÚÓ Ò ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÂ‚˙ÌÂ ‚ Ó·˘‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡.”

identity and the gradual harmonizationof its members’ defence policies areamong the stated objectives.

14 June 1985By the Agreement signed at Schengen(Luxembourg), Belgium, France,Germany, Luxembourg and theNetherlands agreed that they wouldgradually remove their common bordercontrols and introduce freedom ofmovement for all nationals of the signa-tory Member States, other MemberStates or third countries.

19 June 1987The German Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposes the formation of a jointFrench-German brigade as a first step towards the creation of commonEuropean armed forces.

27 October 1987The Foreign and Defence Ministers of the WEU åember States adopt theso-called Hague Platform on European Security Interests.

It is decided, negotiations to be opened with Portugal and Spainregarding their accession to the modified Brussels Treaty. Those coun-tries formally become full members of WEU on 27 March 1990. The fol-lowing year, two other member countries of the Atlantic Alliance:Turkey and Greece express their wish to join the Organization.

22 January 1988A Joint Security Council is established between the governments ofFederal Republic of Germany and France. They sign an agreement forthe creation of a joint French-German arm brigade.

19 June 1990The Schengen Convention is signed by the same five

states (Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourgand the Netherlands) but does not enter into

force until 1995. It lays down the arrange-ments and guarantees for implementing

freedom of movement. The Schengen area gradually expands:Italy signs up in 1990, Spain andPortugal in 1991, Greece in 1992,Austria in 1995 and Denmark, Finlandand Sweden in 1996. Iceland andNorway are also parties to theConvention. Ireland and the UnitedKingdom are not parties to the agree-

ments.

7 February 1992The Treaty on European Union is signed in

Maastricht by the Foreign and FinanceMinisters of the Member States. The

Maastricht Treaty renamed the EuropeanCommunity the European Union (EU) by forming what

are known as the three pillars of the EU: the supranation-al EU pillar (Social, Regional and Custom Policies) alongwith the two intergovernmental pillars of a Common

Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – “2nd pillar” and Justiceand Home Affairs – “3rd pillar”.In Article 2 of the common provisions of the EU Treaty, the EU sets itselfthe objective “to assert its identity on the international scene, in particularthrough the implementation of a common foreign and security policyincluding the progressive framing of a common defence policy, whichmight lead to a common defence.”

6

ïÂÎÏÛÚ äÓÎ / Helmut Kohl

å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓThe Maastricht Treaty

19 ˛ÌË 1992 „.ç‡ ÏËÌËÒÚÂÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ áÖë, Ò˙ÒÚÓflÎ ÒÂ ‚ ıÓÚÂÎ èÂÚÂÒ·Â„,ÌÂ‰‡ÎÂ˜ ÓÚ ÅÓÌ, ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl, Ò ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÂ ‰‡‚‡ËÁ‡Á Ì‡ Â¯ËÚÂÎÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Á‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ áÖë Í‡ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÓÚ-·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ Öë, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë Á‡ ÔÓ‰ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒ-Í‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÄÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ‡ÎË‡ÌÒ (çÄíé). Ç ÌÂfl Ò‡ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË‚Ó‰Â˘ËÚÂ ÒÚ˙ÔÍË Á‡ ÔÓÌ‡Ú‡Ú˙¯ÌÓÚÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚Ó-ÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á. ëÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ áÖë ‰ÂÍÎ‡Ë‡Ú „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ÒË ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚flÚ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌË ‚ÓÂÌÌË ÏÓ˘ÌÓÒÚË Á‡‚ÓÂÌÌË ‡ÍˆËË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡Ú ÔÓ‰ ˙ÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌË-Á‡ˆËflÚ‡. éÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË Ò‡ ‚Ë‰Ó‚ÂÚÂ ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌË ‡ÍˆËË Ì‡ Ò˙˛Á‡ – ÓÒ‚ÂÌ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡Ú‡ „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ÔËÎ‡„‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ˜ÎÂÌ V ÓÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Ö‚-ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙˛Á ‚ ÔÓÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÏÛ ‚Ë‰, Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌËÚÂ Â‰ËÌËˆË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡-ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ áÖë Ò‡ ÓÚÂ‰ÂÌË Ë ÒÎÂ‰ÌËÚÂ Á‡‰‡˜Ë:• ıÛÏ‡ÌËÚ‡ÌË ‡ÍˆËË ËÎË Â‚‡ÍÛ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÏÂÍË;• ÔÓ‰‰˙Ê‡˘Ë ÏË‡ ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡;• Û˜‡ÒÚËÂ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌË „ÛÔË ‚ ÍËÁËÒÌË ‡ÈÓÌË, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ë ÏÂ-

ÍË Á‡ ‚˙ÁÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÏË‡.

1 çÓÂÏ‚Ë 1993 „.ÇÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙˛Á. íÓÈ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓÌ‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓÚÓ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÓÚÓ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ-‚Ó Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Ô‡‚‡, Á‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡„‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò˙˛Á‡ Ì‡‚ÒflÍ˙‰Â ‚ ÌÂ„Ó Ë ‰‡ ÒÂ ‡·ÓÚË ÔÓ-ÂÙÂÍÚË‚-ÌÓ ‚ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ Ë ÁÎÓÛÔÓÚÂ·ËÚÂ.

26 Ï‡Ú 1995 „.ÇÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂÚÓ ÓÚ òÂÌ„ÂÌ Á‡ ÒÂ‰ÂÏ ÓÚ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎËÚÂ„Ó 10 ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë - ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, àÒÔ‡ÌËfl, î‡ÌˆËfl, ã˛Í-ÒÂÏ·Û„ Ë èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl. éÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎËÚÂ ÚË ÒÚ‡ÌË, àÚ‡ÎËfl, É̇ ˆËfl ËÄ‚ÒÚËfl, Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡Ú ‰‡ „Ó ÔËÎ‡„‡Ú ÔÓ-Í˙ÒÌÓ. á‡Ô‡Á‚‡ ÒÂ „‡ÌË˜ÌËflÍÓÌÚÓÎ Ò ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÌÂ Ò‡ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂÚÓ - Ñ‡-ÌËfl, îËÌÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, ò‚ÂˆËfl, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl Ë àÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl.

25 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1995 „.Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÔËÂÏ‡ êÂ„Î‡ÏÂÌÚ 2317/95, Ò ÍÓÈÚÓ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎflÒÔËÒ˙Í‡ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl, Á‡ ̃ ËËÚÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÒÂËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ‚ËÁ‡ Á‡ Ô˙ÚÛ‚‡ÌÂ ‚ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë.

ûÌË 1996 „.á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓÚÓ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜-ÌÓÒÚ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ Ö‚Ó-ÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á. íÓÁË ÔÓˆÂÒ ËÏ‡ Á‡ ˆÂÎ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌËfl Ë ÓÚ·-‡ÌËÚÂÎÂÌ ÔÓÚÂÌˆË‡Î Ì‡ ë˙˛Á‡ Ë ÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ ‰‡ ÒÂ Û‚ÂÎË˜‡Ú ÌÂ„Ó-‚ËÚÂ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Á‡ Â„ÛÎ‡ˆËfl Ë ‚˙Á‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ÔÓÚÂÌˆË‡ÎÌË ÍËÁË Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË. íÓÈ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ Ò Â‰Ì‡ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ Ì‡‡ÏÂËÍ‡ÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËfl Á‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚË Ë Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ ‚ ‡ÏÍË-ÚÂ Ì‡ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ëÂ‚ÂÌÓ‡ÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó (çÄíé).îÓÏ‡ÎÌÓ ÚÓ‚‡ ÒÚ‡‚‡ Ì‡ ÒÂ˘‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ çÄíé (13 ˛ÌË), ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ Â ‚ÁÂÚÓ Â¯ÂÌËÂ Á‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡-ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡. ÑÓ Í‡flÌ‡ 1998 „. Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ-Ú‡ Ë ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÒÂ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ ÒÚÓ„Ó ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ çÄíé. ä˙ÏÚÓÁË ÏÓÏÂÌÚ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ò˙˛Á Â ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ˙Ú Ì‡ Â‚-ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó.

18 ˛ÌË 1997 „.Ç ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡Ï (ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl) Ì‡ ÒÂ˘‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÒÂ ÔÓÒ-ÚË„‡ ÍÓÌÒÂÌÒÛÒ ‚˙ıÛ ÔÓÂÍÚÓ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, Ò ÍÓÈÚÓ ÒÂ ÓÒ˙‚ÂÏÂÌfl‚‡Ë ‰ÓÔ˙Î‚‡ å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ÓÚ ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡ÏÒÂ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡ Ì‡ 2 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1997 „. ÓÚ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË. ë ÌÂ„Ó ÒÂ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ ÔÓÒÚ‡ Ç˙ıÓ‚ÂÌÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎ Á‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÒË„Û-ÌÓÒÚÚ‡. éÒÌÓ‚ÌË ÏÓÏÂÌÚË ‚ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó‡, Á‡Òfl„‡˘Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, Ò‡:• ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰ËÂ

19 June 1992At the Ministerial Council of the WEU held at the Petersberg Hotel, not farfrom Bonn are established the so-called Petersberg tasks. On this occa-sion, the WEU Member States declare their readiness to make availablemilitary units from the whole spectrum of their conventional armed forcesfor military tasks conducted under the authority of the WEU. The differenttypes of military tasks which the WEU can undertake are defined: apartfrom contributing to the collective defence in accordance with Article 5 ofthe Washington Treaty and Article V of the modified Brussels Treaty, mili-tary units of WEU Member States may be employed for:• humanitarian and rescue tasks;• peace-keeping tasks;• tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemak-

ing.These tasks are today expressly included in Article 17 of the Treaty onEuropean Union and form an integral part of the European Security andDefence Policy.

1 November 1993All ratification procedures are completed and the Treaty on the EuropeanUnion enters into force. It marks the beginning of a common Europeanarea of freedom, security and justice, where the civil liberties are guaran-teed and the fight against the organized crime and fraud is more effective.

26 March 1995Schengen Agreement comes into force for seven out of ten signatorystates: Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugaland Spain. The border control remains for the countries that have notsigned the agreement: Denmark, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdomand Ireland.

25 September 1995The EU Member States adopt a list of non-member countries, includingBulgaria, whose nationals must be in possession of a visa to enter theEuropean Union.

June 1996Within the EU begins a process of European identity building in relation tosecurity and defence. This process aims at improving the military anddefence potential of the Union and at increasing its capabilities for man-aging potential crises and conflicts. It starts with an initiative of theAmerican administration for widening of the European responsibilities andidentity in the defence field within the NATO. At the NATO Council held inBerlin in June a decision is taken for building of a European defence iden-tity. Until the end of 1998, the European cooperation in the field of defenceand security is implemented strictly within the NATO.

June 1997The European Council meets in Amsterdam and reaches a consensus ona draft Treaty, which updates the Maastricht Treaty. The Treaty ofAmsterdam is signed on 2 October 1997 by the Foreign Ministers of the fif-teen Member States. A new position of High Representative for the com-mon foreign and security policy has been created by the Treaty ofAmsterdam. The new position is held by the Secretary-General of theCouncil, whose task is to assist the Presidency of the Union in mattersrelating to the common foreign and security policy.The main accents in the Treaty related to the freedom and security issue are:• Freedom, security and justiceWith a view to the future enlargement of the EU, the Member States canlose some of their rights if they systematically violate the fundamental prin-cipals of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. • Common Foreign and Security PolicyThe Amsterdam Treaty adds a new foreign policy instrument to the existingones (joint actions and common positions), namely common strategies.The Treaty comes into force on 1 May 1999 after ratification by all MemberStates. It writes a new Title IV into the EU Treaty, covering the followingfields: • free movement of persons;

7

ë Ó„ÎÂ‰ Ì‡ ·˙‰Â˘Ó ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á ÒÂ ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ-‰‡ ÓÚÏflÌ‡ Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË Ô‡‚‡ Á‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË, ‡ÍÓ ÒËÒÚÂÏÌÓ Ì‡Û-¯‡‚‡Ú ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl, Ô‡‚‡ Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â-Í‡ Ë Ô‡‚Ó‚‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡.• é·˘‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÒË„Û-

ÌÓÒÚÚ‡éÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË Ò‡ Ó·˘Ë ÒÚ‡ÚÂ„ËË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ‚ÎflÁ‡Ú ‚ ÒËÎ‡ÒÎÂ‰ Â¯ÂÌËÂ Ò Í‚‡ÎËÙËˆË‡ÌÓ ÏÌÓÁËÌÒÚ‚Ó ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË.ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ Ì‡ 1 Ï‡È 1999 „. Ç ÌÂ„Ó ÒÂ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ ÌÓ‚‡ó‡ÒÚ ßV, ÍÓflÚÓ ÛÂÊ‰‡ ‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓÒÌÓ ‚ËÁË, Û·ÂÊË˘Â, ËÏË„‡-ˆËfl Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÎËˆ‡.

18 ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 1997 „.åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÓÚ áÖë ÒÂ ÒÂ-˘‡Ú ‚ ÖÙÛÚ (ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl) Ë ÔÓÒÚË„‡Ú ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ Á‡ Ò˙„Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Öë Ë áÖë.

1998 „.Ç Í‡fl Ì‡ 1998 „. ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ú‡ ÔÓ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓÏÂÌfl. ç‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÓÁËÔÓˆÂÒ Â ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÂÌÓ ÓÚ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÙÂÌÒÍËfl ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ü‡ÍòË‡Í Ë ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËfl ÏËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ íÓÌË ÅÎÂ˙. ÑÂÍÎ‡‡-ˆËflÚ‡, ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ‡ Í‡ÚÓ “ÑÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËflÚ‡ ÓÚ ë‡Ì å‡ÎÓ”, ÔËÁÓ‚‡‚‡ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë ‰‡ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú ÔÓ-„ÓÎÂÏË ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚË ‚ ÒÙÂ-‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. íÂÁË ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚË Ó·‡˜Â Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ò‡‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡ Á‡ Ó·˘‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ‡ÓÚ ëÄô Ë çÄíé.

3 – 4 ûÌË 1999 „.ç‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ ‚ ä¸ÓÎÌ ÒÚ‡ÚË‡ ÔÓÂÍÚ Á‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓÌ‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ‡ Ó·˘‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë ÓÚ·‡Ì‡(éÖèëé) Í‡ÚÓ Ó·ÓÒÓ·ÂÌ‡ ̃ ‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ (éèéÇéë) Ì‡ Öë. ñÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡˘‡Ú‡ ÒÂ éÖèëé Â ‰‡ ‡Á¯ËË Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂÎÌËÚÂ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒ-ÍË ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Á‡ ‚˙Á‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ ‚˙ıÛ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË ËÍËÁË.Ç ÚÓÁË ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ Ò‡ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË Â‰Ëˆ‡ ‚‡ÊÌË ÔÓÏÂÌË ‚ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó-‡ ÓÚ ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡Ï, ÍÓÈÚÓ ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ÔÂÁ 1999 „. íÓÁË ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ‰‡‚‡Ë Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ éÖèëé ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ ÔÓ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ éèéÇéë. îÓÏ‡Î-ÌÓ ˛Ë‰Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÚÓ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ éÖèëé ÒÚ‡‚‡ Ù‡ÍÚ ‚ ÄÏÒÚÂ-‰‡ÏÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. Ç˙‚ ‚˙ÁÍ‡ Ò Â¯ÂÌËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÂ‰Ëˆ‡ ÓÚ Ö‚Ó-ÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚË, Ë ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ÚÂÁË ‚ ïÂÎÁËÌÍË (‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 1999 „.) Ë çËˆ‡(‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2000 „.), ÔÓˆÂÒ˙Ú Ì‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ éÖèëé Ë Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ-ÚÓ Ì‡ Ò˙ÓÚ‚ÂÚÌËÚÂ Ó„‡ÌË Á‡ ÌÂÈÌÓÚÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ ÒÂ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡ ÛÒÍÓ-ÂÌÓ. íÓ‚‡ ÒÂ ÒÎÛ˜‚‡ Ô‡‡ÎÂÎÌÓ Ò ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·fl‚‡-ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ë˙˛Á‡ ÔË ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË ËÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍËÁË.

5 ˛ÎË 2000 „.Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ „Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËfl Á‡ ËÁ‚‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡Å˙Î„‡Ëfl Ë êÛÏ˙ÌËfl ÓÚ Ú.Ì‡. ÌÂ„‡ÚË‚ÂÌ ‚ËÁÓ‚ ÒÔËÒ˙Í.

15 Ï‡Ú 2001 „.ç‡ ÒÂ˘‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰Ë-ÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ Öë ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ Â ÓÚÏÂÌÂÌÓ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Á‡Í‡ÚÍÓÒÓ˜ÌË ‚ËÁË Á‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. Å˙Î„‡Ëfl Â ‚ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ‡ ‚"·ÂÎËfl" ÒÔËÒ˙Í Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ, ˜ËËÚÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÌflÏ‡Ú ÌÛÊ‰‡ ÓÚ ‚ËÁ‡Á‡ ÔÂÒÚÓÈ ‰Ó 3 ÏÂÒÂˆ‡ Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Öë.

å‡È 2001 „.ÇÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÒÚÛÍÚÛË Ì‡ éÖèëé, Ò˙Á‰‡‰ÂÌË ÓÚ ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡ÏÒÍËfl‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡Ú ‰‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌË‡Ú ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ.

14 – 15 ÑÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2001 „.Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÔËÂÏ‡ ‚ ã‡‡ÍÂÌ (ÅÂÎ„Ëfl) ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl Á‡ ÓÔÂ‡-ÚË‚ÌËÚÂ ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Ì‡ éÖèëé, ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÔËÁÌ‡‚‡˘‡, ˜Â Öë Â‚Â˜Â „ÓÚÓ‚ ‰‡ ‚Ó‰Ë ÓÔÂ‡ˆËË ÔÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÍËÁË.åflÒÚÓÚÓ Ì‡ éÖèëé Í‡ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ éèéÇéë Â ‚ Ú. Ì‡. „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌËÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ Öë, ÍÓËÚÓ ˆÂÎflÚ ‰‡ ÙÓÏË‡Ú Â‰ËÌÌ‡ Á‡ ˆÂÎËfl ë˙˛Á

• controls on external borders; • asylum, immigration and safeguarding the rights of third-country nationals; • judicial cooperation in civil matters.

18 November 1997The Foreign and Defence Ministers of the WEU meet in Erfurt, Germanyand reach an agreement for the sequence of EU Presidencies and WEUPresidencies.

1998At the end of 1998, the politics on building a common European defencebegins to change. The start of this process sets a declaration of the FrenchPresident Jacques Chirac and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Thisdeclaration, known as the “San Malo Declaration”, calls Member States totake greater responsibilities in the area of common defence. However,these responsibilities ought to be in the field of common defence,autonomous from the USA and the NATO.

3 - 4 June 1999The European Council meeting is held in Cologne, Germany. It has beendecided to develop further moves towards common European Securityand Defence Policy (ESDP), as an integral part of the European CommonForeign and Security Policy. The aim is developing EU’s own capacity forautonomous actions in case of international conflicts and crises. In this context, a number of changes take place in the Treaty ofAmsterdam. Formally, the common ESDP comes into being with theAmsterdam Treaty. The Helsinki European Council (December 1999) andthe Nice European Council (December 2000) speed forward the processof establishing common ESDP and creation of respective managementbodies. In parallel, efforts are made for improving EU capacities in the fieldsof conflict prevention and crisis management.

5 July 2000The European Parliament passes a resolution for taking out Bulgaria andRomania from the so-called “Negative Visa List”.

15 March 2001The requirement for short-term visas for Bulgarian citizens is officiallyremoved at a meeting of the Home Affairs and Justice Ministers of the EUmember states. Bulgaria is included in the “White List” of countries, whosecitizens do not need visas for a period of stay up to three months.

May 2001The temporary structures of the common ESDP, created with the Treaty ofAmsterdam, start functioning on a permanent basis.

14 – 15 December 2001A European Council is held in Laeken, Belgium. It adopts a declaration onthe operational capability of the common European Security and DefencePolicy, stating that the EU is ready to carry out crisis management opera-tions. The place of the common ESDP, as a part of the European CommonForeign and Security Policy, is in the so-called EU global policies, whichaim at the formation of a uniform EU policy on the world stage in the areaof trade policies and external economic relations, as well as in the area of

8

íÓÌË ÅÎÂ˙ (ÓÚÎfl‚Ó) Ë Ü‡Í òË‡Í (ÓÚ‰flÒÌÓ) Tony Blair (on the left) and Jacques Chirac (on the right)

common foreign and security policy.

January 2002The WEU transfers the crisis management functions to the EU.

17 September 2004France, Spain, Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands agree on creating aEuropean gendarmerie, numbering 800 men at first.

26 October 2004Foreign Ministers of the EU member states agree on introducing fingerprints in the European passports. This will be the second biometric ele-ment in the European passports, after the introduction of digital photos.

22 November 2004Defence Ministers of the EU Member States negotiate the creation of mil-itary units, comprising of 16 500 men, which can be located in hot spotsacross the world.

2 December 2004EU military forces (EUFOR) take over the official command of the NATOPeace-keeping Mission in Bosnia at a ceremony in Sarajevo.

2005The European Constitution, currently being ratified, clearly states the goalof establishing a genuine common European defence. It updates thePetersberg tasks and inserts two clauses: a mutual defence clause and asolidarity clause in the event of terrorist attacks or natural or man-made dis-asters. It also provides for military tasks to be assigned to a group ofMember States or the establishment of a "permanent structured coopera-tion" in the defence field. These measures would allow some MemberStates to move faster towards the goal of a common European defence.

å‡„‰‡ÎÂÌ‡ ëÚÓflÌÓ‚‡

àÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌË ËÁÚÓ˜ÌËˆË / Sources:

Simon Duke "The EU and Crisis Management: Development and Prospects 2002", 2002,

European Institute of Public Administration, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Marie-France Christophe Tchakaloff, “Les grandes etapes de I'organisation de I'Europe”, 1999,

Presses Universitaires de France

http://www.europa.eu.int

http://www.weu.int

http://www.dadalos-europe.org/int

ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÒˆÂÌ‡ Í‡ÍÚÓ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ú˙„Ó‚ÒÍËÚÂÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ë ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, Ú‡Í‡ Ë ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡Ì‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ÉÎÓ·‡ÎÌ‡-Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ Öë Á‡ ‡ÁÎËÍ‡ ÓÚ Â„ÛÎ‡ˆËÓÌÌËÚÂ ÏÛ Ë ÔÂ‡ÁÔÂ-‰ÂÎËÚÂÎÌË ÔÓÎËÚËÍË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú ˜ÂÁ Ì‡‰Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌË Ô‡Í-ÚËÍË, ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ ˜ÂÁ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÔ‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÂÌË ÔÓˆÂ‰ÛË,Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ë˙‚ÂÚ˙Ú Ì‡ Öë Â ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËflÚ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÂÌ Ë Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂ-ÎÂÌ Ó„‡Ì.

üÌÛ‡Ë 2002 „.Öë ÔË‰Ó·Ë‚‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ áÖë ËÏ‡ ‚ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍËÁË.

17 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 2004 „. î‡ÌˆËfl, àÒÔ‡ÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl, èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl Ë ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ÒÂ ‰Ó„Ó‚‡flÚ ‰‡Ò˙Á‰‡‰‡Ú Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ Ê‡Ì‰‡ÏÂËfl Ò Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌ‡ ˜ËÒÎÂÌÓÒÚ ÓÍÓ-ÎÓ 800 ‰Û¯Ë.

26 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2004 „.åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒ-ÍËfl Ò˙˛Á ÒÂ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏfl‚‡Ú Á‡ ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Á‡‰˙ÎÊËÚÂÎÌË Ô˙ÒÚÓ-‚Ë ÓÚÔÂ˜‡Ú˙ˆË ‚ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË. íÓ‚‡ Â ‚ÚÓËflÚ ·ËÓ-ÏÂÚË˜ÂÌ ÂÎÂÏÂÌÚ ‚ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË ÒÎÂ‰ ‰Ë„ËÚ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ÒÌËÏÍ‡.

22 ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 2004 „.åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË ÓÚ Öë ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓflÚÒ˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌË "·ÓÈÌË Â‰ËÌËˆË" Ò 1˜ËÒÎÂÌÓÒÚ 16 500 ‰Û¯Ë,ÍÓËÚÓ ‰‡ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ‡ÁÔÓÎ‡„‡ÌË ‚ „ÓÂ˘Ë ÚÓ˜ÍË ÔÓ ˆÂÎËflÒ‚flÚ.

2 ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2004 „.ÇÓÂÌÌËÚÂ ÒËÎË Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á /ûîéê/ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓÍÓÏ‡Ì‰‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÏËÓÓÔ‡Á‚‡˘‡Ú‡ ÏËÒËfl Ì‡ çÄíé ‚ ÅÓÒÌ‡ /Öë-îéê/ Ì‡ ˆÂÂÏÓÌËfl ‚ ë‡‡Â‚Ó.

2005Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl, ÍÓflÚÓ ‚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ Â ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ Ì‡ ‡ÚË-ÙËÍ‡ˆËfl ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë, flÒÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Á‡ ˆÂÎ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡-ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. ífl ÓÒ˙‚ÂÏÂÌfl‚‡ Ë ‰ÓÔ˙Î‚‡ Á‡‰‡˜ËÚÂÓÚ èÂÚÂÒ·Â„ Ë ‚Ï˙Í‚‡ ‰‚Â ÍÎ‡ÛÁË – ÍÎ‡ÛÁ‡ Á‡ ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ ËÍÎ‡ÛÁ‡ Á‡ ÒÓÎË‰‡ÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌË ‡Ú‡ÍË ËÎË ÔËÓ‰-ÌË, ËÎË ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÌË ÓÚ ˜Ó‚ÂÍ‡ ·Â‰ÒÚ‚Ëfl. ífl ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ Ë ‚˙ÁÎ‡„‡-ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌË Á‡‰‡˜Ë Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡ ÓÚ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë-˜ÎÂÌÍË ËÎË Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ-ÚÓ Ì‡ “ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó” ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡. íÂÁË ÏÂÍË ·Ëı‡ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎË Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË ‰‡ ÒÂÔË‰‚ËÊ‚‡Ú ÔÓ-·˙ÁÓ Í˙Ï ˆÂÎÚ‡ – Ó·˘‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡.

9

ãË·Â‡ÎÂÌ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Â Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÙÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÎË·Â-‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ô‡ÚËË. éÒÌÓ‚‡Ì ÔÂÁ 1947 „., ÚÓÈ ÒÂÔÂ‚˙˘‡ ‚ ÏÂÊ‡ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚË Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡ÚËË, ‡·Ó-ÚÂ˘‡ Á‡ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÂÚ‡. é·-˘ËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË, ÍÓËÚÓ Ó·Â‰ËÌfl‚‡Ú ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË Ô‡ÚËËÓÚ ÄÙËÍ‡, ëÂ‚ÂÌ‡ Ë ûÊÌ‡ ÄÏÂËÍ‡, ÄÁËfl Ë Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Ò‡: ˜Ó‚Â¯-ÍË Ô‡‚‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌË Ë ˜ÂÒÚÌË ËÁ·ÓË Ë ÏÌÓ„ÓÔ‡ÚËÈÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡-ˆËfl, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ÒÔ‡‚Â‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚ, ÚÓÎÂ‡ÌÚÌÓÒÚ, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡Á‡Ì‡ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì‡ Ú˙„Ó‚Ëfl, Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ ËÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ ÒÓÎË‰‡ÌÓÒÚ.

äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

äÓÌ„ÂÒ˙Ú e ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆË-ÓÌ‡Î. íÓÈ ‰‡‚‡ Ì‡ÒÓÍË Á‡ ÒÎÂ‰‚‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÓÚ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ ÔÓÎËÚË-Í‡. èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â ÒÂ Ò˙·Ë‡Ú Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË18 ÏÂÒÂˆ‡, Á‡ ‰‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰flÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î‡, Í‡Í-ÚÓ Ë ‰‡ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎflÚ ÔËÓËÚÂÚËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡.óÎÂÌÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ó·Ò˙Ê‰‡Ú Ë ÒËÌıÓÌËÁË‡Ú Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÔÓÁËˆËË ÔÓ ‡Í-ÚÛ‡ÎÌË ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÚÂÏË, ‰Â·‡ÚË‡Ú Ë „Î‡ÒÛ‚‡Ú ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËË,ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÂÌË ÓÚ Ô‡ÚËËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â, ËÁ·Ë‡Ú ÛÔ‡‚Îfl‚‡˘ËÚÂÓ„‡ÌË Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡, ‰ËÒÍÛÚË‡Ú ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌË ‚˙ÔÓÒË ËÛ˜‡ÒÚ‚‡Ú ‚ ‡·ÓÚÌË „ÛÔË. äÓÌ„ÂÒ˙Ú ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ ‚ ‡ÁÎË˜ÌË˜‡ÒÚË Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚ‡ ÔÓ ÔÓÍ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ë ÔÂ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚fl‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚË Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÓÚ ˆÂÎ Ò‚flÚ.

äÓÌ„ÂÒ˙Ú Ú‡ÁË „Ó‰ËÌ‡ ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ ‚ ëÓÙËfl, Å˙Î„‡Ëfl ÓÚ 12‰Ó 14 Ï‡È ÔÓ ÔÓÍ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡ÚËË, ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ì‡ ãË·Â-‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î. åÓÚÓÚÓ Ì‡ 53-Ëfl ÍÓÌ„ÂÒ Â ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ ËÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ.

Å˙Î„‡ÒÍË Ô‡ÚËË – ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

àÏÂ: Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ Á‡ è‡‚‡ Ë ë‚Ó·Ó‰ËëÚ‡ÚÛÚ: è˙ÎÌÓÔ‡‚ÂÌ ˜ÎÂÌ (äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î – ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2003 „.) ãË‰Â: ÄıÏÂ‰ ÑÓ„‡ÌàÌÚÂÌÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËˆ‡: http://www.dps.bg

àÏÂ: ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ëËÏÂÓÌ IIëÚ‡ÚÛÚ: ÄÒÓˆËË‡Ì ˜ÎÂÌ (äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î – ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2003 „.)ãË‰Â: ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË àÌÚÂÌÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËˆ‡: http://www.ndsv.bg

Liberal International

Liberal International is the world federation of liberal political parties.Founded in 1947 it has become the pre-eminent network for liberal par-ties and for the strengthening of liberal democracy around the world.There are a number of common principles which unite all liberal par-ties from Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe: human rights, freeand fair elections and multiparty-democracy, social justice, tolerance,social market economy, free trade, environmental sustainability and astrong sense of international solidarity. Naturally in the application ofthese principles in different national circumstances there is diversityamong liberal parties.

Congress

The Congress is the democratic authority of the organisation anddirects its policy. Every 18 months representatives of member partiesassemble to establish the policy and monitor the work of LiberalInternational. Members discuss policy papers; debate and vote on res-olutions submitted by member parties; elect the Bureau and other offi-cials; discuss membership issues and participate in workshops. TheCongress is held in different parts of the world by invitation of memberparties and provides an excellent networking opportunity for liberalsfrom around the world.

The Congress this year takes place in Sofia, Bulgaria from 12th to 14thof May at the invitation of the Bulgarian parties, members of LiberalInternational. The slogan of the 53rd Congress is Freedom andSecurity.

Bulgarian Parties – members of Liberal International

Name: Movement for Rights and FreedomsStatus: Member (Congress in Dakar, Senegal, October 2003) Leader: Ahmed DoganWebsite: http://www.dps.bg

Name: National Movement Simeon IIStatus: Observer (Congress in Dakar, Senegal, October 2003)Leader: Simeon Saxe-Coburg GothaWebsite: http://www.ndsv.bg

10

ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚ53 äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

12-14 Ï‡È 2005„., ëÓÙËfl, Å˙Î„‡Ëfl

Freedom and Security53rd Liberal International Congress12-14 May 2005, Sofia, Bulgaria

àÌÙÓÏ‡ˆËfl Á‡ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚË/Contact information:

Liberal International1 Whitehall Place, London SW1A 2HD, United Kingdon

Tel: +44 20 7839 5905, Fax: +44 20 7925 2685E-mail: [email protected]

In 1980 Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeckjoined the PVV (Party for Freedom andProgress) as a member of the standingcommittee. She has been President ofthe PVV from 1985 until 1989. She is

Honorary Chairperson of the PVV since 1989. In 1981 Ms Neyts-Uyttebroeck was elected Member of Parliament and was Secretary of Statefor Brussels until 1985. She was Member of the European Parliament from1994 until 1999. In 1999 she joined the government of Brussels as ministerfor finance and external relations. In October 2000, Ms Neyts becameMinister, attached to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, charged with ExternalTrade in the federal government of Belgium, a post she held until 2003.

Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck was Treasurer and Vice President of theLiberal International and has been Deputy President from 1996 to 1999,when she became acting President following the resignation of FritsBolkestein. She was elected President of Liberal International by theCongress in Ottawa in October 2000 and re-elected at the Congress inMarch 2002 in Budapest, Hungary and at the Congress in October 2003in Dakar, Senegal.

At present Ms Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck is also Minister of State inBelgium and member of the European Parliament.

èÂÁ 1980„. ÄÌÂÏË çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌËfl ÍÓ-ÏËÚÂÚ Ì‡ ·ÂÎ„ËÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ è‡ÚËfl Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÔÓ„ÂÒ (PVV), ‡ ÓÚ1985 ‰Ó 1989 „. Â Ë ÌÂËÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ. éÚ 1989„. Úfl Â ÔÓ˜ÂÚÂÌ ÔÂ‰-ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ PVV. É-Ê‡ çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡-Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÓÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1999„. èÂÁ 1999„. Úfl ÒÂ ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ Í˙Ï Ô‡-‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Å˛ÍÒÂÎ Í‡ÚÓ åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒËÚÂ Ë ‚˙Ì¯ÌË-ÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. éÚ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2000„. ‰Ó 2003„. Â ÏËÌËÒÚ˙, ÔËÍÂ-ÔÂÌ Í˙Ï ÏËÌËÒÚ˙‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË, ÓÚ„Ó‚‡fl˘ Á‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡Ú‡Ú˙„Ó‚Ëfl ‚˙‚ îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl.

èÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ, „-Ê‡ çÂÈÚÒ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÓÚ„ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡(ALDE) Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËËÚÂ ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯ÌË ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÔÓ ÒÂÎÒÍÓÒÚÓÔ‡Ì-ÒÍÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ, Á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ èÓ‰ÍÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ËÓÚ·‡Ì‡, Á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÑÂÎÂ„‡ˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ÔÓ‰‰˙Ê‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ-ÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ò˙Ò ëÄô.

ÄÌÂÏË çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ Â Á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂ-Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÓÚ 1996 ‰Ó 1999„. ífl Â ËÁ·‡Ì‡ Á‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡Î-ÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÓÚ äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ éÚ‡‚‡, ä‡Ì‡‰‡ ÔÂÁ 2000„. Ë ÔÂ-ËÁ·‡Ì‡ Ì‡ äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ ÅÛ‰‡ÔÂ˘‡, ìÌ„‡Ëfl ÔÂÁ 2002 „. Ë Ì‡ äÓÌ„Â-Ò‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î ÔÂÁ 2003 „.

Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ ËÁÛ˜‡‚‡ Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚËÍ‡, ÙËÁËÍ‡, ıËÏËfl, ÔÒËıÓÎÓ„Ëfl, ÒÓˆËÓ-ÎÓ„Ëfl, ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ë Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚËÚÂ Besançon, ÑËÊÓÌ ËGrenoble ‚ è‡ËÊ ÔÂÁ 50-ÚÂ „Ó‰ËÌË Ì‡ ÏËÌ‡ÎËfl ‚ÂÍ. ëÎÂ‰ Í‡ÚÓ ÔÓ-ÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍË ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ÔÓ Ô‡‚Ó Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡, ÚÓÈ ÒÂ ‚ÔÛÒÍ‡ ‚‡Í‡‰ÂÏË˜Ì‡ Í‡ËÂ‡ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ÈÍË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÓÒÚ˙Ì,è‡ËÊ, Ñ‡Í‡ Ë ëÓ·ÓÌ‡Ú‡. íÓÈ ‡·ÓÚË Ë Í‡ÚÓ ‡‰‚ÓÍ‡Ú ‚ ÄÔÂÎ‡-ÚË‚ÌËfl Ò˙‰ Ì‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î Ë Â Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ Á‡ ÑÂÍ‡Ì Ì‡ î‡ÍÛÎÚÂÚ‡ ÔÓ Ô‡-‚Ó Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ñ‡Í‡ (ëÂÌÂ„‡Î).

ìÂÈ‰ Â ÔËÓÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÔÓÁËˆËÓÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î. ä‡ÚÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡-ÚÂÎ Ë ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡ÎÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl (‡ÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍ‡ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl), ÚÓÈ ÔÂÍ‡‚‡ ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒ-ÍËfl ÒË ÊË‚ÓÚ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ÈÍË Í‡ÏÔ‡ÌËË ÒÂ˘Û ÒÓˆË‡ÎËÒÚËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓÛÔ‡‚Îfl‚‡Ú ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ Â‰ÌÓÎË˜ÌÓ ÓÚ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒË-ÏÓÒÚÚ‡ ÓÚ î‡ÌˆËfl ÔÂÁ 1960„. èÂÁ ÚÓ‚‡ ‚ÂÏÂ Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ Â·ËÎ ‚ ËÁ„Ì‡ÌËÂ Ë ÌÂÂ‰ÌÓÍ‡ÚÌÓ ı‚˙ÎflÌ ‚ Á‡Ú‚Ó‡, ÌÓ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ ÛÒ-Ôfl‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ (1974 – 1980) Ë ‰ÓËÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ‰‚Â ÍÓ‡ÎËˆËÓÌÌË Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ Ì‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î ÔÂÁ 90-ÚÂ„Ó‰ËÌË. É-Ì ìÂÈ‰ ÒÂ ·ÓË Á‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚÒÍËfl ÓÙËÒ Ì‡‰ 20 „Ó‰ËÌË. íÓÈÁ‡ Ô˙‚Ë Ô˙Ú Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ì‡‰ÔÂ‚‡‡ ÔÂÁ 1978„. ËÒÎÂ‰ ÚË ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎÌË ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÌË Í‡ÏÔ‡ÌËË, Ì‡È-Ì‡Í‡fl Â ËÁ·-‡Ì Á‡ èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î ÔÂÁ Ï‡Ú 2000„. Ì‡ 74 „Ó-‰Ë¯Ì‡ ‚˙Á‡ÒÚ. çÂ„Ó‚‡Ú‡ ÔÓ·Â‰‡ ‰Â Ù‡ÍÚÓ ÒÎ‡„‡ Í‡fl Ì‡ 40 „Ó‰Ë¯-ÌÓÚÓ Â‰ÌÓÔ‡ÚËÈÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ëÓˆË‡ÎËÒÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl.

èÂ‰‡Ì Ô‡Ì-‡ÙËÍ‡ÌËÒÚ, Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡Ì‡ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÄÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÄÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á,‡ ÓÒ‚ÂÌ ÚÓ‚‡ Â èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ àÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰-ÌÓ-‡ÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë. íÓÈ Â Ë ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Ë ̃ ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ·‡ÁË‡ÌËfl ‚ ëË‡Ú˙Î (ëÄô) ñÂÌÚ˙ Á‡ ë‚Â-ÚÓ‚ÂÌ ÏË ˜ÂÁ Ô‡‚Ó Ë Ì‡ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌË-ÚÂÎÌÓ Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ëÚÓÍıÓÎÏ (ò‚ÂˆËfl).

In the 1950s Abdoulaye Wade studiesmathematics, physics, chemistry, psy-chology, sociology, economics, andlaw at the universities of Besançon,

Dijon and Grenoble in France. After qualifying as a lawyer and obtaininga doctorate in law and economics, he embarks on an academic career,teaching at the universities of Boston, Paris, Dakar, and the Sorbonne.He also works as a barrister at the Court of Appeal in Senegal and isappointed Dean of the Faculty of Law and Economics at the Universityof Dakar, Senegal.

Wade is a pioneer of opposition politics in Senegal. As founder andleader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (African liberal party), hespends much of his political life campaigning against the socialists whohave governed the country single-handedly since the independencefrom France in 1960. In the course of this campaign he has been in exileand repeatedly imprisoned, but also serves as an MP in the NationalAssembly and even as a minister in two coalition governments duringthe 1990s. Wade contests the Office of the Presidency for over 20 years.He first runs in the presidential race in 1978 and, following three subse-quent polls, is finally elected President of the Republic of Senegal inMarch 2000, at the age of 74. His victory ends 40 years of de facto one-party rule by the Socialist Party.

A committed pan-Africanist, Wade has actively participated in the workof the Organisation of African Unity and the African Union, and isPresident of the Economic Community of West African States. He is aswell Vice-President of Liberal International and a member of the Seattle-based Centre for World Peace through Law and the InternationalAcademy of Trial Lawyers based in Stockholm, Sweden.

ÄÌÂÏË çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍèÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

Annemie Neyts-UyttebroeckPresident of Liberal International

Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î

ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

11

Abdoulaye WadePresident of the Republic of SenegalVice-President of Liberal International

ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ÒÎÂ‰‚‡ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ éÍÒÙÓ‰ÒÍËfl ÛÌË-‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ. íÓÈ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÓÚ Corpus ChristiCollege, ÒÎÂ‰ ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚË ‚ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ Ë ÍÓ-Ó‰ËÌË‡ Ì‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ ÌË‚Ó ÔÂ‰-ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚÒÍË ÍÛÒÓ‚Â ÔÓ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Á‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚÒÍË ÒÛ·ÒË‰ËË. É-Ì ÇË‰ÊÂ-ÒËÌı‡ Â ·ËÎ ÓÒÂÏ „Ó‰ËÌË Ë äÛÎÚÛÌÓ ‡Ú‡¯Â Ì‡ ÅËÚ‡ÌÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ‚ äÓÎÓÏ·Ó.

èÓÙ. ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ÔÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ Â ÑÂÍ‡Ì Ì‡ î‡ÍÛÎÚÂÚ‡ÔÓ ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌË Ì‡ÛÍË Ë ÂÁËˆË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Sabaragamuwa (òËã‡ÌÍ‡). íÓÈ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌ‡ ÍÓ-ÏËÒËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡, ÍÓÌÒÛÎÚ‡ÌÚ ÔÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Í˙Ï åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ-‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÚÓ, ÄÍ‡‰ÂÏË˜ÂÌ ÍÓÓ‰ËÌ‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÓ„‡ÏËÔÓ ‚ËÒ¯Â Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ÇÓÂÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÄÍ‡‰ÂÏËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ ËèÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÅÓ‰‡ ÔÓ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏË˜ÌËÚÂ ‚˙ÔÓÒË Ì‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î-ÌËfl ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ÔÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÚÓ.

ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ËÏ‡ Â‰Ëˆ‡ ÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ˆËË ‚ ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌË Ó·-Î‡ÒÚË Í‡ÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÂÁËÍ Ë ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÒÚÓËflË ÚÂÓËfl. èÛ·ÎËÍ‡ˆËËÚÂ ÏÛ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ËÒÚÓ-Ëfl Ë ÚÂÓËfl ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡Ú “ãË·Â‡ÎÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Á‡ ûÊÌ‡ ÄÁËfl” Ë‰‚Â ÍÌË„Ë ÓÚ ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÒÚÓËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡.

É-Ì ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ Â ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ ËÂ ·ËÎ ÌÂËÌ Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡Ú Á‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ËÁ·ÓËÚÂ ÔÂÁ 1999„. íÓÈÂ ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î, ‡ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Â·ËÎ Ë èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ÄÁË‡ÚÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰Â-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË.

éÚÓ É‡Ù ã‡Ï·Ò‰ÓÙ Û˜Ë Ô‡‚Ó Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒË-ÚÂÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÓÌ Ë ä¸ÓÎÌ ‚ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl. íÓÈ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ ‡‰‚Ó-Í‡ÚÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ‡ ‚ ÏÂÒÚÌËÚÂ Ë Ó·Î‡ÒÚÌËÚÂ Ò˙‰ËÎË˘‡ Ì‡ Ñ˛ÒÂÎ-‰ÓÙ ÔÂÁ 1960„.

èÂÁ 1951„. ÚÓÈ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÌÂÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl, ‡ÔÂÁ 1972„. ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. íÓÈ Â åËÌËÒ-Ú˙ Ì‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡Ú‡ ‚ ÌflÍÓÎÍÓ Í‡·ËÌÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ä‡ÌˆÎÂ‡ ïÂÎÏÛÚòÏË‰Ú Ë ä‡ÌˆÎÂ‡ ïÂÎÏÛÚ äÓÎ ÓÚ 1977 ‰Ó 1984„., ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÒË ÔÓ-‰‡‚‡ ÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡. éÚ 1984 ‰Ó 1988„. ÚÓÈ Â è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÂÌ „Ó‚Ó-ËÚÂÎ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ ‚˙ÔÓÒË. íÓÈ Â ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ÌÂÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË-·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ‰Ó 1993„.

Ñ- ã‡Ï·Ò‰ÓÙ Â èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÓÚ1994 ‰Ó 1996„. èÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ÚÓÈ Â ÌÂ„Ó‚ èÓ˜ÂÚÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ,Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÙÓÌ‰‡ˆËfl “îË‰Ëı ç‡ÛÏ‡Ì”.

Otto Graf Lambsdorff studies Law andPolitical Science at the Universities ofBonn and Cologne in Germany. He isadmitted to the bar at the local and district

courts of Dusseldorf in 1960.

In 1951 he becomes member of the German liberal party, FreeDemocrats (FDP) and in 1972 Member of Parliament (Bundestag). Heis Minister of Economics in several cabinets under Chancellor HelmutSchmidt and Chancellor Helmut Kohl from 1977 to June 1984, when heresignes as Federal Minister of Economics. From 1984 until 1988 he isthe Parliamentary Spokesman on Economic Affairs. He is leader of theFDP until 1993.

Dr Otto Graf Lambsdorff is President of Liberal International from 1994until 1996. He is now its Honorary President, as well as President of theFriedrich Naumann Stiftung.

Rajiva Wijesinha read Classics at UniversityCollege Oxford. He then obtained a doctor-ate from Corpus Christi College. After that hetaught at universities in Sri Lanka and coordi-nated pre-University English courses nation-

wide for the University Grants Commission. Mr. Wijesinha was also for eightyears Cultural Affairs Officer of the British Council in Colombo. A wide rangeof travel experiences includes two voyages round the world as VisitingProfessor on the University of Pittsburgh Semester at Sea Programme.

Prof. Rajiva Wijesinha is now Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences &Languages at the University of Sabaragamuwa. He is also member of theSri Lankan National Education Commission, Consultant in English to theMinistry of Education, Academic Coordinator of the degree programme ofthe Sri Lanka Military Academy, and Chairman of the Academic AffairsBoard of the National Institute of Education.

Apart from his creative writing, Rajiva Wijesinha has published extensively indiverse fields such as English Language and Literature, and Political Historyand Theory. His publications include “Liberal Values for South Asia” and twobooks of recent Sri Lankan political history; four novels including “Servants”which won in 1995 the Gratiaen Prize awarded by Michael Ondaatje for SriLankan writing in English. He has been a writing fellow at the RockefellerCentre in Bellagio, Italy, and at Hawthornden Castle in Scotland.

Mr. Wijesinha is the Leader of the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka and was itsPresidential candidate at the 1999 election. He is Vice-President of LiberalInternational and was Chairman of the Council of Asian Liberals andDemocrats.

èÓÙ. ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î

èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡

Dr Otto Graf LambsdorffHonorary President,Liberal InternationalPresident of the Friedrich NaumannStiftung

éÚÓ É‡Ù ã‡Ï·Ò‰ÓÙèÓ˜ÂÚÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡

ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎèÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÙÓÌ‰‡ˆËfl “îË‰Ëı ç‡ÛÏ‡Ì”

12

Prof. Rajiva WijesinhaVice-President of Liberal InternationalPresident of the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka

ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË Â ÒËÌ Ì‡ ̂ ‡ ÅÓËÒ III Ë ̂ ‡Ëˆ‡ âÓ‡ÌÌ‡. ç‡28 ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1943 „., Â‰‚‡ 6 „Ó‰Ë¯ÂÌ, ëËÏÂÓÌ II ÒÂ ‚˙ÁÍ‡˜‚‡ Ì‡ ÔÂÒ-ÚÓÎ‡. ëÎÂ‰ ÍÓÏÛÌËÒÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ÔÂ‚‡Ú Ì‡ 9 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1944 „. ëË-ÏÂÓÌ II ÓÒÚ‡‚‡ Ì‡ ÚÓÌ‡, ÌÓ ÔÂÁ 1946 „., ÚÓÈ Ë ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ÏÛ Ò‡ÔËÌÛ‰ÂÌË ‰‡ Ì‡ÔÛÒÌ‡Ú Å˙Î„‡Ëfl. íÂ ÒÂ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡Ú ‚ ÄÎÂÍÒ‡Ì‰Ëfl,Ö„ËÔÂÚ. í‡Ï ëËÏÂÓÌ ÒÂ Á‡ÔËÒ‚‡ ‚ ÔÓ˜ÛÚËfl “ÇËÍÚÓËfl ÍÓÎË‰Ê”.èÂÁ 1951 „. ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó ÔÂ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÛ·ÂÊË˘Â Ì‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍÓ ˆ‡ÒÍÓ ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚Ó. Ç å‡‰Ë‰ ëËÏÂÓÌ II Á‡-‚˙¯‚‡ îÂÌÒÍËfl ÎËˆÂÈ, ÒÎÂ‰‚‡ Ô‡‚Ó Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË. èÂÁ ÔÂ-ËÓ‰‡ 1958 - 1959 „. ÚÓÈ Â ÍÛÒ‡ÌÚ ‚˙‚ ‚ÓÂÌÌ‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl “Ç‡ÎËÙÓ‰Ê” - ëÄô. á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Ò ˜ËÌ “ÏÎ‡‰¯Ë ÎÂÈÚÂÌ‡ÌÚ”. éÒ‚ÂÌ Ó‰ÌËflÒË ·˙Î„‡ÒÍË ÂÁËÍ, ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË „Ó‚ÓË ÓÚÎË˜ÌÓ ‡Ì„-ÎËÈÒÍË, ÙÂÌÒÍË, ÌÂÏÒÍË, ËÚ‡ÎË‡ÌÒÍË Ë ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍË, ÔÓÎÁ‚‡ ‡‡·ÒÍË ËÔÓÚÛ„‡ÎÒÍË.èÂÁ 1996 „. ëËÏÂÓÌ II ÒÂ Á‡‚˙˘‡ ‚ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl. ç‡ 6 ‡ÔËÎ 2001 „.ÚÓÈ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ëËÏÂÓÌ II (çÑëÇ) Ë Í‡ÚÓ ÎË‰Â Ì‡ÚÓ‚‡ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ÒÂ fl‚fl‚‡ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ËÁ·ÓË Ì‡ 17 ˛ÌË 2001„. ëÎÂ‰ ÔÓ·Â‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ çÑëÇ, Ì‡ 24 ˛ÎË 2001 „. ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„-„ÓÚÒÍË ÔÓÎ‡„‡ ÍÎÂÚ‚‡ Í‡ÚÓ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡Å˙Î„‡Ëfl.

ÄıÏÂ‰ ÑÓ„‡Ì Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl ‚ ëì "äÎËÏÂÌÚ éıË‰ÒÍË" (1981„.)Ë ÄÍ‡‰ÂÏËflÚ‡ Á‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË Ì‡ÛÍË Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ (1985„.).èÂÁ 1986„. ÒÚ‡‚‡ Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡Ú Ì‡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙÒÍËÚÂ Ì‡ÛÍË Ë Ì‡Û˜ÂÌ Ò˙Ú-Û‰ÌËÍ ‚ àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡ ÔÓ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl Í˙Ï Å˙Î„‡ÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl Ì‡Ì‡ÛÍËÚÂ. íÓÈ ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ ÛÒÍË Ë ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÂÁËÍ.

ì˜Â‰ËÚÂÎ Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂÚÓ Á‡ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë(Ñèë) ÓÚ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÏÛ Ì‡ 4 flÌÛ‡Ë 1990 „. éÚ 1991 ‰Ó 1994 „. Â‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ 36-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ ÓÚ Ñèë, ‡ ÔÂÁ 1991„. - ÔÂ‰-ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ Ñèë. éÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1997 „. Â‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ 37-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ. èÂÁ 2001 „. ÒÚ‡‚‡ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú‚ 39-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ, ‡ ˙ÍÓ‚Ó‰ÂÌÓÚÓ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó Ñèë ÒÚ‡‚‡ÍÓ‡ÎËˆËÓÌÂÌ Ô‡ÚÌ¸Ó Ì‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ëËÏÂÓÌ II ‚ ÛÔ‡‚-ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡.

èÂÁ 1979 „. ëÓÎÓÏÓÌ è‡ÒË ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂ-Ï‡ÚËÍ‡ ÓÚ ëì “ë‚. äÎËÏÂÌÚ éıË‰ÒÍË”, ‡ ÔÂÁ 1985 „. – ‰ÓÍÚÓÒ-Í‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÎÓ„ËÍ‡ Ë ÍÓÏÔ˛Ú˙ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ Ò˙˘ËflÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ. íÓÈ ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ Å˙Î„‡ÒÍË, ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ë ÛÒÍË ÂÁËÍ.á‡ ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ÓÚ 1984 „. ‰Ó 1994 „. Â Ì‡Û˜ÂÌ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌËÍ ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚË-˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÎÓ„ËÍ‡ Ë ÍÓÏÔ˛Ú˙ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ëì “ë‚. äÎËÏÂÌÚ éıË‰ÒÍË” Ë ÅÄç.éÚ 1991 „. ‰Ó 2001 „. Â ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÄÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ÍÎÛ· ‚ Å˙Î„‡-Ëfl, Ì‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ Â Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎ. á‡ ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ÓÚ 1996 „. ‰Ó 1999 „. Â ‚Ë-ˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÄÒÓˆË‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÄÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó.éÚ 1990 ‰Ó 1991 Â ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚˙‚ ÇÂÎËÍÓÚÓ Ì‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ, Ò˙-‡‚ÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍ‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl, ‡‚ÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ-ÚÓ Á‡ ˜ÎÂÌÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl ‚ çÄíé. éÚ ˛ÌË 2001 Â ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ÓÚçÑëÇ ‚ 39-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ; èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡-Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ.éÚ ûÎË 2001 Â åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ Å˙Î-„‡Ëfl.

In 1985 Mr. Passy gets a Doctor’s Degree inMathematical Logics and Computer Sciencefrom the University of Sofia “St. KlimentOhridsky”. From 1984 to 1994 he is aResearch Associate in mathematical logicsand computer sciences at the University of

Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridsky” and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Hespeaks Bulgarian, English and Russian languages. From 1991 to 2001 he isPresident of the Atlantic Club in Bulgaria of which he is the founder. From1996 to 1999 he is Vice President of the Atlantic Treaty Association. From1990 to 1991 – Member of Parliament in the Grand National Assembly,and co-author of the new Bulgarian Constitution. He is the first to proposethat Bulgaria should join NATO. Since June 2001 – Member of Parliament at39th National Assembly (National Movement Simeon the Second) andChairman of the Foreign Policy Committee, Defence and Security. SinceJuly 2001- Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria.

Ahmed Dogan graduates in Philosophy fromthe University of Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridsky”,Bulgaria in 1981 and from the Academy ofSocial Sciences and Social Management in1985. In 1986 he gets a Doctor’s Degree in

Philosophical Sciences and becomes a Research Associate at theInstitute of Philosophy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He speaksBulgarian, Russian and English. Founder and President of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF)Party since its establishment on 4 January 1990. From 1991 to 1994 he isMember of Parliament (MP) in the 36th National Assembly from the MRFand in 1991 - president of the MRF parliamentary group. From 1994 to 1997is MP in the 37th National Assembly. In 2001 he becomes MP in the 39thNational Assembly. The led by him party – MRF is a coalition partner in thepresent Bulgarian Government.

Simeon Saxe-Coburg is a son of KingBoris III of Bulgaria and Queen Joanna.On August 28, 1943, barely six years old,Simeon II accedes to the throne.Following the communist coup d'etat on

September 9, 1944 Simeon II remaines on the throne, but in 1946, KingSimeon and his family are forced to flee Bulgaria. They settle in Alexandria,Egypt. Simeon is enrolled in the Victoria College in Egypt. In 1951 theSpanish Government grantes asylum to the exiled Bulgarian royal family. InMadrid Simeon graduates from the Lycee Francaise and read law and polit-ical science. In 1958 - 1959 he is enrolled at the Valley Forge MilitaryAcademy in the United States and graduates as second lieutenant. In addi-tion to Bulgarian, Simeon Saxe-Coburg speaks fluent English, French,German, Italian and Spanish and a little Arabic and Portuguese.

In 1996 Simeon II returnes to Bulgaria. On April 6, 2001 he founds aNational Movement Simeon II and as the leader of this Movement, he par-ticipates in the parliamentary election on June 17, 2001. Having won a vic-tory for the National Movement, on July 24, 2001 Simeon Saxe-Coburg issworn in as Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria

ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍËåËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl

ÄıÏÂ‰ ÑÓ„‡ÌèÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂÚÓ Á‡ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë

ëÓÎÓÏÓÌ è‡ÒËåËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË

Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl

13

Simeon Saxe-CoburgPrime Minister of theRepublic of Bulgaria

Ahmed DoganPresident of the Movement for Rightsand Freedom party, Bulgaria

Solomon PassyMinister for Foreign Affairs of theRepublic of Bulgaria

ÑÊËÈÒ ‰Â ÇËÒ ËÏ‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ÓÚÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ‚ ã‡È‰ÂÌ, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl (1981„.). íÓÈ ÔÓÒÂ˘‡‚‡ Ë ÒÎÂ‰‰ËÔ-ÎÓÏÌÓ ÎflÚÌÓ Û˜ËÎË˘Â, European University Institute ‚˙‚ îÎÓÂÌˆËfl, àÚ‡-ÎËfl ÔÂÁ 1981„., Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÒÂÏËÌ‡ Á‡ ÎË‰ÂË, School of Foreign Service,ÑÊÓ‰ÊÚ‡ÛÌÒÍËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ ‚˙‚ Ç‡¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ, ëÄô ÔÂÁ 1993„. éÚ1981„. ‰Ó 1984„. „-Ì ÑÂ ÇËÒ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‚ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ‚ ã‡È‰ÂÌ, ‡ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Â Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ É‡‰ÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ã‡È‰ÂÌ. éÚ 1984 ‰Ó 1994„. Â ̃ ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ (Öè), ‡ ÓÚ1994 ‰Ó 1998„. ÎË‰Â Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡-ÚË ‚ Öè; éÚ 1998 ‰Ó 2002„. Â á‡Ï.-ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË,ï‡„‡; éÚ 2002 ‰Ó 2003„. – èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ıÓÎ‡Ì‰ÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ-‚Ó ‚ äÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ·˙‰Â˘ÂÚÓ Ì‡ Öë, Å˛ÍÒÂÎ; èÂÁ 2004„. Â èÓÒÎ‡ÌËÍÌ‡ ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ‚ ï‡„‡. Ç ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡, „-Ì ÑÂ ÇËÒ Â Ô˙‚ËflÚ äÓÓ‰ËÌ‡ÚÓÌ‡ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ Ì‡ Öë.

Graham Watson gains an honours degreein Modern Languages from the Heriot-WattUniversity, Edinburgh, UK in 1979. Hespeaks four European languages. GrahamWatson is Vice-President (1977 - 1979) and

General Secretary (1979 - 1981) of the Liberal International's youth move-ment /IFLRY/, and a founder of the European Communities' Youth Forum(1979 – 1980). From 1983 to 1987 he serves as Head of the Private Officeof the Rt.Hon. Sir David Steel MP, then Leader of the Liberal Party. From1988 to 1994 Mr. Watson works for the Hong Kong & Shanghai BankingaCorporation /HSBC/ in their London and Hong Kong offices.From 1983 to 1993 Graham Watson is Member of the Council ofEuropean Liberals and Democrats Party. He is Member of the EuropeanParliament since 1994. Mr. Watson is the first British Liberal Democratever to be elected to the European Parliament. Whip, ELDR Group(1994 - 1996). In January 2002 Graham Watson is elected as Leader ofthe European Parliament's Liberal Democrat group, the Alliance ofLiberals and Democrats for Europe.

èÂÁ 1979„. ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Ò ÓÚÎË˜ËÂ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Heriot-Watt, Ö‰ËÌ·Û„, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓÒÚ ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌË ÂÁËˆË. ÉÓ-‚ÓË ˜ÂÚËË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ÂÁËÍ‡. éÚ 1977 ‰Ó 1979„. ÚÓÈ Â ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË-‰ÂÌÚ, ‡ ÓÚ 1979 ‰Ó 1981„. Ë ÉÂÌÂ‡ÎÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ÙÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë ‡‰ËÍ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÏÎ‡‰ÂÊ /IFLRY/, Í‡ÍÚÓ ËÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ åÎ‡‰ÂÊÍËfl ÙÓÛÏ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ (1979 –1980). éÚ 1983 ‰Ó 1987„. Â ê˙ÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ˜‡ÒÚÌËfl ÓÙËÒ Ì‡ ë˙ ÑÂÈ-‚Ë‰ ëÚËÎ - ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡, ÚÓ„‡‚‡ ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡-ÚËfl. éÚ 1988 ‰Ó 1994 ‡·ÓÚË ‚ ÎÓÌ‰ÓÌÒÍËfl Ë ıÓÌ„-ÍÓÌ„ÒÍËfl ÓÙËÒ Ì‡·‡ÌÍÓ‚‡Ú‡ ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl HSBC Holdings PLC. éÚ 1983 ‰Ó 1993 „-Ì ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚Ó-ÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË. éÚ 1994 Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÔ‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. íÓÈ Â Ô˙‚ËflÚ ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍË ÎË·Â‡Î ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú, ËÁ·‡Ì ‚Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. éÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1996 Â Ô‡ÚËÂÌ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ÚÓ Ì‡Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË.èÂÁ 2002„. ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ ÎË‰Â Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎË-ÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ - ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎË-ÚÂ Ë ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE).

çÂÎË ëÏËÚ ä¸ÓÒ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ ÓÚ ìÌË-‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ö‡ÁÏÛÒ, êÓÚÂ‰‡Ï, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ÔÂÁ 1965„. éÚ 1965 ‰Ó 1971Â ‡ÒËÒÚÂÌÚ ÔÓ àÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ì‡ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡ ‚ ìÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ö‡ÁÏÛÒ.éÚ 1969 ‰Ó 1971 - ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ é·˘ËÌÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ êÓÚÂ‰‡Ï Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡í̇ „Ó‚ÒÍ‡Ú‡ Í‡Ï‡‡ Ì‡ êÓÚÂ‰‡Ï. éÚ 1971 ‰Ó 1977 – ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ıÓÎ‡Ì‰Ò-ÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. éÚ 1977 ‰Ó 1981 – Ñ˙Ê‡‚ÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ ÔÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓ-Ú‡, ÔÛ·ÎË˜ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÛÌËÍ‡ˆËËÚÂ Ì‡ ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. éÚ 1982‰Ó 1989 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡, ÔÛ·ÎË˜ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÛ-ÌËÍ‡ˆËËÚÂ Ì‡ ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. éÚ 1989 ‰Ó 1991 – ë˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÍÓÏËÒ‡ ÔÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡ ‚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎ, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl. éÚ 1991 ‰Ó 2000 - èÂÁË-‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ìÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Nyenrode. éÚ 2000„. „-Ê‡ ä¸ÓÒ ÒÂ Á‡ÌËÏ‡‚‡ Ò ‡ÁÎË˜ÌË ·ËÁÌÂÒ ‰ÂÈÌÓÒÚË Ë Â Ò˙-‚ÂÚÌËÍ/ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ·Ó‰‡ Ì‡ ‰ËÂÍÚÓËÚÂ Ì‡ Â‰Ëˆ‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË ÍÓÏ-Ô‡ÌËË. çÂÎË ëÏËÚ ä¸ÓÒ Â Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ‡ Á‡ äÓÏËÒ‡ Ì‡ Öë, ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÂÌ Á‡‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÍÓÌÍÛÂÌˆËflÚ‡ ÔÂÁ ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 2004„.

Neelie Smit Kroes obtains a mastersdegree in Economics from ErasmusUniversity, Rotterdam, the Netherlands in1965. From 1965 to 1971 she is AssistantProfessor in Transport Economics at

Erasmus University. From 1969 to 1971 - Member of the RotterdamMunicipal Council and Member of the Rotterdam Chamber ofCommerce. From 1971 to 1977 - Member of Dutch Parliament. From 1977to 1981 - State Secretary for Transport, Public Works and Telecommuni-cation, the Netherlands. From 1982 to 1989 - Minister of Transport, PublicWorks and Telecommunication, the Netherlands. From 1989 to 1991 -Advisor to the European Transport Commissioner, Brussels, Belgium.From 1991 to 2000 - President of Nyenrode University. Since 2000 Ms. Kroes is involved in various business activities and actsas advisor/board member for a number of international companies.Neelie Smit Kroes is appointed EU Commissioner responsible forCompetition in November 2004.

Gijs de Vries has a master degree inPolitical Science from the University ofLeiden, The Netherlands (1981).From 1981 to 1984 Mr. de Vries isLecturer in International Relations atUniversity of Leiden, as well as

Member of the Leiden City Council. From 1984 to 1994 he is Member ofthe European Parliament (EP) and from 1994 to1998: Leader of theLiberal and Democratic Group in the EP. From 1998 to 2002: DeputyMinister of the Interior, The Hague; From 2002 to 2003: Representative ofthe Government of the Netherlands at the Convention on the Future ofthe European Union, Brussels; In 2004: Ambassador of the Netherlands(special assignment: creation of European Foreign Service), The Hague.At present, Mr. de Vries is the first EU Counter-terrorism Co-ordinator.

ÑÊËÈÒ ‰Â ÇËÒäÓÓ‰ËÌ‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡

Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl ë˙˛Á

çÂÎË ëÏËÚ ä¸ÓÒÖ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË äÓÏËÒ‡ ÔÓ ÍÓÌÍÛÂÌˆËflÚ‡

14

ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙ÌãË‰Â Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ

Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE) ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ

Gijsbert Marius de VriesCounter-Terrorism Co-ordinatorof the European Union

Neelie Smit KroesEuropean Commissioner forCompetition

Graham WatsonLeader of the Alliance of Liberalsand Democrats for Europe in theEuropean Parliament

ä‡ÎËÌ èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í̇ Ë˜‡ÌÛ ËÏ‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÁÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎ-ÒÍ‡ ËÌÙÓÏ‡ÚËÍ‡ Ë Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚËÍ‡ ÓÚ ÅÛÍÛÂ˘ÍËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ ‚ êÛ-Ï˙ÌËfl. éÒ‚ÂÌ ÛÏ˙ÌÒÍË, „-Ì í̇ Ë˜‡ÌÛ ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ ÓÚÎË˜ÌÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ËÙÂÌÒÍË ÂÁËˆË.èÂÁ 1990„. ä‡ÎËÌ í̇ Ë˜‡ÌÛ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡-ÚËfl (çãè) ‚ êÛÏ˙ÌËfl, ‡ ÓÚ 1990 ‰Ó 1992„. Â Ë ÌÂËÌ àÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÂÌÒÂÍÂÚ‡. É-Ì èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í̇ Ë˜‡ÌÛ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ì˜Â‰ËÚÂÎÌÓÚÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ/è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡/ ÓÚ 1990 ‰Ó 1992„. éÚ 1993 ‰Ó 2004„. ÚÓÈ Â á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ çãè. ä‡ÎËÌ èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í̇ Ë˜‡ÌÛ Â åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÔÓ-ÏË¯ÎÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Ú˙„Ó‚ËflÚ‡ ÓÚ 1996 ‰Ó 1997„. íÓÈ Â ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú Ë˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ÂÙÓÏ‡ Ë ÔË‚‡ÚË-Á‡ˆËfl ÓÚ 1996 ‰Ó 2000„., ‡ ÓÚ 2000 ‰Ó 2004„. – á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ·˛‰ÊÂÚ, ÙËÌ‡ÌÒË Ë ·‡ÌÍÓ‚Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. èÂÁ 2003„. ÒÚ‡‚‡á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡ Ô‡-ÚËfl. éÚ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2004 „-Ì èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í̇ Ë˜‡ÌÛ Â ÇÂÏÂÌÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡-ÚÂÎ Ì‡ çãè.

Yukio Hatoyama earned his PhD in Engineeringfrom Stanford University (USA) in 1976. He hasworked as an Assistant Professor at SenshuUniversity.Mr. Hatoyama is elected in Diet in 1986 under thebanner of Jiminto (Liberal democratic party). In1993, he leaves Jiminto and founds Shinto

Sakigake with Kan Naoto. In 1996, he founds another party, Minshuto(Democratic Party) with Kan Naoto. Yukio Hatoyama is elected President ofthe Democratic Party of Japan in September 1999 and holds this positionuntil December 2002, when he resigns from the post. At present he is member of Japan's Lower House of Parliament, the Houseof Representatives. His policy expertise includes Trade and Commerce, LandDevelopment and Diet Affairs. He is member of Education, Culture, Sports,Science and Technology Committee, Foreign Affairs Committee, andOkinawa and Northern Problems Special Committee. Mr. Hatoyama is as wellShadow Foreign Minister of the main opposition Democratic Party of Japan.

ûÍËÓ ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÌÊÂÌÂÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ÓÚëÚ‡ÌÙÓ‰ÒÍËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ (ëÄô) ÔÂÁ 1976„. ëÎÂ‰ ÚÓ‚‡ Â ‡ÒËÒ-ÚÂÌÚ ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ëÂÌ¯Û. íÓÈ Â ËÁ·‡Ì ‚ flÔÓÌÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÔÂÁ 1986„. ÓÚ ÎËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÑÊË-ÏËÌÚÓ (ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl). èÂÁ 1993„. Ì‡ÔÛÒÍ‡ ÑÊË-ÏËÌÚÓ Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚‡ òËÌÚÓ ë‡ÍË„‡ÍÂ Á‡Â‰ÌÓ Ò ä‡Ì ç‡ÓÚÓ. èÂÁ 1996„.ÚÓÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ ‰Û„‡ Ô‡ÚËfl – åËÌ¯ÛÚÓ (ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl),ÓÚÌÓ‚Ó Ò ä‡Ì ç‡ÓÚÓ. ûÍËÓ ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÑÂ-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ üÔÓÌËfl ÔÂÁ ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1999„. Ë ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ì‡ ÚÓÁË ÔÓÒÚ ‰Ó ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2002, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÒË ÔÓ‰‡‚‡ ÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡.Ç ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ÚÓÈ Â ̃ ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÑÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ Í‡Ï‡‡ Ì‡ üÔÓÌÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ, ä‡-Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ. íÓÈ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡-ÌËÂ, ÍÛÎÚÛ‡, ÒÔÓÚ, Ì‡ÛÍ‡ Ë ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË Ë äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯ÌË ‡·Ó-ÚË. É-Ì ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ Â Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Ç˙Ì¯ÂÌ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ÒflÌÍ‡ Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ÓÔÓÁËˆËÓÌÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl – ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ üÔÓÌËfl.

ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â ËÁÛ˜‡‚‡ ıÛÏ‡ÌËÚ‡ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË („˙ˆÍË-Î‡ÚËÌÒÍË) ‚“Institute Saint Jean Berchmans” ãËÂÊ (ÅÂÎ„Ëfl), ÒÎÂ‰ ÍÓÂÚÓ Á‡‚˙¯‚‡Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ãËÂÊ ÔÂÁ 1981„. èÂÁ 1985„. „-Ì ê‡ÈÌ‰Â‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÏÂÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ò Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËÂÚÓ ÏÛ Á‡ ÉÂÌÂ‡ÎÂÌ ‰ËÂÍ-ÚÓ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ç‡ÎÓÌÒÍËfl Â„ËÓÌ, ÔÓÒÚ ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡ÂÏ‡ ‰Ó1988„. èÂÁ 1987„. ÚÓÈ ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Í‡ÚÓ ¯ÂÙ Ì‡Í‡·ËÌÂÚ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ï. åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎfl Ë åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙-‰ËÂÚÓ Ë ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÂÙÓÏË. ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â ÒÚ‡‚‡ ̃ ÎÂÌ Ì‡ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl /Parti Réformateur Libéral - PRL/‚˙‚ Ç‡ÎÓÌfl. èÂÁ 1992„. Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ PRL Ë ÒÚ‡‚‡˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡. É-Ì ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Â Ì‡˜ÂÎÓ Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ PRL ‚ É‡‰Ò-ÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ãËÂÊ (1995). èÂÁ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1995„. Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂ‰ÒÂ-‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ Ë Ó·Î‡ÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ îÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ PRL.èÂÁ 2002„. ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ÙÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ Ù‡ÌÍÓÙÓÌÒÍÓÚÓ ÂÙÓÏËÒÚÍÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ (Mouve-ment Réformateur – MR) ‚˙‚ Ç‡ÎÓÌfl, ‡ ÓÚ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2004 „. Â Ë èÂ‰-ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl – MR. É-Ì ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Â åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl ÓÚ ̨ ÎË 1999„., ‡ ÓÚ˛ÎË 2004 „. Â Ë á‡Ï. åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ, ÓÚ„Ó‚‡fl˘ Á‡ ËÌÒÚË-ÚÛˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÂÙÓÏË.

Didier Reynders studies Humanities (Greek-Latin) at the “Institute Saint Jean Berchmans”Liège (Belgium), followed, in 1981, by law at theUniversity of Liège. In 1985, Mr. Reynders getsinvolved in local politics with his Director-General

appointment at the Ministry of the Walloon Region, a position he holds until1988. In 1987 he enters national politics as Chief of staff of the Deputy PrimeMinister, Minister of Justice and Institutional Reforms. Didier Reynders joinsthe PRL (Parti Réformateur Libéral/ Liberal Reform Party in Wallonia). In1992 he is elected Deputy Chairman of the PRL, becoming Member ofParliament. Mr. Reynders is Head of the PRL group in the Council of the Cityof Liège (1995). In October 1995 he is elected Chairman of the Provincialand District PRL Federation. He is also Chairman of the PRL-FDF group inthe Chamber from 1995 to 1999. In 2002 Didier Reynders is elected Chairman of the Provincial Federation ofthe Francophone Reformist Movement or MR /Mouvement Réformateur/in Wallonia and since October 2004, Chairman of the liberal MR party. Mr.Reynders becomes Minister of Finance in July 1999 and since July 2004 heis also Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Institutional Reforms.

Calin Popescu Tariceanu gains a M.Sc.degree in Research Informatics andMathematics from Bucharest University inRomania. Besides Romanian, Mr. T‡riceanuhas an excellent command of English andFrench languages.

In 1990 C‡lin Popescu T‡riceanu funds the National Liberal Party (PNL) inRomania. From 1990 to 1992 he is Secretary Executive of the PNL. He isMember of the Constituent Assembly (Parliament) from 1990 to 1992. From1993 to 2004 Mr. Popescu T‡riceanu is Vice-president of the PNL. He isState Minister and Minister of Industry and Commerce from 1996 to 1997.From 1996 to 2000 – Member of Parliament (MP), Commission forEconomic Politics, Reform and Privatization and from 2000 to 2004 - MP andVice-president of the Budget, Finance and Banks Commission. In 2003 Mr.Popescu Tariceanu becomes Vice-president of the European Liberal andDemocrat Party. Since October 2004 he is Ad interim president of the PNL.

ä‡ÎËÌ äÓÌÒÚ‡ÌÚËÌ ÄÌÚÓÌèÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ

èÂÏËÂ Ì‡ êÛÏ˙ÌËfl

ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Âá‡Ï. åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ

Ë åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl

ûÍËÓ ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡Ç˙Ì¯ÂÌ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ÒflÌÍ‡ Ì‡ üÔÓÌËfl

Yukio HatoyamaShadow Foreign Minister, Japan

13

Calin Constantin Anton Popescu -TariceanuPrime Minister of Romania

Didier ReyndersDeputy Prime Minister andMinister of Finance, Belgium

ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ èÎÂı‡ÌÓ‚ÒÍËfl ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ‚åÓÒÍ‚‡ Ò ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡. éÚ 1984„. ÚÓÈ Á‡ÂÏ‡ ÛÔ-‡‚ÎÂÌÒÍË ÔÓÁËˆËË ‚ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÛ‰‡ Ë ‚ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÍËflÒ˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ëëëê. èÂÁ 1989„. ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ Á‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒ-ÍË ÂÙÓÏË Ì‡ ‡Í‡‰. Ä·‡ÎÍËÌ. èÂÁ 1990„. ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Ò˙ÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡ Á‡ ÔÂ-ıÓ‰ Í˙Ï Ô‡Á‡Ì‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡, Ì‡Â˜ÂÌ‡ “500 ‰ÌË”. á‡ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ÌÂÚÓÌ‡ Ú‡ÁË ÔÓ„‡Ï‡, ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Â Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ Á‡ á‡Ï.-ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡-ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êëîëê Ë èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ñ˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl Ì‡ ëëëê Á‡ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ÂÙÓÏË. èÂÁ 1991„. ÚÓÈ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ ‰Û„‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡ - Á‡ËÌÚÂ„Ë‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÚÒÍ‡Ú‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Í˙Ï Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡. èÂÁ 1992„.ÌÂ„Ó‚ËflÚ ÂÍËÔ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ Â‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Â„ËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡ Á‡ ‡Á-‚ËÚËÂ ‚ Â„ËÓÌ‡ Ì‡ çËÊÌË çÓ‚„ÓÓ‰ – “êÂÙÓÏË ÓÚ‰ÓÎÛ”. É-Ì ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Â ‚ Ñ˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÑÛÏ‡ ÓÚ 1993„. êÛÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡-ÚËfl "ü·ÎÓÍÓ" ÒÂ Û˜Â‰fl‚‡ ÔÂÁ 1995„. ç‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚÒÍËÚÂ ËÁ·ÓË ÔÂÁ1996„. Ë 2000„., ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Á‡ÂÏ‡ Ò˙ÓÚ‚ÂÚÌÓ ˜ÂÚ‚˙ÚÓ Ë ÚÂ-ÚÓ ÏflÒÚÓ. èÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ, ÚÓÈ Â èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡„ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ “ü·ÎÓÍÓ” ‚ Ñ˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÑÛÏ‡.

ÄÎ‡Ò‡Ì ì‡Ú‡‡ Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ ‚ËÒ¯ÂÚÓ ÒË Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ‚ èÂÌÒËÎ‚‡ÌÒÍËflÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ, îËÎ‡‰ÂÎÙËfl, ëÄô, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡. çflÍÓË ÓÚ ÔÓ-ÁÌ‡˜ËÏËÚÂ ÔÓÒÚÓ‚Â, ÍÓËÚÓ „-Ì ì‡Ú‡‡ Á‡-ÂÏ‡ Ò‡: ÉÎ‡‚ÂÌ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÒÚ ‚ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËfl ‚‡ÎÛÚÂÌ ÙÓÌ‰ (åÇî), Ç‡-¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ, 1968 – 1973; ÖÍÒÔÂÚ ‚ ÓÙËÒ‡ Ì‡ èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎfl Ì‡ ñÂÌÚ‡Î-Ì‡Ú‡ ·‡ÌÍ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ-‡ÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë /BCEAO/ ‚ è‡ËÊ,1973 – 1975; á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ BCEAO ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î, 1983 – 1984;ÑËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ ÄÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËfl ‰ÂÔ‡Ú‡ÏÂÌÚ Ì‡ åÇî ‚˙‚ Ç‡¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ,1984 – 1988; èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ BCEAO ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î, 1988 – 1993;åËÌËÒÚ˙ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ äÓÚ Ñ’à‚Ó‡, ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 1990 – ‰Â-ÍÂÏ‚Ë 1993; ÄÒËÒÚÂÌÚ Ì‡ ìÔ‡‚Îfl‚‡˘Ëfl ‰ËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ åÇî – ˛ÎË1994, ˛ÎË 1999; éÚ 1 ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1999 - èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓÓ·Â‰ËÌÂÌËÂ /Rassemblement des Républicains/, ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ‚äÓÚ Ñ’à‚Ó‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ËÏ‡ ÒÚ‡ÚÛÚ Ì‡ Ô˙ÎÌÓÔ‡‚ÂÌ ˜ÎÂÌ ‚ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflàÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î (ÓÚ äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î – ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2003„.)

Sam Rainsy leaves Cambodia for France in1965 and returns back in 1992. While inFrance, he receives university degrees inPolitical Science, Economics, Accountingand Business Administration. Prior to enter-

ing politics, Mr. Rainsy serves as Bank Director at Paluel-Marmont (1985- 1988), and also as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of DR Gestion(1988 - 1992) in France. Sam Rainsy is a founding member of the FUNC-INPEC Party, created in 1992, and serves as a member of their steeringcommittee (1992 - 1995). From 1992 until 1993, he is a member of theSupreme National Council of Cambodia and in 1993 is elected Memberof Parliament. Mr. Rainsy is Finance Minister of the Royal Governmentof Cambodia (1993 - 1994) and also President of the Khmer Nation Party(1995 - 1998). Since 1998 Sam Rainsy serves as President of the SamRainsy Party (the Liberal Party of Cambodia) and is elected Member ofParliament for Kompong Cham province. Mr. Rainsy is now also theleader of the opposition in Parliament, which is represented by 15National Assembly members and 7 Senators.

Alassane Quattara gains a PhD inEconomics from the University ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Some ofthe positions, which Mr. Quattara holdsare: Chief Economist at the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF), Washington DC,

1968 – 1973; Expert at the office of the Chairman of the West AfricanCentral Bank /BCEAO/ in Paris, 1973 – 1975; Deputy Chairman of theWest African Central Bank in Dakar, Senegal, 1983 – 1984; Director ofthe African department at the IMF, Washington DC, 1984 – 1988;Chairman of the West African Central Bank in Dakar, Senegal, 1988 –1993; Prime Minister of the Republic of Ivory Coast, November 1990 –December 1993; As of August 1999 – Chairman of the Rally of theRepublicans /Rassemblement des Républicains/, Ivory Coast's politicalparty, member of Liberal International since the Dakar Congress inSenegal – October 2003.

ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Ì‡ÔÛÒÍ‡ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ ÔÂÁ 1965„. Ë ÒÂ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ ‚˙‚ î‡Ì-ˆËfl. íÓÈ ÒÂ ‚˙˘‡ Ó·‡ÚÌÓ ‚ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ Â‰‚‡ ÔÂÁ 1992„. Ç˙‚ î‡ÌˆËflÚÓÈ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚÒÍË ‰ËÔÎÓÏË ÔÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË, ËÍÓÌÓ-ÏËÍ‡, Ò˜ÂÚÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ë ·ËÁÌÂÒ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËfl. èÂ‰Ë ‰‡ ‚ÎÂÁÂ ‚ ÔÓÎË-ÚËÍ‡Ú‡, „-Ì êÂÈÌÁË ‡·ÓÚË Í‡ÚÓ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒÓ‚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ÚÓ Ë ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËˆËÓ-ÌÂÌ ÏÂÌË‰Ê˙ ‚ ‡ÁÎË˜ÌË ÙËÌ‡ÌÒÓ‚Ë ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ‚ è‡ËÊ, Í‡ÚÓ ·‡Ì-ÍÓ‚ ‰ËÂÍÚÓ ‚ Paluel-Marmont, (1985 - 1988) Ë Í‡ÚÓ èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ë ÉÎ‡-‚ÂÌ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÂÌ ‰ËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ DR Gestion (1988 - 1992). ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Â ˜ÎÂÌ-ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl FUNCINPEC, Û˜Â‰ÂÌ‡ ÔÂÁ1992„. Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÛÔ‡‚ËÚÂÎÌËfl È Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÓÚ 1992 ‰Ó 1995„. éÚ 1992 ‰Ó1993„. Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ç˙ıÓ‚ÌËfl Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÂÌ Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡, ‡ ÓÚ 1993‰Ó 1998„. - ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÌ ‡ÈÓÌ ëËÂÏ êËÔ. É-ÌêÂÈÌÁË Â îËÌ‡ÌÒÓ‚ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ä‡ÎÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ä‡Ï·Ó-‰Ê‡ ÓÚ 1993 ‰Ó 1994„., ‡ ÓÚ 1995 ‰Ó 1998„. - èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ïÏÂÒÍ‡-Ú‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl. éÚ 1998„. ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Â èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÎË·Â-‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ – è‡ÚËfl ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Ë Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ ˜ÎÂÌÌ‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÌ ‡ÈÓÌ äÓÏÔÓÌ„ ó‡Ï. É-Ì êÂÈÌÁË Ò˙˘ÓÚ‡Í‡ Â Ë ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ÓÔÓÁËˆËflÚ‡ ‚ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡.

Grigory Yavlinsky holds a PhD degreefrom the Moscow Plekhanov's Institute ofEconomy. From 1984 he occupies seniorpositions at the Labour Ministry and thenthe Council of Ministers of the USSR. In1989 Mr. Yavlinsky becomes member of

the Academician Abalkin's Commission for economic reforms. In 1990 Grigory Yavlinsky proposes a political programme for transition toa market economy - "500 Days". To implement the programme, Yavlinskyis appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSRand Chairman of the State Commission of the USSR for EconomicReform. In 1991 he puts forward another progamme for integration of theSoviet economy into the world economy - "The Grand Bargain". Mr.Yavlinsky begins working in the State Duma in 1993. In 1995 Yabloko iscreated, a Russian civil democratic party. Grigory Yavlinsky is a presi-dential candidate in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections in Russia.He comes respectively fourth and third. At present, Mr. Yavlinsky is Headof the Yabloko faction in the State Duma.

Dr Grigory Alexeevich YavlinskyChairman of the RussianDemocratic Party YABLOKO

ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍËèÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÛÒÍ‡Ú‡

‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl üÅãéäé

Alassane Dramane OuattaraLeader of the Rally of theRepublicans (RDR), Ivory Coast

ÄÎ‡Ò‡Ì Ñ‡Ï‡Ì ì‡Ú‡‡ãË‰Â Ì‡ Rassemblement des Réépublicains,

äÓÚ Ñ’à‚Ó‡

16

Sam RainsyMP, President of the Sam RainsyParty, Cambodia

ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁËóÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡, èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl

ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË, ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡

ÄÚÛ å‡Ò ËÏ‡ ‚ËÒ¯Â Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ÔÓ ÙËÏÂÌË Ì‡ÛÍË Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡.èÂÁ 1987 „. ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Á‡ Û˜‡ÒÚËÂ ‚ ÎËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ Í‡Ú‡-ÎÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÍÓ‡ÎËˆËfl Convergencia i Unio /CiU/ Á‡ ËÁ·ÓËÚÂ Á‡ é·˘ËÌ-ÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚ ‚ „‡‰ Å‡ÒÂÎÓÌ‡, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ Â ËÁ·‡Ì ÔÂÁ 1991 Ë ÔÂËÁ·‡ÌÔÂÁ 1995 „. ëÎÂ‰ Ó·˘ËÌÒÍËÚÂ ËÁ·ÓË ÔÂÁ 1995 „. ÒÚ‡‚‡ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ËÌˆËfl ä‡Ú‡ÎÓÌËfl ÓÚ ÎËÒÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ CiU, ‡ ÔÂÁ Ò˙-˘‡Ú‡ „Ó‰ËÌ‡ èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ˙Ú Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Convergència Democràtica deCatalunya „Ó Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡ Á‡ ë˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ ÔÓ ÚÂËÚÓË‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË ‰ÂÎ‡. èÂÁ ÒÎÂ‰‚‡˘‡Ú‡ „Ó‰ËÌ‡ ÚÓÈ Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂ-ÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ îÂ‰Â‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Å‡ÒÂÎÓÌ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ConvergènciaDemocràtica de Catalunya. èÂÁ 1997 „. Á‡ÂÏ‡ ‰Î˙ÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ë˙‚ÂÚÌËÍÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ë ÙËÌ‡ÌÒË. éÚ ÙÂ‚Û‡Ë 2000 „. ‰Ó ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2003„. ÂÉÓ‚ÓËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ä‡Ú‡ÎÓÌËfl. éÚ flÌÛ‡-Ë 2001„. ‰Ó ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2003„. Â èÂÏËÂ-ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ä‡Ú‡ÎÓÌÒÍÓÚÓ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó. ç‡ 12 ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 2000„. Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ ÉÂÌÂ‡-ÎÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya Ë ÔÓ-Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ Â ÌÂËÌ ÎË‰Â.

Kristina Ojuland graduates in law from theUniversity of Tartu in 1990 and in diplomacy fromthe Estonian School of Diplomacy in 1992. Shealso studies at the Graduate Institute ofInternational Studies, Geneva (1992) and at the

Diplomatic Academy of Vienna (1993). Besides Estonian, she speaksEnglish, Russian, French and elementary Finnish.1993 - 1994 – Estonia's Representative in the Council of Europe; 1994 -Member of the 7th Parliament of the Republic of Estonia; 1995 - 2002 –Foreign Secretary of the Estonian Reform Party; 1995 - 2003 – Member ofthe 8th and the 9th Parliament of the Republic of Estonia; 1996 - 1997 and1999 - 2000 – Member of Tallinn City Council; 1996 - 2002 – Vice-Presidentof the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE); 1999 -2002 – Chairperson of the ELDR faction in the PACE; 1999 - 2002 Vice-Chairman of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR);2003 - 2005 – Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia; 2005 -Member of the 10th Parliament of the Republic of Estonia (EstonianReform Party faction), Chairman of the European Union Affairs Committeeand member of the Constitutional Committee

äËÒÚËÌ‡ é˛Î‡Ì‰ Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Ô‡‚Ó Ë ‰ËÔÎÓÏ‡ˆËfl ‚ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl. íflÛ˜Ë Ë ‚˙‚ ÇËÒ¯Ëfl ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ÔÓ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ÜÂÌÂ‚‡(1992 „.) Ë ÑËÔÎÓÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl Ì‡ ÇËÂÌ‡ (1993). éÒ‚ÂÌÂÒÚÓÌÒÍË, Úfl ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË, ÛÒÍË, ÙÂÌÒÍË Ë ËÏ‡ Ì‡˜‡ÎÌËÔÓÁÌ‡ÌËfl ÔÓ ÙËÌÎ‡Ì‰ÒÍË.1993 – 1994 – èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl ‚ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡;1994 – óÎÂÌ Ì‡ 7-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl; 1995– 2002 ëÂÍÂÚ‡ ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÖÒÚÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÂÙÓÏ‡-ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl; 1995 – 2003 – óÎÂÌ Ì‡ 8-ÚÓ Ë 9-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌË Ò˙·‡-ÌËfl Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl; 1996 - 1997, 1999 – 2000 – óÎÂÌ Ì‡ É‡‰-ÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ í‡ÎËÌ; 1996 – 2002 – ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ è‡Î‡ÏÂÌ-Ú‡Ì‡Ú‡ ‡Ò‡Ï·ÎÂfl Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (èÄëÖ); 1999 – 2002 –èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡-ÚË˜Ì‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl (ÖãÑê) ‚ èÄëÖ; 1999 – 2002 –á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÖãÑê; 2003 – 2005 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl; 2005 - óÎÂÌ Ì‡ 10-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·-‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl ÓÚ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÖÒÚÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÂÙÓÏ‡-ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl, èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‚˙ÔÓ-ÒË Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl

ÑÊ. ÙÓÌ Ä‡ÚÒÂÌ Û˜Ë Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ë‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ Ì‡ ÄÏÒÚÂ-‰‡Ï (ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl). éÚ 1971 ‰Ó 1974„. Â ëÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡„ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ ç‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl (Volkspartij voorVrijheid en Democratie/ VVD) ‚ ä‡Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ Ì‡ ıÓ-Î‡Ì‰ÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. éÚ 1974 ‰Ó 2002 – ÑËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ Ì‡Û˜ÌÓÚÓ·˛Ó Ì‡ VVD - Prof. Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting, ÓÚ 1979 ‰Ó 1983 – ç‡˜‡Î-ÌËÍ Ì‡ Í‡ÌˆÂÎ‡ËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌËfl ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓÌ‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË; ÓÚ 1983 ‰Ó 1985 – á‡Ï.-ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÂÌ ÒÂÍÂ-Ú‡ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË; ÓÚ 1985 ‰Ó 1994– èÓÒÚÓflÌÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·Ó-ÚË; ÓÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1998 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÒÂÎÒÍÓÚÓ ÒÚÓÔ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÓÍÓÎÌ‡-Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ Ë Ë·ÓÎÓ‚ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ; ÓÚ 1998 ‰Ó 2002 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯-ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÓÚ 2002 – ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ä‡Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂÌ‡ ıÓÎ‡Ì‰ÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ‡ÁÛÁÌ‡‚‡ÌÂ Ë ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚ.

J.J. van Aartsen reads Law at the Free Universityof Amsterdam (the Netherlands). From 1971 to1974 he is Official secretary of the People’s Partyfor Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voorVrijheid en Democratie/ VVD) parliamentaryparty in the Dutch House of Representatives.

From 1974 to 2002 - Director of the Prof. Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting, the sci-entific bureau of the VVD; from 1979 to 1983 - Chief clerk to the permanentsecretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs; from 1983 to 1985 - Deputy per-manent secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs; from 1985 to 1994 -Permanent secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs; from 1994 to 1998 -Minister of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries; from 1998 to2002 - Minister for Foreign Affairs; and since May 2002 - Member of theDutch House of Representatives and Member of the Intelligence andSecurity Services Committee.

Artur Mas holds a post-graduate degree inManagement and Economics. In 1987 hereceives a proposal to participate in theelectoral lists of the Catalan coalitionConvergencia i Unio /CiU/ in the run for

Municipal Council elections in Barcelona. He is elected in the MunicipalCouncil in 1991 and re-elected in 1995. After the municipal election in 1995,he becomes Member of Parliament in the Catalan Parliament as a repre-sentative of the CiU. The same year he is appointed by the DemocraticConvergence of Catalonia /CDC/ party President, as Councillor inTerritorial Policy and Public Works. In 1996 Mr. Mas is elected for Presidentof the Barcelona Federation of the CDC party. In 1997 he holds the posi-tion of Councillor in Economy and Finance. From 2000 to 2003 Artur Masis Government Spokesperson of the Catalonia’s AutonomousGovernment. From January 2001 to December 2003 Mr. Mas is Head ofthe Presidency Department of Catalonia’s Autonomous Government. He iselected Secretary General of the Democratic Convergence of Cataloniaparty in November 2000 and is currently its leader.

Artur Mas i GavarróóLeader of the DemocraticConvergence of Catalonia /CDC/

ÄÚÛ å‡ÒãË‰Â Ì‡ Convergèència Democrààtica

de Catalunyaa

17

ÑÊÓÁË‡Ò ÙÓÌ Ä‡ÚÒÂÌóÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡, ãË‰Â Ì‡ ç‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl

Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl / VVD/, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl

Jozias van AartsenMP, Leader of the People’s Party for Freedomand Democracy /VVD/, the Netherlands

äËÒÚËÌ‡ é˛Î‡Ì‰óÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ÖÒÚÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡

ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl

Kristiina OjulandMP, Estonian Reform Party

ä‡Í‚Ó ÒÔÓÂ‰ ‚‡Ò Â Ò˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ‚Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ë Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ‚ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ Ò ÚÓ‚‡ ÓÚÔÂ‰Ë ‰‚Â-ÚË ‰ÂÒÂÚËÎÂÚËfl?

é·˘‡Ú‡ Í‡ÚËÌ‡ ÌÂ Â Â‰ÌÓÁÌ‡˜Ì‡. Ç ÌflÍÓË ˜‡ÒÚË Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚ‡ ÒÏÂ Ò‚Ë‰Â-ÚÂÎË Ì‡ Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÔÓÏflÌ‡, Ì‡ÔËÏÂ Ú‡Ï, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ÛıÌ‡ı‡ ÍÓÏÛÌËÒÚË˜ÂÒ-ÍËÚÂ ÂÊËÏË ËÎË ‡‚ÚÓËÚ‡ÌË ‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÛË. ç‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡ ÒÂ Ë ÌÓ‚‡ ‚˙ÎÌ‡Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÁ‡ˆËfl ·ÎËÁÓ ‰Ó Ì‡¯ËÚÂ „‡ÌËˆË ‚ ÄÁËfl, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ıÓ‡Ú‡ÍÓÔÌÂflÚ Á‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl, ‚˙ıÓ‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ë Ô‡Á‡Ì‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡.Ç˙ÔÂÍË ÚÓ‚‡, ÌËÂ ‚ÒÂ Ó˘Â ÒÂ Ò·Î˙ÒÍ‚‡ÏÂ Ò fl‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÂ‰Ë Ìfl-ÍÓÎÍÓ ‰ÂÒÂÚËÎÂÚËfl ÒÂ Ì‡‰fl‚‡ıÏÂ, ˜Â ˘Â ·˙‰Â ÔÓ„Â·‡ÌË Ì‡Á‡‰ ‚ ËÒÚÓ-ËflÚ‡. ëÚ‡‚‡ ‚˙ÔÓÒ Á‡ Ú‡ÙËÍ‡ Ì‡ ıÓ‡, ‰ÂÚÒÍËfl ÚÛ‰ ËÎË „ÂÌËÚ‡Î-ÌÓ ÓÒ‡Í‡Úfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÊÂÌË (Ó·flÁ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ). Çfl‚‡Ï, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ë„‡Â ‚Ó‰Â˘‡ ÓÎfl. çËÂ Úfl·‚‡ Ò˙˘Ó ‰‡ÒÂ Û‚ÂËÏ, ̃ Â Ì‡¯ËÚÂ ÔÓÒÚËÊÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó-‰Ë ÌflÏ‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Á‡ÒÚ‡¯ÂÌË ÔÓ ÌËÍ‡Í˙‚ Ì‡˜ËÌ. ëÎÂ‰ ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ÓÚ11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÒÂ ÔÓfl‚Ëı‡ ÌÓ‚Ë Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒ-ÍËÚÂ ÌË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. èÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ÒÙÂ‡ ËÎË Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Á‡‰˙Ê‡ÌËÚÂ, Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÏË„‡ÌÚËÚÂ, Ì‡ ÔÂ‰-ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ Ì‡ Ï‡ÎˆËÌÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡ Ì‡ ‡ÌÚËÒÂÏËÚËÁÏ‡, ‡ÒËÁ-Ï‡ Ë ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·ËflÚ‡ Â flÒÌÓ, ˜Â ÌËÂ ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂÏ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÎÂÊËÏ Ì‡ Î‡‚ËÚÂ ÒË.èÓ Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡, ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰, Á‡ ÍÓËÚÓ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍËÚÂÔ‡‚‡ ‚ËÌ‡„Ë Ò‡ ·ËÎË ÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌ ÂÎÂÏÂÌÚ, Ò‡ ÔÓ-‡‰ÂÍ‚‡ÚÌË ÓÚ ‚ÒflÍÓ„‡.

åÌÓ„Ó ıÓ‡ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ̃ Â ‚ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò˙Ò Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÂÌÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ‚˙ÔÂÍË ˜Â ‚‡„˙Ú ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÍËÂ ÒÂ‰ Ì‡Ò, ‚ÒÂ Ô‡Í„‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÌÂ ·Ë‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌË Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡Ì‡ Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ä‡Í‚Ó Â ‚‡¯ÂÚÓ ÏÌÂÌËÂ?èË ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÒÔ‡-‚Â‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‰ÓÔÛÒÌ‡ÚÓ ÏÂÍËÚÂ,ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË Á‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ÓÚ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌË ËÎË ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌË ‡ÍÚÓ‚Â ‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÓÔ‡flÚ ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Î-ÌËÚÂ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ë Ì‡ ÚÂÁË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË. åÂÍËÚÂ, ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË ÔÓÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Á‡ ·Ó·‡ Ò ÚÂÓ-ËÁÏ‡ Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛ÁÚfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ò‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌË Ë Ò˙„Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ÌË, Ò˙Ó·‡Áfl‚‡ÈÍËÒÂ Ò˙Ò ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ ÍÓÏÔÂÚÂÌÚÌÓÒÚ. èÓ Ò˙˘Ëfl Ì‡˜ËÌ Úfl·-‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌÓ, ˜Â ‚ÒflÍÓ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ, ÒÍÎ˛˜ÂÌÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û Öë ËÚÂÚË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰Ì‡Ú‡ ËÎË‚˙ÚÂ¯Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ ÌË‚Ó, ÒÂ ÔË‰˙Ê‡ Í˙Ï Á‡ÍÓ-ÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ë˙˛Á‡ Ë Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌÓ Ë Ò˙„Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ÌÓ.

ÇÒÂ ÔÓ‚Â˜Â Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔÂÏÂÒÚ‚‡ „‡ÌËˆËÚÂ ÏÛ Í˙Ï, ‚ ËÁ‚ÂÒ-ÚÌ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ-ÌÂÒÚ‡·ËÎÌË ‡ÈÓÌË Ë ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÓ-·Â‰ÌË‰˙Ê‡‚Ë ‚ ÌÂ„Ó, ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡˘‡ ÒÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ ÙË-ÁË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. àÏ‡Ú ÎË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË‚ËÁËfl Á‡ ÒÔ‡‚flÌÂ Ò˙Ò Á‡‡Ê‰‡˘‡Ú‡ ÒÂ ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·Ëfl Ë Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ-ÚÓ Ì‡ Í‡ÈÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÒÌË Ì‡ÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë?

çËÂ ÛÒÂ˘‡ÏÂ, ˜Â ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ ‰ÓÍ‡Á‡, ˜Â ÒÏÂ Ô‡‚Ë: ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ ‚ÒÚ‡Ëfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÂÌ Ó„‡Ì ·Â¯Â Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ „ÛÔ‡,ÍÓflÚÓ Â‰ËÌÓ‰Û¯ÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔfl¯Â ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á.ëÚ‡ı˙Ú Ë ˜ÂÒÚÓ ËÒÚÂËflÚ‡, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò˙Ô˙ÚÒÚ‚‡ı‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓÌ‡ ËÁÚÓÍ ÒÂ ÓÍ‡Á‡ı‡ ÌÂÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌË. çflÏ‡¯Â Ï‡ÒÓ‚‡ ÏË„‡ˆËfl Í˙Ï á‡-Ô‡‰‡ ÓÚ ÌÓ‚ËÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ë Öë ÌÂ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓ-Ï‡ÎÍÓ ÒÚ‡·ËÎÂÌ ÔÓ-‡‰Ë Ò‚ÓÂÚÓ ‡Á¯ËÂÌËÂ ‚ ñÂÌÚ‡ÎÌ‡ Ë àÁÚÓ˜Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡.äÎ˛˜˙Ú Í˙Ï ÚÓÁË ÛÒÔÂı ·Â¯Â, ˜Â ÌÓ‚ËÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË Úfl·‚‡¯Â ‰‡ ËÁÔ˙Î-ÌflÚ ÒÂËÓÁÌË ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ÍËÚÂËË ÔÂ‰Ë ÔËÒ˙Â‰Ë-Ìfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÒË Í˙Ï ë˙˛Á‡ Ë ÚÂ ÒÂ ÒÔ‡‚Ëı‡ Ò˙Ò Á‡‰‡˜‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆË-flÚ‡. é˜Â‚Ë‰ÌÓ Â, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔ‡ ‚Â˜Â ÌÂ Â ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡ Ë àÁÚÓ˜Ì‡,‡ ÔÓ ÒÍÓÓ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Â ÏÂÊ‰Û ÚÂÁË, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ Á‡ ÔÓ-ÒËÎÌ‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ ËÚÂÁË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÊÂÎ‡flÚ Ì‡ “Ì‡ÒÚ˙ÔflÚ ÒÔË‡˜ÍËÚÂ” Ë ‰‡ ÔÂÍ˙ÒÌ‡Ú ÔÓˆÂ-

What in your view is the presentsituation of civil liberties on aEuropean and on a world scale incomparison with the situation oftwo-three decades ago?We have a mixed picture. In someparts of the world we have witnessedreal change, for instance with the fall ofcommunist regimes or authoritariandictatorships. There seems to be anew wave of democratisation close toour borders in Asia where people arelonging for democracy, the rule of lawand the market economy.However, we can still see phenomenathat we hoped that would be in thedustbin of history some decades ago,such as trafficking in human beings,

child labour or genital mutilation of women. I believe that Europe has to play a vanguard role. We also have to makesure that our achievements in terms of civil liberties are not jeopardizedin any way. There are new threats to our civil liberties in the post- 9/11world. In terms of privacy or detainees rights, the rights of immigrantsof people belonging to minorities, in the context of anti-semitism,racism and xenophobia it is clear that we cannot sit on our laurels.Therefore, the liberal agenda - that has always had human rightsamong its pivotal elements - is more relevant than ever.

Many people think that in the fight against the new internation-al terrorism, though the enemy could be hidden among us, stillthe civil liberties should not be limited at the expense of secu-rity strengthening measures. What is your opinion?To ensure a balance between the principles of freedom, justice andsecurity, measures taken to defend the values of democracy and free-dom against criminal or terrorist acts cannot be allowed to underminethe fundamental aspects of those values. Measures to fight terrorismand serious and organised crime inside the European Union throughEU legislation or cooperation must be necessary, legitimate, and pro-portionate, respecting the proper sphere of national competence.Similarly, it must be ensured that any agreement reached betweenthe EU and any third country in the implementation of justice andhome affairs policy at international level complies with existing EU leg-islation and is necessary, legitimate, and proportionate.

Growing number of EU citizens believe that the EU enlargement,which consequently shifts EU borders towards more unstableregions and includes poorer countries, increases the threat fortheir physical and social security. Do the European liberals anddemocrats have a vision for dealing with the rising xenophobiaand spreading of ultra-right sentiments across the EU?

We feel that time has proved us right: the liberal group in the old leg-islature had been the only political group that supported the enlarge-ment unanimously. The fear and often hysteria that surrounded the enlargement to theeast has proved to be unfounded. There was no mass migration to thewest from the new countries and the EU has not become less stabledue to its expansion to Central and Eastern Europe.

ÖÍÒÍÎÛÁË‚ÌÓ Á‡ ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ “2007”

ÉêÖöå ìéíëöç, ãË‰Â Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡-ÚËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE) ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ

GRAHAM WATSONLeader of the Alliance of Liberalsand Democrats for Europe in theEuropean Parliament

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The key to this success was that the new countries have to meet rigidpolitical and economic criteria before joining the Union and they haverisen to the task of integration. It is apparent that Europe is no longerdivided by geographical frontiers between West and East, rather thecleavages are between those who are for a stronger Europe and thosewho wish to step on the brakes and halt the process of integration andthe creation of a more democratic, accountable, effective and transpar-ent Europe as envisaged in the draft Constitution. I believe that the newConstitution, with the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights,is a considerable step forward. Liberals and Democrats in the European Parliament are unflinching intheir fight against racism, and xenophobia. Our latest initiative has beena resolution on the situation of the Roma in the European Parliament,which won the support of the full ALDE group.We have been behind a number of proposals aimed at creating a moreinclusive and wider interpretation of rights and we condemn any form ofdiscrimination. Among others, we have given our support in committeeto a report on minorities; have been supportive of a resolution on the 60thanniversary of the Holocaust and support the setting up of the Agency ofFundamental Rights with a strong mandate.

Many researchers believe that in the western world nowadays isobserved “trading” of freedom for security, which means thatwhatever measures against terrorist threats are put in place fromnow on, it can be considered that the enemies of the westerndemocracy have succeeded. How the Liberals will respond to thischallenge? The terrorist threat, and especially after the terrorist attacks of 11September 2001, has forced us to consider if we will need to sacrificefreedom to ensure strengthened security. However, I strongly believe thatwhilst fully committed to the common fight against international terrorismand organised crime, Liberals will and should remain forever vigilantagainst the erosion of personal freedom. Only when we accept giving uppersonal freedom has the enemy won. These were the principles onwhich my report on terrorism, adopted in the autumn of 2001, was based.

Which are in liberal terms the main threats, which the excessivestriving for security on an international scale poses before the indi-vidual freedom? How do you think these threats can be overcome?In the wake of the security focused policy environment of postSeptember 11, the member states governments are increasingly seek-ing to push through repressive policies through the EU, and then bring-ing them back home. One of my main concerns is the serious threat tothe right to privacy. As an example, the UK, Ireland, Sweden andGermany have recently supported communications surveillance policiesthrough the European Union and the UK is seeking to get ID cardsthrough the United Nations. Other examples concern the U.S. and the UKpushing for biometric passports at the UN-level (the International CivilAviation Organisation). I would consider this way of doing politics illicit, asit bypasses the national debate, and leaves the only democratically elect-ed institution in the Union, the European Parliament, to fight for the rightto privacy. To overcome these threats, the Liberals and Democrats have taken avery active stance, insisting that the governments objectively justify thesedraconian policy initiatives, seeking to raise public awareness and usingthe full legislative powers of the European Parliament to ensure that theproposals are not adopted without proper democratic scrutiny.

Ò‡ Ì‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl Ë Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÔÓ-‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡, ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌ‡,ÂÙÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ Ë ÔÓÁ‡˜Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡, Í‡ÍÚÓ Â ÔÂ‰‚Ë‰ÂÌÓ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒ-Í‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl. Çfl‚‡Ï, ˜Â ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl, Á‡Â‰ÌÓ Ò·˙‰Â˘ÓÚÓ ‰Ó·‡‚flÌÂ Ì‡ ï‡Ú‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ ÂÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎÌ‡ Í‡˜Í‡ Ì‡ÔÂ‰.ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ Ò‡ ÌÂÔÓ-ÍÓÎÂ·ËÏË ‚ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ‡ÒËÁÏ‡ Ë ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·ËflÚ‡. ç‡-¯‡Ú‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ì‡ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ ·Â¯Â ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËfl ‚Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÓÏËÚÂ, ÍÓflÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ˆflÎ‡Ú‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ ÄãÑÖ.çËÂ ÒÚÓËÏ Á‡‰ „ÓÎflÏ ·ÓÈ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ˆÂÎfl˘Ë ËÁ‡·ÓÚ‚‡ÌÂÚÓÌ‡ ÔÓ-Ó·ı‚‡ÚÌ‡ Ë ‡Á¯ËÂÌ‡ ËÌÚÂÔÂÚ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ë ÓÒ˙Ê-‰‡ÏÂ ‚ÒflÍ‡ ÙÓÏ‡ Ì‡ ‰ËÒÍËÏËÌ‡ˆËfl. çflÍÓË ÓÚ ÒÚ˙ÔÍËÚÂ ÌË ‚Ú‡ÁË ÔÓÒÓÍ‡ ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡Ú ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ ‚ ÍÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ Á‡ ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰ ÔÓ Ï‡Î-ˆËÌÒÚ‚‡Ú‡; ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ Á‡ ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰ 60 „Ó‰Ë¯ÌËÌ‡Ú‡ÓÚ ïÓÎÓÍÓÒÚ‡, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ä„ÂÌˆËfl Á‡ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ò˙Ò ÒËÎÌË Ô‡‚ÓÏÓ˘Ëfl.

åÌÓÁËÌ‡ ËÁÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎË ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ÔÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ á‡Ô‡‰-ÌËfl Ò‚flÚ ÒÂ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡ “Ú˙„Û‚‡ÌÂ” Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÒÏÂÚ-Í‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡, ˜Â Í‡Í‚ËÚÓ Ë ‰‡ Ò‡ÏÂÍËÚÂ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË ÓÚ ÚÛÍ Ì‡Ú‡Ú˙Í,ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ Ò˜ËÚ‡, ˜Â ‚‡„Ó‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÒ‡ ÛÒÔÂÎË. ä‡Í ˘Â ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓflÚ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ì‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÁ-‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ?íÂÓËÒÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Ë ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ Ú‡ÁË ÒÎÂ‰ ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ÓÚ11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 2001, ÌË Ì‡Í‡‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ Á‡ÏËÒÎËÏ ÔÓ ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ ‰‡ÎË ˘Â‚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ‰‡ ÔÓÊÂÚ‚‡ÏÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‚ ËÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. ÇÒÂ Ô‡Í, ‡Á Ú‚˙‰Ó ‚fl‚‡Ï, ˜Â ‰ÓÍ‡ÚÓ Ò‡ Ì‡Ô˙Î-ÌÓ ‡Ì„‡ÊË‡ÌË Ò Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËfl ÚÂÓË-Á˙Ï Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ, ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ˘Â Ë Úfl·‚‡‰‡ ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú ‚ËÌ‡„Ë ·‰ËÚÂÎÌË ÒÂ˘Û Ì‡Í˙Ìfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡. ë‡ÏÓ ÚÓ„‡‚‡, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÔÂ‰‡‰ÂÏ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ‚‡-„˙Ú ˘Â Â ÔÓ·Â‰ËÎ. íÓ‚‡ ·flı‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ, ‚˙ıÛ ÍÓËÚÓ ·Â¯Â ÓÒ-ÌÓ‚‡Ì ÏÓflÚ ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡, ÔËÂÚ ÔÂÁÂÒÂÌÚ‡ Ì‡ 2001.

äÓË ÒÔÓÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ ‚ËÊ‰‡ÌËfl Ò‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË,ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó-‰ÂÌ ÔÎ‡Ì ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÂ‰ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡? ä‡Í ÒÔÓ-Â‰ ‚‡Ò ÚÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎÂÌË?Ç ÂÁÛÎÚ‡Ú Ì‡ ÔËÎ‡„‡Ì‡Ú‡ ‚ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ÙÓÍÛÒË-‡Ì‡ ‚˙ıÛ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÒÎÂ‰ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë, Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË ‚ÒÂ ÔÓ‚Â˜Â ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏflÚ ‰‡ ÔÓÍ‡‡Ú Ó„‡-ÌË˜ËÚÂÎÌË ÔÓÎËÚËÍË ˜ÂÁ Öë, ‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ ‰‡ „Ë ÔËÎÓÊ‡Ú ‚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Â-ÌËÚÂ ÒË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë. Ö‰ÌÓ ÓÚ ÏÓËÚÂ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌË ÔËÚÂÒÌÂÌËfl Â ÒÂË-ÓÁÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ÒÙÂ‡. ç‡ÔËÏÂ, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, àÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, ò‚ÂˆËfl Ë ÉÂÏ‡ÌËflÌÂÓÚ‰‡‚Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔËı‡ ÏÂÍË, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl‚‡˘Ë ÒÎÂ‰ÂÌÂ Ì‡ ÍÓÏÛÌËÍ‡-ˆËËÚÂ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ Öë, ‡ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ÒÂ ÓÔËÚ‚‡ ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰ÂË Ë‰ÂÌÚËÙËÍ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÎË˜ÌË Í‡ÚË ˜ÂÁ ééç. ÑÛ„ ÔËÏÂ ‚ ÚÓ‚‡ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Â ÒÚÂÏÂÊ˙Ú Ì‡ ëÄô Ë ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰‡Ú·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË Ì‡ ÌË‚Ó ééç (˜ÂÁ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ó-„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍ‡ ‡‚Ë‡ˆËfl). ÅËı ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎËÎ ÚÓÁË Ì‡˜ËÌ Á‡Ô‡‚ÂÌÂ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Í‡ÚÓ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÂÌ, ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÚÓÈ ÔÂÒÍ‡˜‡Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËfl ‰Â·‡Ú Ë ÓÒÚ‡‚fl Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ ËÁ·-‡Ì‡ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl ‚ ë˙˛Á‡ – Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ – ‰‡ ÒÂ ·ÓËÁ‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ ÒÙÂ‡.á‡ ‰‡ ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎÂflÚ ÚÂÁË Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË, ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Á‡-ÂÏ‡Ú ‡ÍÚË‚Ì‡ ÔÓÁËˆËfl, Ì‡ÒÚÓfl‚‡ÈÍË Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Ó·ÂÍÚË‚-ÌÓ ‰‡ ‰ÓÍ‡Ê‡Ú Ô‡‚ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ë ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÏ‡ÌË-ÚÂ ‰‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ÒÍË ÏÂÍË. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏflÚ ‰‡ ÔÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÚÚÓ‚‡ ˜ÂÁ Ò˙·ÛÊ‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÚÓ Ò˙ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ Ë ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ Ô˙ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÌ‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ, Á‡‰‡ ·˙‰Â „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌÓ, ˜Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÚ‡ ÌÂ Ò‡ ÔËÂÚË ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ıÓ-‰fl˘‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡ Ò‡ÌÍˆËfl.

Whilst fully committed to the common fight againstinternational terrorism andorganised crime, Liberals will and should remain for-ever vigilant against the erosionof personal freedom

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Exclusive for “2007” Magazine

“ÇÒÂ ÔÓ-˜ÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ì‡¯ËÚÂ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë‰ÓÒÚÓÈÌÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌ Ï˙Ê Ë ÊÂÌ‡ Â ÔÓ‰ Â‰Ì‡ ÔÓ˜ÚËÌÂÛÎÓ‚ËÏ‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡. éÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÔÓ‰ ÔÂÚÂÍÒÚ‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ËÁ‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, Ò‡Ï‡Ú‡ Úfl Â ÊÂÚ‚‡Ì‡ ËÎË Ì‡È-Ï‡ÎÍÓÚÓÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÂÌ‡ Ì‡ ËÒÍ” Á‡fl‚fl‚‡ ÌÂÓÚ‰‡‚Ì‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ˙Ú Ì‡Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl(ÖãÑê) ‰- ÇÂÌÂ ïÓÈÂ ‚ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ ËÁÍ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ. ÑÛÏË, ÍÓËÚÓ flÒÌÓÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í˙Ï ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ Á‡ ‚˙ÁÍ‡Ú‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÒ‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡.Ç Ì‡¯‡Ú‡ Ó·˘‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ ËÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ÖãÑê ‚ËÌ‡„Ë Â ·ËÎ‡ ·‰ËÚÂÎÌ‡ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ‚ÒflÍ‡Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. èÂÁ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÌËÚÂ „Ó‰ËÌËÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡ÚË ÓÚ ÖãÑê ÛÒÔÂ¯ÌÓ ÔË‚ÂÊ‰‡Ú ‰Ó‚Ó‰Ë, ˜ÂÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎÂÌÓ Ì‡ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ ËÓ„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÓÔ‡Â ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ ËÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡. Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡Î-‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË Ë„‡flÚ ‚Ó‰Â˘‡ ÓÎfl Ë ÒÎÂ‰flÚ Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ,Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï Ò˙·Ë‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ËÌÙÓÏ‡ˆËfl Ë ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË ‰‡ÌÌË ‰‡ ÌÂÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú ÔÂÍÓÏÂÌË Ë Ú‡Í‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓÒÂ„ÌÂ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ.á‡ ‰‡ ‡ÍˆÂÌÚË‡ÏÂ ‚˙ıÛ Â‰ËÌ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ÓÚ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl‰ÌÂ‚ÂÌ Â‰, Ì‡¯‡Ú‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ ÒÂÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Ì‡ ÔË·˙Á‡ÌËÚÂ ÏÂÍË Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË Ò ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË ‰‡ÌÌË. ÑÓÍ‡ÚÓ ëÄôÁ‡ÔÎ‡¯‚‡Ú ‰‡ Ì‡ÎÓÊ‡Ú ‚ËÁÓ‚Ë Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËfl Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ Öë,ÍÓËÚÓ ÌÂ ÔËÚÂÊ‡‚‡Ú ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚÔ‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ Â¯Ë ‰‡ Ò˜ÂÚÂ ÚÓÁË ‡ÍÚ Í‡ÚÓ ÔÂ˜Í‡ ÔÂ‰ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ıÓ‡.èËÂÏ‡ÈÍË Ò „ÓÎflÏÓ ÏÌÓÁËÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰‡ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡ÚïÂÌËÍ ã‡ÍÒ (ò‚Â‰ÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ì‡Ó‰Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl)* Á‡ ÂˆËÔÓ˜ÌËfl ‚ËÁÓ‚ÏÂı‡ÌËÁ˙Ï, Ì‡ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÒË ÒÂÒËfl ‚ Í‡fl Ì‡ ‡ÔËÎ, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚÔ‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ËÁÔ‡ÚË ÓÒÚ˙ ÒË„Ì‡Î Ì‡ ëÄô ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌÓ ÂÒÚËÍÚË‚ÌËÚÂ ÒÚ˙ÔÍË Ì‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡Ú‡ “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì‡ ‚ËÁ‡”.ÑÓÍÎ‡‰˙Ú ÓÚ·ÂÎflÁ‚‡, ˜Â ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÒÂÚÚÂ ÌÓ‚ËÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë ˘Â ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÓÚ˙ÔÂ‚¯Ë ÓÚ ÚÓÁË ÂÊËÏ ÔËÔÓÒÂ˘ÂÌËÂ ‚ ëÄô ‰Ó 2007, ÌÓ Ë ÏÌÓ„Ó ÓÚ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂÓÚ Öë-15, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ î‡ÌˆËfl Ë ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ˘Â ·˙‰‡ÚÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Ì‡ Ò˙˘ËÚÂ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËfl, ÔÓ‡‰Ë ÌÂ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ÚÂıÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰‡Ú ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË ‰ÓÚ‡ÁË ÂÒÂÌ, Í‡Í‚ÓÚÓ Â ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ç‡¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ.ÇÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ ËÁÌÂÒÂÌËfl ÎË·Â‡ÎÂÌ ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚÔ‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÔËÍ‡Ì‚‡ Öë ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰Â “ÂˆËÔÓ˜Ì‡ ÍÎ‡ÛÁ‡” ÒÂ˘ÛÚÂÚË ÒÚ‡ÌË (Ú‡ÍË‚‡ Í‡ÚÓ ëÄô), ‡ÍÓ ‰‚ÛÒÚ‡ÌÌËÚÂ ÔÂ„Ó‚ÓËÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚Â ÒÚ‡ÌË ÌÂ ‡ÁÂ¯‡Ú ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ‡ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ ÚËÏÂÒÂˆ‡, äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ˘Â ËÏ‡ 6 ÏÂÒÂˆ‡ ‰‡ ÔÂ„Ó‚‡fl ÓÚ ËÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÖëÍ‡ÚÓ ˆflÎÓ Ò ÚÂÚ‡Ú‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓ ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ Á‡ ÓÚÏflÌ‡ Ì‡ ‚ËÁÓ‚ËÚÂËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌËfl ËÎË ‚ ÔÓÚË‚ÂÌ ÒÎÛ˜‡È ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰Â ÂˆËÔÓ˜ÌË ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌËfl. ïÂÌËÍ ã‡ÍÒ Ì‡ÔÓÏÌË, ˜Â “äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ Â ÔÓËÒÍ‡Î‡ Í‡ÈÌËflÚ ÒÓÍ Á‡‚ÎËÁ‡ÌÂ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ Ì‡ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌËflÚ‡ Á‡ ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË ‰‡ ·˙‰Â‡‚„ÛÒÚ 2006, ÏÓÎ·‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ÔÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ëÄô ÓÚı‚˙ÎflÚ.” óÂÁÔËÂÏ‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ‰‡‚‡Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ËÒÍ‡ÌÂ Ò Ì‡‰ÂÊ‰‡Ú‡, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚÒ˙‚ÂÚ ˘Â ÒÂ Ò˙Ó·‡ÁË Ò ÏÌÂÌËÂÚÓ, ËÁ‡ÁÂÌÓ ÓÚ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓËÁ·‡ÌËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË, ÍÓËÚÓ ˘ÂÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú ÊÂÚ‚Ë Ì‡ Ú‡ÁË ‰ËÒÍËÏËÌ‡ˆËfl. éÒÚ‡‚‡ÈÍË ·‰ËÚÂÎÌË,ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ‰ÓÔËÌÂÒ‡Ú Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‰‡ ÌÂ ·˙‰ÂÌ‡Í˙Ìfl‚‡Ì‡ ÓÚ ÏÂÍË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÛÊ ÒÂ ÓÔËÚ‚‡Ú ‰‡ fl Á‡˘ËÚflÚ.éÒ‚ÂÌ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÓÚÓ ÔÓ-„ÓÂ, ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ÓÚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ- ÎË·Â‡Î-‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË Ò‡ Ò˙‡‚ÚÓË Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÁ‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ı‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë ËÁË„‡‚‡ÚÍÎ˛˜Ó‚‡ ÓÎfl ‚ ËÁ‡·ÓÚ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÈÌËfl ÔÓÂÍÚ. ï‡Ú‡Ú‡ ËÁ‡Áfl‚‡ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ë Ô‡‚‡Ú‡, ÔËÂÏ‡ÌË ÓÚ ‚ÒË˜ÍË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë ËˆÂÎË ‰‡ Á‡˘ËÚË „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ ÁÎÓÛÔÓÚÂ·‡ Ò ‚Î‡ÒÚ.

“But, too often, freedom, the dignity of each and every woman or man isunder a more subtle threat in our modern societies. Not least when behindthe pretext of security and the defence of liberty, liberty itself is sacrificedor, at least, put at risk”, stated ELDR Party President Dr. Werner Hoyer, MdBin a recent political event, clearly identifying the liberal approach to thequestion of the relationship between freedom and security.In our common fight against international crime and terrorism, the ELDRhas always remained vigilant against any erosion of citizens’ freedoms. Inrecent years ELDR MEP’s have successfully argued that the fight againstterrorism and organised crime cannot be allowed to undermine the val-ues of freedom and democracy. They have played a major role in makingsure that measures on data retention and biometrics are not dispropor-tionate and invasive. To focus on one particular issue of interest to today’s political situation, ourParliamentary group has taken an active approach to slow down the hastyapproach to introduce biometric passports. Whilst the USA is threateningto impose visa requirements on EU citizens who do not possess biometricpassports from October 2005, the European Parliament decided to con-sider this as an obstacle to the free movement of persons.Adopting by a large majority the report by MEP Henrik Lax (SwedishPeople’s Party, Finland) on the visa reciprocity mechanism, the EuropeanParliament at its Brussels plenary session in the end of April, sent a strongsignal to the US over the excessively restrictive steps of the "free visa" pro-gramme. The report notes not only are citizens of the 10 new EU MemberStates submitted to this regime until 2007 when visiting the US but thoseof many of the EU-15 countries, including France and UK, will suffer thesame restrictions due to the inability of their governments to introduce bio-metric passports by this autumn as required by Washington.In following the liberal rapporteur, Parliament invites the EU to introduce a"reciprocity clause" against third countries (such as the US) if bilateralnegotiations over 3 months between the two sides fail to resolve the prob-lem, the Commission would have 6 months to negotiate on behalf of theEU as a whole and the third country in question for lifting the visa require-ment or else imposing a reciprocal requirement.Henrik Lax reminded that "the Commission has requested a deadline ofAugust 2006 for the entry into force of the biometric passport require-ments, which the US is currently refusing". By adopting the liberal report,the EP is lending its backing to that request in the hope that the Councilwill take account of the view expressed by the democratically elected rep-resentatives of Europe's citizens who will become victims of this discrimi-nation. By remaining vigilant, liberals can contribute to have freedom notbe undermined by measures that try to defend that very freedom.Furthermore liberal democrat MEP’s have co-authored Parliament’s pro-posals for the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, and played a keyrole in the Convention that drafted it. The Charter sets out the values andrights common to all European states and aims to safeguard the citizenfrom abuse of power.

* èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ‚˙‚ îËÌÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ ËÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ÄãÑÖ) – Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ ÖãÑê ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÔ‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ.

ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡.

Freedom and Security,the Liberal perspective

Daniel TanahatoePolitical Advisor European Liberal, Democratand Reform Party

20

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ãË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï,Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ

ä‡flÚ Ì‡ ëÚÛ‰ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ‚ÓÈÌ‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‰Â ÛÒÂ˘‡ÌÂÚÓ ÒÂ‰ ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡, ÌÂÒ‡ÏÓ ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÚÂ Ì‡ Û·Â‰ÂÌËÚÂ ÓÔÚËÏËÒÚË, ˜Â ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡Î-ÌÓÚÓ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚flÌÂ Ë Ì‡ ÔÂÏ‡ÌÂÌÚÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ÒÂ˘Û ËÌ‰Ë-‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â Á‡‚˙¯ËÎÓ.êÛı‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ë‰ÂÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËfl ‡ÌÚ‡„ÓÌËÒÚ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·-˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÎËˆÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍÓÏÛÌËÁÏ‡, ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ Ë ÏÌÂÌËfl, ˜ÂÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl Â ÔÓ·Â‰ËÎ‡ ‚ Ú‡ÁË ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ-‚ÂÍÓ‚Ì‡ Ì‡‰ÔÂ‚‡‡ Ë ‚Â˜Â ÌË˘Ó ÌÂ Á‡ÒÚ‡¯‡‚‡ÌÂÈÌËÚÂ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ÔËÌˆËÔË. éÍ‡Á‡ ÒÂ, ˜ÂÚÓ‚‡ Á‡ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌËÂ Â ·ËÎÓ ÔË·˙Á‡ÌÓ Ë Ó˜‡Í‚‡-Ì‡Ú‡ Â‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌÓ, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜-ÌÓ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÌÂ Ì‡Ò-Ú˙ÔË. ÅÂ‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Ï‡„ËÌ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡„ÓÎÂÏË „ÛÔË ÓÚ ıÓ‡, ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ËÁÓÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎÓÒÚ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ ÓÚ íÂÚËflÒ‚flÚ, Ì‡ÎË˜ËÂÚÓ Ë Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡Ú‡ ÓÚ ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ ·ËÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÌË Ë ‰Û„Ë Ó˙ÊËfl Á‡ Ï‡ÒÓ‚Ó ÛÌË-˘ÓÊ‡‚‡ÌÂ, Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ,ÂÚÌË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ Ì‡ÔÂÊÂÌËfl Ë Á‡Ï˙Òfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ ÔÓ‰˙ÎÊËı‡ ‰‡ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÚÍ‡ÚÓ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌË ÔÓ·ÎÂÏË.

Ç Í‡fl Ì‡ ÏËÌ‡ÎËfl Ë Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘Ëfl ‚ÂÍ Í˙Ï ÚÂÁËÙ‡ÍÚÓË Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌ‡ ÌÂÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ ÒÂ ÔË·‡‚Ë Ë Ó˘Â Â‰ËÌ. çfl-ÍÓÎÍÓ ÔÓÂ‰ÌË ‡ÍÚ‡ Ì‡ Ï‡˘‡·ÌÓ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ ÔÓÏÂÌËı‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌÓÚÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í˙Ï ÔÓ·ÎÂÏËÚÂ Ì‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ë Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. è˙‚ËflÚ Ë Ì‡È-Í˙‚ÓÔÓÎËÚÌËflÚ, ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ‚ ëÄôÓÚ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 2001, ÔÓÍ‡Á‡, ˜Â Ò‚ÂÚ˙Ú Â ËÁÔ‡‚ÂÌ ÔÂ‰ ÌÂÒË-ÏÂÚË˜Ì‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ÓÚ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï. äÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÏÂÍË Á‡ Á‡-˘ËÚ‡ ÌÂ Ò‡·ÓÚËı‡ ‚ Â‰Ì‡ ÓÚ Ì‡È-ÏÓ˘ÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌËÒ‚˙ıÒËÎË. éÍ‡Á‡ ÒÂ, ˜Â ‚‡„˙Ú ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÔÎ‡ÌË‡ Ò‚Ófl Û‰‡, ÔÓ‰„ÓÚ-‚flÈÍË ÒÂ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ‚˙ÁÌ‡ÏÂfl‚‡ ‰‡ ÚÂÓËÁË‡. íÓ‚‡ Ì‡-Í‡‡ ‡ÏÂËÍ‡ÌˆËÚÂ ‰‡ Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡Ú ÔÓˆÂÒ Ì‡ ÔÂÓÒÏËÒÎflÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡-ÚÂ„ËflÚ‡ ÒË Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë ‡ÁÍË ÔÂ‰ ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎËÚÂ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌË Ô‡-‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡, ˜Â ÒÂ Á‡‡Ê‰‡ Â‰Ì‡ ÌÓ‚‡ „ÂÓÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Â‡ÎÌÓÒÚ ËÌÓ‚ ‚Ë‰ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ ÊË‚ÓÚ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ ËÏ.

çflÍÓÎÍÓ ÏÂÒÂˆ‡ ÒÎÂ‰ Ú‡„Ë˜ÌËÚÂ Ò˙·ËÚËfl ‚ ëÄô, Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡ Ú.Ì‡.“ÇÓÈÌ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡”, ÍÓflÚÓ Ò ÚÂ˜ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ ‰Ó‚Â‰Â ‰ÓÌÂÒ˙„Î‡ÒËfl ‚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ Ë ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ ‚ÎÓ¯‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflÚ‡ÏÂÊ‰Û ÄÏÂËÍ‡ Ë Ö‚ÓÔ‡. íÓ˜ÌÓ ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ëÚ‡Ëfl ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ Á‡-ÔÓ˜Ì‡ı‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ˜Û‚‡Ú „Î‡ÒÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡, ÍÓËÚÓ Ó·‚ËÌfl‚‡ı‡ ‡ÏÂ-ËÍ‡ÌˆËÚÂ ‚ Ô‡‡ÌÓfl ‚ ÚÂıÌËfl ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ‚ÒÂÓ·ı‚‡ÚÌ‡ ÒË„Û-ÌÓÒÚ, ÒÂ ÒÎÛ˜Ëı‡ Ï‡‰Ë‰ÒÍËÚÂ ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚË ÓÚ 11 Ï‡Ú 2004. ÇË‰flÒÂ, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔ‡ ÌÂ Â ËÏÛÌËÁË‡Ì‡ ÒÂ˘Û ·ÂÁÛÏÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë Á‡ÔÎ‡-ıË Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌËfl ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï. êÛÒËfl, ‰Û„‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌ‡ Ò‚˙ıÒËÎ‡, Ò˙˘ÓÛÒÂÚË ÔÓ Ú‡„Ë˜ÂÌ Ì‡˜ËÌ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ-Ú‡ È, Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë Ú‡ÁË Ì‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË.

ëÎÂ‰ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë Ë 11 Ï‡Ú ÒÚ‡Ì‡ flÒÌÓ, ˜Â ‡ÍÚÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ „ÛÔË Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ÒÂ˘ÛÊË‚ÓÚ‡, ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Á‰‡‚ÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ÌÓ Ë Í˙Ï ‰Â-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË, ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl, ‚˙ıÛ ÍÓËÚÓÒÂ ÍÂÔflÚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. Ç ÚÓÁË ÒÏËÒ˙Î Á‡ÔÎ‡ıËÚÂ ÒÂ˘ÛÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌË ÓÚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÂÌ ÚÂÓËÁ˙ÏÒÂ ÓÍ‡Á‡ı‡ ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ÙËÁË˜ÂÒÍË, ÌÓ Ë ÏÓ‡ÎÌË.

Ç ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚ËÂ ‰ÓË Ë Ì‡È-„ÓÎÂÏËÚÂ ÒÍÂÔÚËˆË ·flı‡ Û·Â‰ÂÌË, ̃ Â Â ÌÛ-ÊÂÌ ÌÓ‚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Ë ÌÓ‚Ë ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡-·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ë ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ. Ç ÚÓÁË ÔÓˆÂÒ ·Â¯Â flÒÌÓ, ˜Â ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ (‚ÌÂÈÌ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ ÙÓÏ‡ ËÎË ‚˙‚ ÙÓÏ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ì‡‰Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ó·Â-‰ËÌÂÌËÂ) Â Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ËÏ‡ ÂÒÛÒ‡ Ë ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‰‡ÓÒË„ÛË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÚÓ ÌË‚Ó Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ëÚ‡ı˙Ú, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌ ÓÚÌ‡‰‚ËÒÌ‡Î‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡, Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌÓ Ì‡Í‡‡ ÏÌÓÁËÌÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ·ÂÁÛÒ-

21

Liberalism, freedomand security

The end of the Cold war made many believe, notonly among the hard optimists, that the time ofthe global confrontation and permanent threatagainst individual and collective freedom andsecurity has finished. The collapse of the ide-ological antagonist of the free societies, thecommunism, provoked opinions, that the liber-

al democracy has won in this half-century longrace and nothing anymore threatens its values

and principles. It turned out that such a conclusionhas been premature and the awaited era of a peace-

ful, free and democratic existence on a world scale didnot happen. The poverty and marginalization of large

groups of people, economic underdevelopment of the third worldcountries, threat of biological and other weapons of mass destruction,organized crime, ethnic conflicts and the environmental pollution continueto be a world concern.

At the end of past and the beginning of present century to these factorsof global instability has added one. Several consecutive acts of massiveviolence changed the world attitude towards the problems of national andinternational security. The first and the bloodiest one of these acts, theattacks from September 11, 2001, showed that the world is faced withasymmetric threat of terrorism. Conventional security measures did notwork even in the most politically and military powerful country. It turned outthat the enemy can get ready for an attack in the country, where the ter-rorist act is to take place. This forced Americans to start a process ofrethinking of their security strategy and also made other governmentsaround the world aware, that a new geopolitical reality and a new kind ofthreat for the life and security of their citizens have come into being.

Few months after the tragic events in the USA the so-called “War againstterrorism” began, which in the course of time led to disagreements aboutthe approach and worsened the relations between America and Europe.And exactly when the voices of many on the old continent, accusing theAmericans in paranoia, started to be heard, the attacks in Madrid fromMarch 11, 2004 happened. It was seen that Europe was not immunizedagainst the crazy acts and threats of the world terrorism. Russia also felt ina tragic way the threat against its national and civil security.

After September 11 and March 11 it was clear, that the acts of violence car-ried out by terrorist groups were aimed not only at the life, property andhealth of people, but also at the democratic institutions, values and princi-ples, on which the free societies are based. In that sense the threatsagainst security, caused by the modern international terrorism, turned outto be not only physical, but moral as well.

After September 11 and March 11 it was clear, that the actsof violence carried out by terrorist groups were aimed notonly at the life, property and health of people, but also at thedemocratic institutions, values and principles, on which thefree societies are based

ëÎÂ‰ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë Ë 11 Ï‡Ú ÒÚ‡Ì‡ flÒÌÓ, ˜Â‡ÍÚÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ„ÛÔË Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ÒÂ˘Û ÊË‚ÓÚ‡,ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Á‰‡‚ÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ÌÓ Ë Í˙Ï

ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË, ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËË ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl, Ì‡ ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ÍÂÔflÚ

Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡.

ÎÓ‚ÌÓ ‰‡ ÔËÂÏÂ, ̃ Â ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÒÚ˙ÔÍË, ËÌËˆËË‡ÌË ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡‚ Ú‡ÁË Ì‡ÒÓÍ‡, Ò‡ ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌË Ë ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË. ãË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÏËÒÎÂ˘ËÚÂıÓ‡ Ó·‡˜Â Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡ı‡ ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÔÓ ÚÓÁË Ì‡˜ËÌ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚-ÌËflÚ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÂ‰ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡,‚Â‰Ì˙Ê Á‡ÒÚ‡¯‡‚‡ÈÍË ÊË‚ÓÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË Ë ‚ÚÓË Ô˙Ú ‰‡‚‡ÈÍË Ì‡‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡, ÔÓ‰ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌËfl ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„ Á‡ ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl Ë ÔÂ‚‡ÌÚË‚Ì‡ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ‰‡ Ì‡‚ÎÂÁÂ ÔÓ-‰˙Î·ÓÍÓ ‚ ÌflÍÓË ÚËÔË˜ÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÌË Ë ÎË˜ÌËÒÙÂË. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ì‡Ô˙ÎÌÓ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ·flı‡ Ô˙‚ËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÓÔË-Ú‡ı‡ ‰‡ÎË ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Á‡ÏÂÌË Î˛-·Ó‚Ú‡ Í˙Ï Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÂ ÍÂÔË ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËflÚ Ò‚flÚ. çË-ÍÓÈ ÌÂ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Ë ÔÓ‰ Ò˙ÏÌÂÌËÂ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚÚ‡ ÓÚ ÚÓ‚‡, Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎ-ÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ ‰‡ ÔÓÎÓÊ‡Ú ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË ÛÒËÎËfl Á‡ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. çÓ ‚ÒÂ Ô‡Í ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËflÚ ÎË·Â‡-ÎÂÌ ‚˙ÔÓÒ ·Â: ‡ÍÓ ÔÂ‚‡ÌÚË‚ÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ‰Ó‚Â‰‡Ú ‰Ó ÌÂ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÚÂÓ-ËÒÚË˜Ì‡ ‡Ú‡Í‡ ‚ ÌÂÈÌËfl ÙËÁË˜ÂÒÍË ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ, ÌÓ ÌflÍÓË ËÒÍÓÌÌË ÎË·Â-‡ÎÌË Ô‡‚‡, Ì‡ ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ‡‰‚‡Ú ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ·˙‰‡Ú Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌË ‚ÚÓÁË ÔÓˆÂÒ, ÌÂ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡ ÎË ÚÓ‚‡, ˜Â ‚‡„Ó‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ò‡ÔÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÎË ÔÓ·Â‰‡ ‚ ÏÓ‡ÎÌËfl ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ Ì‡ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ – Ó„‡ÌË-˜ËÎË Ò‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë Ò‡ ‰Ó‚ÂÎË ‰Ó ÔÂÌÂ·Â„‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌË ÎË·Â‡Î-ÌË ̂ ÂÌÌÓÒÚË. Ç˙ÔÓÒ˙Ú Á‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Ëfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl Ò‚flÚ ·Â ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÂÌ Ì‡ ‰ÌÂ‚ÂÌ Â‰.

Ç ÒÎÂ‰‚‡˘ËÚÂ Â‰Ó‚Â ˘Â ·˙‰Â ‡Á„ÎÂ‰‡Ì ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Á‡ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ú‡ÍÓ‚‡ Ò˙ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ,ÍÓÂÚÓ ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ë Ò˙˘Â‚-ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‰‡ ÌÂ Ì‡Í˙Ìfl‚‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë,ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ ÂÒÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡. èÓÒÎÂ‰-‚‡˘ÓÚÓ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌËÂ ËÁıÓÊ‰‡ ÓÚ Û·ÂÊ‰ÂÌËÂÚÓ, ˜ÂËÏÂÌÌÓ ˜ÂÁ ÔË‰˙Ê‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ ˆÂÌ-ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ‰‡‰Â ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌ‡ ‰ËÎÂÏ‡Ú‡ “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ – ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ”.

íÂÓÂÚË˜ÌË ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË Ì‡ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í˙Ïë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡

ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÚÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í˙Ï‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ËÏ‡Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÍÓÂÌË ‚ Ú‡‰ËˆËflÚ‡, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌ‡ Ë ÔÓ-‰˙Ê‡Ì‡ ÓÚ Ë‰ÂÈÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Â‰Ëˆ‡ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍË ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË ÏËÒÎËÚÂÎË. èÂ‰Ë ‰‡ ‡Á„ÎÂ-‰‡ÏÂ ÓÚ„Ó‚Ó‡, ÍÓÈÚÓ ‰ÌÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË ÔÂ‰Î‡-„‡Ú ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Ëfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û „‡Ê‰‡Ì-ÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ‚˙ÌÂÏ Í˙Ï ÚÂÓÂÚË˜-ÌËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË, ÍÓËÚÓ ‰ÂÚÂÏËÌË‡Ú ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÏËÒÎÂÌÂ.

àÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Â Â‰Ì‡ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ˆÂÎË ÔË ÍÓÌÒÚË-ÚÛË‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó. íÛÍ ÌÂ ·Ë‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ·˙Í‡ ÓÌÁËÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ı‡, Í‡ÍÚÓ „Ó ÓÔËÒ‚‡ íÓ-Ï‡Ò ïÓ·Ò, ‡ ÔÓ-ÒÍÓÓ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ‚˙ÔÓÒ Á‡ ÊÂÎ‡ÌËÂ Á‡ Â‰, ÍÓÈÚÓ Úfl·‚‡‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË ‰‡ ÔÂÒÎÂ‰‚‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÎË˜ÌËÔÎ‡ÌÓ‚Â Á‡ ‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ Ë ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡‚‡ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ Ë ÌÂÌ‡-Í˙ÌËÏË ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍË Ô‡‚‡. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Í‡ÚÓ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó - Ú‡‰ËˆËfl Ë‰‚‡˘‡ ÓÚ ÑÊÓÌ ãÓÍ. ëÔÓÂ‰ ÌÂ„Ó ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ÓÚ Ò‚ÓÂÚÓ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ Ò˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁË‡˘ÓÒÂ Ò Ô˙ÎÌ‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ ÓÚ ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌË Ù‡ÍÚÓË, ÌÓ Ë ÌÂÔÂ‰Î‡„‡˘Ó ÌËÍ‡Í‚‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ ÓÚ Â‚ÂÌÚÛ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ò‚ÓÂ‚ÓÎËfl Ì‡ Úflı Ò‡-ÏËÚÂ, Á‡ ‰‡ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ú ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÒÓ·ÒÚ-‚ÂÌÓÒÚ – ‡Á·Ë‡Ì‡ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó Í‡ÚÓ Ò˙˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÊË‚ÓÚ ËËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó. í‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ Í‡‡ ıÓ‡Ú‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ Ò˙„Î‡ÒflÚ ‰‡ ÓÚ˜ÛÊ‰flÚ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÔÂı‚˙ÎflÈÍË fl Ì‡ Â‰ËÌ Ó·˘ÓÔËÂÚ Ë ÎÂ„Ë-ÚËÏÂÌ ‡„ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ ‚ ÎËˆÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡. É‡ÌËˆËÚÂÌ‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ò‡ flÒÌÓ ‰ÂÙËÌË‡ÌË ÓÚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ÏÂÊ‰Û ËÌ-‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ. íÂ ÒÂ ÔÓÒÚË‡Ú ‰Ó Ú‡Ï, ˜Â ‰‡ ‰‡‚‡Ú ÔÓÚÂÍˆËfl Ì‡ ÓÒ-ÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍË Ô‡‚‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÌÂÂ„Î‡ÏÂÌÚË‡ÌÓÚÓ ÔÓÒÂ„‡ÚÂÎÒÚ-‚Ó ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ Â‰ÌË ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Ë ÒÂ˘Û ‰Û„Ë. Ç ÚÓÁË ÒÏËÒ˙Î ˜Ó‚Â¯-

22

Subsequently even the biggest skeptics were convinced that a newapproach and new measures were needed in guaranteeing security. Inthe process of ensuring stability and security was clear that the state (inits national form or in the form of supranational union) is the only credibleinstitution, which has the resources and capacity to guarantee thedesired level of security. The fear, caused by the overhanging threat, ini-tially made the majority unconditionally to accept that all steps, undertookby governments were necessary and legitimate. However, liberal-thinkingpeople began warning that in this way, international terrorism puts in dan-ger personal freedom, on one hand by endangering everyone’s life andon the other, by paving the way for the state to intervene deeper in sometypically private and personal spheres, under the pretext for prevention andpreventive security. Unsurprisingly, Liberals were the first to ask whetherthe unconditional strive for security can replace the love for freedom, onwhich the democratic world is build. Nobody doubted the necessity gov-ernments to make their best for ensuring the security of their citizens. Butyet the logical liberal question was – if the preventive actions, aimed atgrater security, lead to inability of terrorist attack realization, in its physicalaspect, but on the other hand cause infringement of personal rights andliberties in the process, does not that mean that the enemies of democra-cy have won in the moral aspect of their threat – limited freedom and dis-regard for fundamental liberal values. The issue of proper balancebetween freedom and security was put on the agenda.

Below will be examined the liberal way for achieving such a balance offreedom and security, which will guarantee protection of the people andat the same time will not infringe the liberal civil rights and freedoms,

which are the essence of the democratic state. The followingexpose is based on the conviction that precisely by abiding

to the liberal values and principles an answer can begiven to the “Freedom – Security” dilemma.

Theoretical premises of theliberal approach to Freedom and Security

The present-day liberal approach to the issues of Freedom and Securityhas its roots in the tradition, based on the ideological heritage of a num-ber of classical liberal thinkers. Before examining the answer, which mod-ern Liberals propose with regard to proper balance between Freedomand Security, we ought to go back to the theoretical premises, whichdetermine the liberal thinking.

Personal security is one of the main objectives in building the human soci-ety. It should not be confused with the strive for security, triggered by thefear (as Thomas Hobbes describes it), but rather it is about desire fororder, which should guarantee the ability of everyone to pursue his/ herown conceptions of the good life and which should protect the naturaland irrevocable human rights. Liberals view the society as a contract –tradition, coming from John Locke. In his view, individuals give up theirstate of nature, characterized by full freedom and independence fromsocial factors (but at the same time not offering any protection againstpossible intrusions from other individuals) in order to protect their per-sonal property, interpreted as a combination of life, freedom and proper-ty. That is way people agree to give up part of their personal freedom,transferring it to a commonly accepted and a legitimate agent of gover-

ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜ÂÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„Û-

ÌÓÒÚ ·ÂÁ Ò˙Ó·‡Áfl‚‡ÌÂ Ò ˆÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ÚÓÁË ÒÚÂÏÂÊ, ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡

‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ë „‡Ê‰‡Ì-ÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó ÔÂÌ‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡

‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂÚÓ ÓÚ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰‡ Í˙Ï Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ÓÚ Ú‡Ï „‡ÌËˆ‡Ú‡ ‰Ó Á‡„Û·‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Â ÏÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÎÍ‡.

ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓÎÌÓ Â ÔËÂÎÓ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËÂ, Í‡ÚÓ ËÌÒÚËÚÛ-ˆËËÚÂ Ò‡ ËÁÍÛÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ Ò˙Á‰‡‰ÂÌË ÓÚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ ıÓ‡. àÌÒÚËÚÛˆË-ËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡, ÒÔÓÂ‰ ‡Á·Ë‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ãÓÍ Ë ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó-‚‡ÚÂÎË, Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ô‡ÁflÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ‰ÓÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡,‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl‚‡Ú, ÌÓ ÌË˘Ó ÓÚ‚˙‰ÚÓ‚‡. çÂ˘Ó ÔÓ‚Â˜Â, ‚ÒflÍÓ ÔÓ-Ì‡Ú‡Ú˙¯ÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡˘Ó Á‡-‰˙ÎÊËÚÂÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡, Â ÌÂÔ‡‚ÓÏÂÌÓ Ë ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂÔËÂÏÂ Í‡ÚÓ Ì‡Û¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡, Ì‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ ÒÂ ·‡ÁË‡ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂ-ÌËÂÚÓ. Ç ÚÓÁË ÒÏËÒ˙Î, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÏ‡‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Ò˙Ó·‡ÁÂÌË Ò Ì‡‡ÒÚ‚‡˘‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Ë Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ-ÂÙÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË, ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÓ ÌËÍ‡Í˙‚ Ì‡˜ËÌ ÌÂÔÓÚË‚ÓÂ˜Ë Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ÏÂÊ‰Û Úflı. ÄÍÓ ‚ ıËÔÓÚÂÚË˜-Ì‡Ú‡ Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌ‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚‡flÌÂ Ì‡ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËflÚ‡ ÏÛ Â Ò˙-˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡Î‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì‡ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ, ÚÓ ÚÂ Ò˙Ò ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ·Ëı‡ ÒÂ Ò˙„-Î‡ÒËÎË ‰‡ ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Ê‡Ú ‚ ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÓÚ ÌflÍÓË Ò‚ÓË Ô‡‚‡ ËÒ‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡Î‡Ú‡ ̃ ‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÚflıÌÓÚÓ ‡‚-ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó.

ÇÒÂ Ô‡Í „‡ÌËˆËÚÂ, ‚ ÍÓËÚÓ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ Ì‡ÏÂÒË Ë ‰‡ Ó„‡-ÌË˜Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ·ÂÁ ‰‡ ÒÂ Á‡„Û·Ë ÒÏËÒ˙Î˙Ú Ì‡ Ò˙-˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Â ÎËÏËÚË‡Ì‡. ëÔÓÂ‰ÑÊÓÌ ëÚ˛‡Ú åËÎ , ‰Û„ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍË ÚÂÓÂÚËÍ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡-ÎËÁÏ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÁËˆËfl Â Ú‡ÁË, ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÂ ÔÓÚË-‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Ì‡ ÔËÌÛ‰‡Ú‡ ‰ÓË ÒÂ˘Û ÌÂ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl,ÒÚË„‡ ÚÂ ‰‡ ÌÂ Ò‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ‰ÂÒÚÛÍÚË‚ÌË, ‰‡ ÌÂ Á‡Òfl„‡Ú Ë ‰‡Ò‡ Ò˙‚ÏÂÒÚËÏË Ò ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓÚÓ ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰Û„ËÚÂ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë-‰Ë. Ç Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÚÓ Ó·‡˜Â ‚ÒÂÍË ·Ë ÒÂ Ò˙„Î‡ÒËÎ, ˜Â ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ËÏ‡ Ô‡„Û·ÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌËÂ ‚˙ıÛ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ. ÇÒÂ Ô‡Í, Í‡ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎÂÌ Á‡˘ËÚ-ÌËÍ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ åËÎ Â Ì‡Ô˙ÎÌÓ ÔÓÚË‚ Ô‡ÚÂÌ‡ÎËÒ-ÚÍ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ÏÂÒ‡, ÓˆÂÌfl‚‡˘‡ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ ÔÓÎÁ‡ Ë ËÌÚÂÂÒ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë-‰‡ Ë Ì‡Î‡„‡˘‡ ÏÛ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ Ì‡ÒÓÍ‡ Ì‡ ÚflıÌÓÚÓ Â‡ÎË-ÁË‡ÌÂ. íÓÈ ÒÏflÚ‡, ˜Â ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ì‡È-‰Ó·Â ÁÌ‡flÚ Í‡Í‚Ó Â ‰Ó·ÂÁ‡ Úflı, ÌÓ ‰ÓË Ë ÚÓ‚‡ ‰‡ ÌÂ Â Ú‡Í‡, ‡ÎÚÂÌ‡ÚË‚‡Ú‡ ‰‡ Ô‡‚flÚ„Â¯ÍË Ì‡ ·‡Á‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ ÒË ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl Á‡ ‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚÂ ÔÓ-‰Ó·‡, ÓÚÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ‰‡ ËÏ‡Ú ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÂÚÓ ‰‡ ËÏ Ì‡Î‡„‡Â‰Ì‡ ˜ÛÊ‰‡ Ì‡ Úflı ÍÓÌˆÂÔˆËfl Á‡ ÎË˜ÌÓÚÓ ËÏ ·Î‡„Ó. íÂÁË Ë‰ÂË Ò‡ ÁÌ‡-˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ú‡ÌÒÙÓÏË‡ÌË ‚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÚÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÏËÒÎÂÌÂ, ÌÓÓÚ Úflı Â ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎÓ ‡Á·Ë‡ÌÂÚÓ, ˜Â ÒÚÂÏÂÊ˙Ú Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËflÚ‡ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË ÓÚ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ ‚ ÔÓÒÓÍ‡ Ì‡ ÌÂÈÌÓÚÓ ÓÒË„Û-fl‚‡ÌÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ÒÚË„Ì‡Ú Ò‡ÏÓ ‰Ó Ú‡Ï, ‰ÓÍ˙‰ÂÚÓ ÚÂ Á‡˘ËÚ‡‚‡ÚÓ·˘‡Ú‡ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡ ÓÚ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ. Ñ˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Ì‡Î‡„‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë-‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ú‡ÍÓ‚‡ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÍÓÂÚÓ ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó‡ÁÛ¯‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÏËÒ˙Î‡ Ë ˆÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍÓÚÓ Ó·Â‰ËÌÂÌËÂ. ãË·Â-‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ·ÂÁ Ò˙Ó·‡Áfl‚‡ÌÂ Ò ˆÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ ÚÓÁË ÒÚÂÏÂÊ, ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ë „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó ÔÂÌ‡-ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂÚÓ ÓÚ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰‡ Í˙Ï Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ ÓÚ Ú‡Ï„‡ÌËˆ‡Ú‡ ‰Ó Á‡„Û·‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Â ÏÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÎÍ‡.àÒÚÓËflÚ‡ ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡, ˜Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ú‡Í‡, ‡ÍÓ ÌÂ ÒÂ ‚ÌËÏ‡‚‡ Ë „‡Ê‰‡Ì-ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ÒÂ ÔËÒÔË, ÒÂ ÙÓÏË‡Ú ÚÓÚ‡ÎËÚ‡ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. é„-‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, ÒÏflÚ‡Ú ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ,ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË „‡ÌËˆË, ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ÔÓ‰ Í‡Í˙‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„ Â ÌÂ‰Ó-ÔÛÒÚËÏÓ. ç‡ˆËÒÚÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl Ë ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ ·Ë‚¯Ëfl ÒÓˆË‡ÎËÒÚË-˜ÂÒÍË ·ÎÓÍ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Ò‡ ·ËÎË ÔÓ-ÒË„ÛÌË, ÓÚÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ Ò‡ ÚÂÁË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë‚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÌÓ ‚˙ÔÂÍË ÚÓ‚‡ ÚÂ Ò‡ Ú‚˙‰Â ‰‡ÎÂ˜ ÓÚ ‰Â-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËfl Ë‰Â‡Î Ë Ï‡ÎˆËÌ‡ Ò‡ ÓÌÂÁË, ÍÓËÚÓ ·Ëı‡ ÔÂ‰ÔÓ˜ÂÎË ÊË-‚ÓÚ‡ ‚ ÓÌÂÁË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. á‡˘ÓÚÓ Ï‡Í‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Â‰‡ ‰‡ Ò‡‚‡ÊÌË ˆÂÎË Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÚÂ ‚ÒÂ Ô‡Í ÌÂ Ò‡ Ô˙‚ÓÒÚÂ-ÔÂÌÌËÚÂ ˆÂÎË. ïÓ‡Ú‡ ÏËÒÎÂ˘Ë ÔÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÂÌ Ì‡˜ËÌ ÁÌ‡flÚ Ë Ò‡ Û·Â-‰ÂÌË, ˜Â ‡·ÒÓÎ˛ÚÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓÒÚË„ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ÚÓ-Ú‡ÎËÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓÎËˆÂÈÒÍ‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡.

èÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÒÔÓÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Úfl Â ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡ ËÌ-‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚ. ífl ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚‡ ÓÌÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒÚ-‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÍÓÂÚÓ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ËÁ·Ë‡Ú ÓÚ ·ÂÁ·ÓÈÌËÚÂÍÓÌˆÂÔˆËË Á‡ ‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ. ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ó·‡-

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nance such as the state. The limits of power are clearly defined in thesocial contract between individuals. These limits stretch as far as it is nec-essary for protection of the fundamental human rights. In this sensehuman society has voluntarily accepted limitations and created institutionsof power, which should protect the fundamental rights and freedoms as faras the social conditions allow it but not further. Moreover, any furtheraction, using the compulsory power of the state, is illegitimate and can beinterpreted as a violation of the contract, on which the governance isbased. In this sense, when the state power undertakes actions, relevant tothe growing level of danger and oriented towards more effective protectionof its citizens, this is in no way an infringement of the social contractbetween them. If such a danger has existed in the first place, when con-tract conditions have been negotiated, then for certainty the citizens wouldhave agreed to give up to a larger extent some of their rights and free-doms at the expense of the protection of the remaining part of theirautonomous space.

However, the extent to which public power can intervene and restrict per-sonal freedom without endangering the very meaning of the democraticsociety, is limited. According to John Stuart Mill, another classic theorist ofliberalism and freedom, the liberal position withstands compulsory meas-ures, except in cases when there are socially destructive actions oractions, affecting the autonomous existence of other individuals. However,today everyone would agree that the terrorist threat has a destructive effecton the free functioning of individuals and society. And yet, as a truedefender of personal freedom, Mill is totally against the paternalism. Hethinks that individuals know best what is good for them, but even if that isnot so, the alternative to make mistakes on the grounds of their ownbelieves for good life is better than to have a governance, which imposeson them an alien concept for their own good. These ideas are consider-ably transformed in today’s liberal thinking, but remains the understandingthat the strive for security and the actions, undertaken by the authorities forits guaranteeing can only go as far as they protect the common system ofrights and freedoms, which are negotiated among the society members.The state cannot impose on individuals such limitations of their freedom,which lead to destruction of the sense and purpose of human society.Liberals warn that the excessive aspiration for security without consideringthe aim of this aspiration, namely the protection of democratic principlesand civil rights, lead to redirection of attention from the individual to thecommunity and from there the lost of personal freedom is only a stepaway. The history proves that this is the way to the formation of totalitariansocieties. Liberals take the position that the restriction of personal freedombeyond certain limits, no matter of the pretext, is unallowable. NaziGermany, as well as the ex-socialistic countries might have been moresecure than they are today, but despite that they were too far from thedemocratic ideal and only few would prefer to live in such societies.Although security and order are important for the free societies, they stillare not the main objectives. Liberal-minded people are convinced thatabsolute security can be achieved only in a totalitarian police sate.

Liberals believe that freedom is a fundamental personal and public value.Freedom is the space where individuals can choose among the infiniteconcepts of good life. However, the liberal pursuit of freedom is not uncon-ditional. The personal freedom is limited by the condition that its practicingshould not in any way restrict or infringe the freedom of another individual.Here precisely comes the role of state as a “night guard”, laying down andcontrolling the observance of commonly valid and accepted formal rulesof behavior. The Rule of Law is fundamental in building of democratic soci-

Liberals warn that the excessive aspiration for securitywithout considering the aim of this aspiration, namelythe protection of democratic principles and civil rights,lead to redirection of attention from the individual to thecommunity and from there the lost of personal freedomis only a step away

˜Â ÌÂ Â ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÂÌ, ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ ÒÂ Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ ÓÚ ÛÒÎÓ-‚ËÂÚÓ, ˜Â ÌÂÈÌÓÚÓ ÛÔ‡ÊÌfl‚‡ÌÂ ÌÂ ·Ë‚‡ ‰‡ ÔÂ˜Ë Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡‰Û„ËÚÂ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Ë. àÏÂÌÌÓ ÚÛÍ ÒÂ ÔÓfl‚fl‚‡ Ë ÓÎflÚ‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡Í‡ÚÓ “ÌÓ˘ÂÌ ÒÚ‡Ê”, ÙÓÏÛÎË‡˘ Ë ÍÓÌÚÓÎË‡˘ ÒÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·-˘Ó‚‡ÎË‰ÌËÚÂ Ë Ó·˘ÓÔËÂÚËÚÂ ÙÓÏ‡ÎÌË Ô‡‚ËÎ‡ Á‡ ÔÓ‚Â‰ÂÌËÂ.èËÌˆËÔ˙Ú Ì‡ ‚˙ıÓ‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Â ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÔÓÎ‡„‡˘ ÔË ËÁ„-‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂ ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â. ÅÂÁ ÌÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ ÒÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡-ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Â ÌÂ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌ‡.

ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Â ÒÏÂÒ ÓÚ ÌÂ„‡ÚË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ë ÔÓÁËÚË‚Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡(“Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ÓÚ” Ë “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‰‡”)1. Ç˙ÁÌËÍ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÁÏ‡Í‡ÚÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ ‚ËÊ‰‡ÌÂ, ‡ÎÚÂÌ‡ÚË‚‡ Ì‡ ‚ÒflÍ‡ ‡·ÒÓÎ˛ÚÌ‡ ‡‚ÚÓ-ËÚ‡ÌÓÒÚ, ÔÂ‰ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎfl ÌÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ ‡ÍˆÂÌÚË‡ÌÂ ‚˙ıÛ ÌÂ„‡ÚË‚Ì‡-Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ – Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ÓÚ ÔËÌÛ‰‡. ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ó·‡˜ÂÓ·˙˘‡Ú ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ÔÓÁËÚË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ – ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ-Ú‡ Á‡ ‡ÁÛÏÂÌ ËÁ·Ó. íÂ ̃ ÂÒÚÓ ÔËÁÌ‡‚‡Ú, ̃ Â Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó-·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Â ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓ Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ˆË‚ËÎËÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl, ËÁ‚˙Ì Úflı Ú‚˙‰ÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‚˙Ì¯ÌË Ù‡ÍÚÓË Í‡ÚÓ ÌËÒÍÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ‰ÓıÓ‰Ë, ÌÂ·Î‡„ÓÔË-flÚÌË Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡, Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ÓÚ ‚ÒflÍ‡Í˙‚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ Ë Ú.Ì ‚ÎËflflÚ Ì‡˜Ó‚Â¯ÍËfl ËÁ·Ó. íÓ‚‡ Â ÔË˜ËÌ‡Ú‡, Í‡‡˘‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ‰‡ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ̃ ÂÚfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ·ÓËÏ Ò ÌÂ‚ÂÊÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ, ÌÂ„‡ÏÓÚÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ·ÓÎÂÒÚËÚÂ,·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÌÂÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, Á‡Ï˙Òfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡, ÚÂ-ÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË Ë ‚ÒË˜ÍË ‚˙Ì¯ÌË Ù‡ÍÚÓË, ÍÓËÚÓ Í‡‡Ú ËÌ‰Ë-‚Ë‰ËÚÂ ‰‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚‡Ú ÌÂ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ. íÛÍ ‚ËÊ‰‡ÏÂ, ˜Â Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂÎË·Â‡ÎË ‚ ÚÓ‚‡ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ ÔËÌˆËÔÌÓ ‰‡‚‡Ú ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒ-Ú‚Ó Á‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ „‡ÌËˆ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ÏÂÒ‡, Á‡ ‡ÁÎËÍ‡ÓÚ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ Ë ÌÂÓÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË ÔË‚˙ÊÂÌËˆË. ÑÌÂ¯-ÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ‡ÍÓ ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏËÏ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰‰˙Ê‡ÏÂ ÌÛÊÌËÚÂˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl, Á‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‡‰ÂÍ‚‡ÚÌ‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚ,ÚÓ Ó˜Â‚Ë‰ÌÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ÔË ÌÛÊ‰‡, ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â Ì‡ÎÓÊÂÌ‡ ÍÓÌ-ˆÂÔˆËfl Á‡ “‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ.” ë ‰Û„Ë ‰ÛÏË ÔË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ÌflÍÓËÒ‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÏÓ„‡Ú ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌË Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ ˆflÎÓÒÚ-ÌÓÚÓ ·Î‡„Ó‰ÂÌÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ. ÄÍˆÂÌÚ˙Ú ÚÛÍ Â ‚˙ıÛ “ÔË ÓÔ-Â‰ÂÎÂÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl” Ë “‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ”, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡ ÓÒ‚ÂÌ, ̃ Â ÌË‚Ó-ÚÓ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ì‡ ËÌÚÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl Â ÎËÏËÚË‡ÌÓ, ÚÓ Úfl·‚‡‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‚˙Ì‡ÚÓ ‚ ÌÓÏ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÒË „‡ÌËˆË ÒÎÂ‰ Í‡ÚÓÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÔÂÏËÌÂ. Ç˙ÁÌËÍ‚‡ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÂÌ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏÍ‡Í Ë ÍÓÈ ̆ Â ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎË, ̃ Â Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Â ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎflÌ‡ ËËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡ÚÓ‚‡ ·Û‰ÌÓÚÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ-‚Ó Â sine qua non (Á‡‰˙ÎÊËÚÂÎÌÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÂ) Ì‡ ÎË-·Â‡ÎÌÓ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËfl Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ Â‰.

ãË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï, ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚ –

Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌË ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl

ç‡ Ô˙‚Ó ÏflÒÚÓ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÒÔÓÏÂÌÂ, ˜Â Â‰ÌÓÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl ÎË-·Â‡ÎÌËfl ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Â, ˜Â ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÌÂÒÂ ‡Á·Ë‡Ú Í‡ÚÓ ‡ÌÚËÚÂÚË˜ÌË (ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ÒË)ÔÓÌflÚËfl. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë ÒË„Û-ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÒÂ ‰ÓÔ˙Î‚‡Ú ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ Ë Ò‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl Á‡ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û-‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. äÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÏËÒÎÂÌÂ ÔËÂ-Ï‡ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ‡ Á‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡ Í‡ÚÓ ‰ËÎÂÏ‡, ÔË Â¯‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ ‰Â-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ËÁ·Ë‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚Â ÍÓÌÍÛË-‡˘Ë ÒÂ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË – Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ ËÎË Â‰2. ë ‰Û„Ë ‰ÛÏË ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡ ÔËÂ-Ï‡Ú, ˜Â Ì‡ ÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÔÓ‚Â˜Â Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÒÂ ‡‰‚‡ Â‰ÌÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ Ó·-˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ ÔÓ-·ÎËÁÓ ‰Ó ‡Ì‡ıËflÚ‡ Â ÚÓ, ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ÔÓ-ÛflÁ‚ËÏÓ Á‡ ÔÎ‡ÌÛ‚‡ÌÂ Ë ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‡ÍÚÓ‚Â Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ. éÚ‰Û„‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ‚ÒflÍÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌÓ Í˙Ï ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl Ë Ó·ÛÁ‰‡‚‡ÌÂÌ‡ Ì‡ÒËÎÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÔÓ‚Â‰ÂÌËÂ ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ, ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó ÔÓfl‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÒÍÓÚ ÊÂÚ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ ÓÔ‡‚‰‡‚‡ÚÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÏÛ. Ç Ú‡ÁË ‰ËÎÂÏ‡ ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚÓËÚÂ ·ÂÁ ÍÓÎÂ·‡ÌËÂÓÚ‰‡‚‡Ú ÔÂ‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ Â‰‡, ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡ Úflı Â Â‰Ì‡ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌË-ÚÂ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ, ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÂ,

24

eties and guaranteeing the security of their members. Without its obser-vance, ensuring of personal and public security is impossible.

Liberal freedom is a combination of negative and positive freedom (“free-dom from” and “freedom to”)1. The emergence of Liberalism as a politicalconcept, alternative to any absolute authoritarianism, predetermines itsaccent on negative freedom – compulsory freedom. However, modernLiberals pay special attention to the positive freedom – the possibility fora rational choice. They often confess that the existence of freedom is onlypossible in civilized environment. Out of this environment, there are num-ber of factors, which influence human choice, such as the low incomes,lack of education, ignorance, illnesses, environmental pollution, terroristthreats and so on. Which is way, the Liberals believe that we have to fightall these external factors, which prevent individuals from actingautonomously. It can be seen that present-day Liberals allow more spacefor extending the limits of state intervention, in contrast to the classicaland neoclassical liberal followers. Today’s Liberals believe that if we try tomaintain an adequate civilized environment, then if needed, a concept of“good life” can be imposed on individuals. In other words, under certainconditions some liberties can temporally be restricted at the expense ofthe common good of all individuals. The accent is on “under certain con-ditions” and “temporally”, which means that besides that the level of stateintervention is restricted, it should be brought back in its normal limits,once the danger is gone. However, a problem arises – who and how will

be determined that the danger does not exist any more.Precisely that is way the vigilant civil society is sine qua

non (an obligatory condition) for the liberal and dem-ocratic public order.

Liberalism, Freedom andSecurity – ContemporaryDimensions

In the first place, it should be mentioned thatone of the main advantages of the contempo-

rary liberal approach is that Freedom andSecurity are not interpreted as antithetical (oppo-

site) terms. Liberals believe that civil rights andsecurity are complementary to one another and are a

necessary condition for the existence of the social con-tract. Conventional thinkers look at the issue of balance as a

dilemma, for whose solution the democratic government should choosebetween two competing values – freedom and order2. In other words,many think that as more freedoms one civil society enjoys, as closer to ananarchy it comes, so far as it becomes more vulnerable to acts of vio-lence. And on the other hand, any action, directed to prevention of violentbehavior in the society, leads to a risk of sacrificing some of the freedoms,which justify its existence. In this dilemma Conservatives without hesita-tion give their preferences to the order, which for them is one of the mainvalues of society. And security is the means for maintaining the order. Theconservative point of view is that when the situation requires so, and thepresent situation is precisely such, individuals have to give up some oftheir civil rights and freedoms at the expense of extending the role of statein guaranteeing and maintaining security and stability. They believe thatlack of security prevents society members to take advantage to a fullextent of their autonomy, guaranteed by the civil rights and freedoms any-

ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ú˙„‚‡Ú ÓÚ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡, ˜Â

ÏÂÍËÚÂ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú

ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌË ‚ Ì‡È-„ÓÎflÏ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÌÂ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡

Í˙Ï Ú‡ÍË‚‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Í‡ÚÓ Â‰‡

ËÎË ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡

Í˙Ï Á‡Ô‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡.

ÍÓÂÚÓ „Ó ÔÓ‰˙Ê‡. ëÔÓÂ‰ ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚ÌÓÚÓ ‡Á·Ë‡ÌÂ, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÒË-ÚÛ‡ˆËflÚ‡ „Ó ËÁËÒÍ‚‡, ‡ Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘‡Ú‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ú‡Í‡‚‡, ËÌ-‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Ê‡Ú ÓÚ ÌflÍÓË ÓÚ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÔ‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡˘‡ ÒÂ ÓÎfl Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡‚ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ë ÔÓ‰˙Ê‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ. íÂÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ÎËÔÒ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÔÂ˜Ë Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ-‚ÓÚÓ, Ú‡Í‡ ËÎË ËÌ‡˜Â ‰‡ ÒÂ ‚˙ÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ ‚ Ô˙ÎÌ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÓÚ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ‡‚-ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓÒÚ, „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ì‡ ÏÛ ÓÚ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë.éÚ ‰Û„‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ÔÓ-Í‡ÈÌË ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ÎË·ÂÚ‡Ë‡ÌˆË ·Ëı‡Á‡fl‚ËÎË, ˜Â Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË-ÚÂ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÂ˜Ë Ì‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒÓˆË-‡ÎÌËfl ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ Ë ‚ ÍÓÂÚÓ ÌÂ ÒË ÒÚÛ‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÊË‚ÂÂ. íÂ ÔËÂÏ‡ÚÒ‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ ‚‡ÊÌ‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚ, ˜Â Úfl ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌ‡ Ì‡ ÌËÚÓ Â‰Ì‡ ‰Û„‡. íÓ‚‡, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔËÚÂÒÌfl‚‡ ÔË-‚˙ÊÂÌËˆËÚÂ Ì‡ „ÓÌÓÚÓ ÏÌÂÌËÂ Â, ˜Â ‡ÍÓ ÒÂ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎË Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡‰‡ ÒÂ ‡ÁÔÓÒÚÂ ‚ ÒÙÂË, ÔËÂÏ‡ÌË Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓ Á‡ ÌÂÌ‡Í˙ÌËÏÓÎË˜ÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó Ë Ó„‡ÌË˜Ë ÌflÍÓË ÓÚ Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂÒË, ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ˜Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„˙Ú Â Á‡˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÊË‚ÓÚ‡ ËÏ, ÚÓ ÌÂÈÌ‡-Ú‡ ËÌÚÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl ˘Â ‰ÓÒÚË„ÌÂ ‰Ó ÌË‚‡, ÓÚ ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÓ-Í˙ÒÌÓ ÌflÏ‡ ‰‡ÒÂ ÓÚÚÂ„ÎË, ‰ÓË Ë ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflÚ‡ ‚Â˜Â ‰‡ ÌÂ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ÂÍÒÎÛÁË‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÈÌ‡ÏÂÒ‡. à ‰‚‡Ú‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú, ˜Â Û‚ÂÎË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒË„Û-ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ë Ó·‡ÚÌÓ.

ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËflÚ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï Ì‡ÏË‡ ‰Û„ ÓÚ„Ó‚Ó Ì‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡ “Ò‚Ó-·Ó‰‡-ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ”. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ú˙„‚‡Ú ÓÚ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡, ˜ÂÏÂÍËÚÂ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌË ‚ Ì‡È-„ÓÎflÏ‡ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÌÂ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡ Í˙Ï Ú‡ÍË‚‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Í‡ÚÓÂ‰‡ ËÎË ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡ Í˙Ï Á‡Ô‡Á‚‡-ÌÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡. àÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‡‰Ë Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÏ‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌË ÏÂÍË Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ËÁ‚˙¯‚‡ÌÓ Ò Â‰ËÌ-ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÏÂÂÌËÂ Ë flÒÌ‡ ˆÂÎ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Á‡˘ËÚÂÌË Ë Á‡Ô‡ÁÂÌË ‰Â-ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË. é„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÓÚ ÒÚ‡-Ì‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ Â ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌÓ, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Â ËÁÔ‡‚ÂÌÓÔÂ‰ ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡Ú‡ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ, Í‡Í‚‡ÚÓ ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡fl ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚‡ ÏÂÊ-‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËflÚ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ‡ÍÓ ÌÂ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË ËÁ‚˙ÌÂ‰ÌË ËÔÂ‚‡ÌÚË‚ÌË ÏÂÍË ÚÓ ‰‡ ÌÂ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌfl‚‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËËÚÂ, Á‡ ÍÓËÚÓ Â Ò˙Á-‰‡‰ÂÌÓ – ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë ÊË‚Ó-Ú‡. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ‡ÍÓ ˆÂÎÚ‡ Â Á‡-˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÚÂÁË Ô˙‚ÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌË ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÚÓ ‚ÒÎÛ˜‡fl ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔËÂÏÂ ÈÂÁÛËÚÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ï‡ÍÒËÏ‡ “ˆÂÎÚ‡ ÓÔ‡‚‰‡-‚‡ ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡Ú‡”. á‡˘ÓÚÓ ·ÂÁ ‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ Ë ÚÂÁ‚‡ ÔÂˆÂÌÍ‡ Ì‡ ‚Òfl-Í‡ ÒÚ˙ÔÍ‡ ÔÓ Ô˙Úfl Í˙Ï ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ ÒÚ‡-·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ë ‚ÌËÏ‡ÚÂÎÌÓ Ó·ÏËÒÎflÌÂ Ì‡ ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌËÚÂ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ë Ë ÏÂ-ÍË, ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ‡ÁÛ¯‡Ú ˆÂÎÚ‡. à ÚÓ„‡‚‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ Á‡ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË Ò Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÏÂÂÌËÂ ‰‡ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú Á‡ÔÓÚÂÍˆËfl Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Ë ÔËÌˆËÔË Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl, ˘Â ÔÓÒÚË„Ì‡Ú Ò˙˘Ëfl ÂÙÂÍÚ, ÍÓÈÚÓ ˆÂÎflÚ ‚‡„Ó‚Â È –ÌÂÈÌËflÚ ÛÔ‡‰˙Í.

ä‡ÍÚÓ ‚Â˜Â ÒÔÓÏÂÌ‡ıÏÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú, ˜Â Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ-ÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Â ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓ Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË ̂ Ë‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÛÒ-ÎÓ‚Ëfl. ÅÂÁ Úflı ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ ÌÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ÒÂ ‚˙ÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡Ú ‚ Ô˙ÎÌ‡ ÒÚÂ-ÔÂÌ ÓÚ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡Ú‡, ÍÓËÚÓ Ú‡ÁË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÔÓÎ‡„‡˘ËÚÂ ËÏ ÒÂ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡ ËÏ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡Ú. àÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‡‰Ë Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ ÎË-·Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÔÓÌflÚËÂ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÌÂ ÒÂ Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ Ò‡ÏÓ ‰Ó ÓÚÒ˙Ò-Ú‚ËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË Ë Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ Ë ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÒ-ÚË˜ÌË ‡ÍÚÓ‚Â. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ‰ÌÂÒ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú, ˜Â ÒÚÂÏÂÊ˙Ú Í˙Ï ˜Ó-‚Â¯Í‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡ Ë ÛÒËÎËfl Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ-‰Ó·Ó Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ë Á‰‡‚ÂÓÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ, ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl Ë ̃ Ó‚Â¯ÍË Ô‡‚‡,Á‡˘ËÚ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÔËÓ‰ÌË Í‡Ú‡ÍÎËÁÏË, ÒÂ˘Û ‡ÁÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËÂ Ì‡ÒÏ˙ÚÓÌÓÒÌË Ó˙ÊËfl, ·Ó·‡ Ò ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë ÔÓÏÓ˘ Á‡ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˘Ë-ÚÂ ÒÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë. ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ ÔËÁÓ‚‡‚‡ Á‡ ÔÓÏflÌ‡ Ì‡ ‡ÍˆÂÌ-Ú‡ Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌˆÂÔˆËfl Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ - ÓÚ Ì‡·Îfl„‡ÌÂ ËÁ-ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ì‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Í˙Ï ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏÓ ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂÌ‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÓÚ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ˜ÂÁ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÍ˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ˜ÂÁ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ, ÓÚ ÚÂË-

25

how. On the other hand, some more extreme Liberals and Libertarianswould say that the restriction of civil rights and freedoms creates a societythat contradicts to the principles of social contract and where it is not worthliving. For them the freedom is of such immense public value, that it can-not be dependent on any other value. What concerns the supporters ofthe above view is that if the state once is allowed to extent its influence inareas, which traditionally are perceived as inviolable personal space andto restrict some of the civil rights, no matter that the pretext is the defenceof life of its citizens, then state intervention will reach such levels fromwhich the state will not withdraw, even if the situation has improved anddoes not require any more state’s exclusive intervention. Both approachesassume that the increased security is at the expense of the restricted civilliberties and visa versa.

Present-day Liberalism finds another answer to the issue of the balance“Freedom – Security”. Liberals start from the assumption that securitymeasures can be justified to a largest extent not by aspiration for publicvalues such as order and stability, but instead by aspiration for preserva-tion of freedom. Exactly for this reason, special security measures shouldbe adopted with the only purpose of defending democratic principles ofsociety and its institutions. However, Liberals warn against the maxim “Thepurpose justifies the means”, because without rational evaluation of eachstep on the way towards ensuring security and thorough consideration ofmeasures to be employed, the means can destroy the purpose. Thensecurity measures, undertaken with the intention of protecting the freeinstitutions and principles of liberal democracy, will achieve the sameeffect, which the enemies of democracy want – its destruction.

As it was already mentioned, Liberals believe that freedom can exist onlyunder certain circumstances in a civilized environment. Otherwise, individ-uals will not be able to take full advantage of the rights and freedom, theyare entitle to. That is way liberal concept of security is not limited only tothe absence of conflicts and violence and prevention from terrorist acts.Today, Liberals assume that the striving for security should include also theefforts for democracy and human rights, poverty reduction, better educa-tion and healthcare, early warning system against natural disasters, pre-vention of the dissemination of lethal weapons, and larger assistance fordeveloping countries. The liberal approach calls for a change in the accentin the contemporary security concept – from emphasizing extensively onnational security towards greater attention to personal security, from secu-rity through militarization towards security through economic and socialdevelopment, from territorial security towards achieving security throughthe fight against poverty, unemployment, environmental pollution and soforth. One of the main appeals in the Liberal Manifesto, adopted at the48th Liberal International Congress, reads: “to redirect public spendingfrom military expenditure towards investment in social capital, sustainabili-ty, and the alleviation of poverty”3.

The Liberals express the view that wide spread poverty and social mar-ginalization of large groups of people in the Third world, low levels of edu-cation and healthcare are factors, which pose a threat for the security ona global scale. Without addressing these factors, all measures, undertakenfor ensuring collective and individual security will be partial and with a lim-ited effect. Liberals realize that when on a world scale is witnessed con-centration of power, wealth and knowledge in the hands of a small groupof people and when there a very few examples of actions, showing respon-sibility on the part of developed countries, a wide spreading feeling of mar-ginalization can be provoked, which in turn can lead to terrifying conse-

Liberals start from the assumption that security

measures can be justified to a largest extent

not by aspiration for public values such as order

and stability, but instead by aspiration

for preservation of freedom

ÚÓË‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Í˙Ï ÔÓÒÚË„‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ ˜ÂÁ ·Ó·‡ Ò·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚËˆ‡Ú‡, ÓÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ Ë Ú.Ì. ÇãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl Ï‡ÌËÙÂÒÚ, ÔËÂÚ Ì‡ 48-fl ÍÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂ-Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÒÂ‰ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ‡ÔÂÎË Â Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÓ “ÔÂÌ‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒ-Ú‚ÂÌËÚÂ ‡ÁıÓ‰Ë ÓÚ ı‡˜ÂÌÂ Á‡ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËˆËË ‚ ÒÓ-ˆË‡ÎÌËfl Í‡ÔËÚ‡Î Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ë Ì‡Ï‡Îfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡”3.

òËÂ˘‡Ú‡ ÒÂ ÏËÁÂËfl Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ï‡„ËÌ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ „ÓÎÂÏË „Û-ÔË ÓÚ ıÓ‡ ‚ íÂÚËfl Ò‚flÚ Ë ÌËÒÍËÚÂ ÌË‚‡ Ì‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ë Á‰‡‚Â-ÓÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ò‡ Ù‡ÍÚÓË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÔÓÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ò‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Í˙Ï ÒË-„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡·. ÅÂÁ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ÛÒËÎËfl Á‡ Úflı-ÌÓÚÓ ÒÔ‡‚flÌÂ, ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÏÂÍË Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚-Ì‡ Ë ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ˘Â ·˙‰‡Ú ˜‡ÒÚË˜ÌË Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌÌË. ãË·Â-‡ÎËÚÂ ÓÒ˙ÁÌ‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÒÂ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡ Ò˙Ò-Â‰ÓÚÓ˜‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ, ·Î‡„ÓÒ˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ë ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ ‚ ˙ˆÂÚÂ Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂÎÌÓ Ï‡ÎÍ‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ Ë ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ËÏ‡Ï‡ÎÍÓ ÔËÏÂË Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡˘Ë ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡‡Á‚ËÚËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë, ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‚‡ ̄ ËÓÍÓ ‡ÁÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËÂ Ì‡˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Á‡ Ï‡„ËÌ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÍÓÂÚÓ ‚ Â‰ËÌ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ‰Ó‚Â-‰Â ‰Ó ÛÊ‡Òfl‚‡˘Ë ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ËˆË. ÇÒË˜ÍË ÚÂÁË Ù‡ÍÚÓË Ì‡ ÌÂÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ-Ú‡, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ë ÓÌ‡ÁË ÍÛÎÚÛÌ‡ ÌÂÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓflÚÓ ˜ÂÒÚÓ ‚Ó‰Ë‰Ó Ú.Ì‡. “ËÒÎflÏÓÙÓ·Ëfl" ËÎË ‚ÒflÍ‡Í˙‚ ‰Û„ ‚Ë‰ ÍÛÎÚÛÌ‡ ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·Ëfl,Ì‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡˘‡ ÒÂ ‚ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÔÓ‡Ê‰‡Ú ‰ÓÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÌÓÌ‡ÔÂÊÂÌËÂ ‚ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˘ËÚÂ ÒÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. Ä ÓÚ Ú‡ÁË ÚÓ˜Í‡ Â ÏÌÓ„ÓÎÂÒÌÓ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â Ì‡Ô‡‚ÂÌ‡ ÒÚ˙ÔÍ‡Ú‡ Í˙Ï Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ Ë ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï. àÏÂÌ-ÌÓ ÔÓ‡‰Ë Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔËÁÓ‚‡‚‡Ú Í˙Ï ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ÓÚ„Ó-‚ÓÌÓÒÚ Ë ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ˜Â-Ú‡, ÚÂıÌËflÚ ‡ÔÂÎ Â Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌ Í˙Ï ‡Á‚ËÚËÚÂ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÍÓ-ËÚÓ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÔÓÏÓ„Ì‡Ú ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˘ËÚÂ ÒÂ ÔÓ ÚÂıÌËfl Ô˙Ú Í˙Ï ÛÒ-Ú‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ë ÔÓ‚Ë¯‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ·Î‡„Ó-‰ÂÌÒÚ‚ËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÂıÌËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. í‡Í‡ ÛÒËÎËflÚ‡ ˘Â Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌËÍ˙Ï Ò‡ÏËÚÂ ÍÓÂÌË Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ Ë Ì‡ÒËÎËÂÚÓ, ‡ ÌÂ Í˙Ï ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌËÂ – ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰, ÍÓÈÚÓ, ‚˙ÔÂÍË ˜Â ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ÔÓ-„ÓÎÂÏË ÛÒËÎËfl,ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ‰‡‰Â ÔÓ-ÂÙÂÍÚË‚ÌË ÂÁÛÎÚ‡ÚË, ‡ ËÁ‡ÁıÓ‰‚‡ÌËÚÂ ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡Ë ÂÒÛÒË ˘Â Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ ıÛÏ‡ÌÌË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌË ˆÂÎË.

éÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Â Á‡‰‡˜‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡·˙‰Â ËÁÔ˙ÎÌÂÌ‡ ·ÂÁ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó. éÚÌÓ‚Ó ‚ ãË·Â-‡ÎÌËfl Ï‡ÌËÙÂÒÚ Â ÓÚ·ÂÎflÁ‡ÌÓ, ˜Â “ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú Á‡‰˙ÎÊÂÌË-ÂÚÓ ‰‡ ÛÍÂÔflÚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ ÔÓÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏé„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ é·Â‰ËÌÂÌËÚÂ Ì‡ˆËË Ë ˜ÂÁ Â„ËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË-˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó”4. è‡ÚÌ¸ÓÒÚ‚Ó Â ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËflÚ ÔËÌˆËÔ, Ì‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡Î‡„‡ ÎË·Â-‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ ‚ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. ë‡ÏÓ ˜ÂÁ ÍÓÓÔÂË-‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÛÒËÎËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÌËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë Ë ÚflıÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Í˙ÏÔÓÒÚË„‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÏË Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ, ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ‰ÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÚË ÓÌÂ-ÁË ÌË‚‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓËÚÓ „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ú Á‡˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡Î-ÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ì‡ ‚ÒË˜ÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÔÓ Ò‚ÂÚ‡. åÌÓÁËÌ‡ ÓÔÂ‰Â-ÎflÚ ÚÓÁË ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í‡ÚÓ Ú‚˙‰Â Ë‰Â‡ÎËÒÚË˜ÂÌ Ë ÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÂÌ ‰‡ ÒÂÒÔ‡‚Ë Ò ÌÓ‚ËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË, ÌÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÓÚÍ‡-Á˙Ú ÓÚ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÌË ËÁÔ‡‚fl ÔÂ‰ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚÚ‡ÓÚ Â‰ËÌ Ò‚flÚ, ‰ÓÏËÌË‡Ì ÓÚ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡-Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚Ó ˘Â ·˙‰Â ÔÓÚ˙ÔÍ‚‡ÌÓ ÓÚ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÓ-ÒËÎÌËfl.

íÂÏ‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Ëfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÂÚ‚˙‰Â Ó·¯ËÌ‡ Ë ÒÎÓÊÌ‡, Á‡ ‰‡ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ËÁ˜ÂÔ‡Ì‡ ‚ ÌflÍÓÎÍÓÒÚ‡ÌËˆË. î‡ÍÚ Â, ˜Â ‰Â·‡Ú˙Ú ÔÓ ÌÂfl Â ‚Â˜Â ËÌËˆËË‡Ì Ë ÚÓ‚‡, ˜ÂÏÌÓÁËÌ‡ ÏËÒÎÂ˘Ë ıÓ‡ Ò‡ Á‡„ËÊÂÌË Á‡ ·˙‰Â˘ÓÚÓ Ò˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ì‡ÚÓÁË ·‡Î‡ÌÒ Â Ó·Ì‡‰ÂÊ‰‡‚‡˘Ó. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÓÒ˙ÁÌ‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡-Ú‡ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ÛÒËÎËfl, ‡ ÔËÁ‡Í˙Ú Ì‡ ïÓ·ÒÓ‚Ëfl ãÂ‚Ë‡Ú‡Ì (HobbesianLeviathan) ‚ËÌ‡„Ë ˘Â Â Â‡ÎÌ‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡-Ú‡. à ËÏÂÌÌÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ë ËÌÚÂÎÂÍÚÛ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ·‰ËÚÂÎÌÓÒÚ ÏÓ„‡Ú‰‡ ÌË ÔÂ‰Ô‡ÁflÚ ÓÚ ÔÂÏËÌ‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÓÌ‡ÁË ÍÂıÍ‡ „‡ÌËˆ‡ ‚ Ò˙ÓÚ-ÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÚÓ “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡-ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ”, ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÏËÒ˙Î˙Ú Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯-ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ˘Â ·˙‰Â Ì‡Û¯ÂÌ, ÚÓ ˘Â ÔÂÒÚ‡ÌÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‰ÂÏÓÍ-‡ÚË˜ÌÓ, ‡ “Ô˙ÚflÚ Í˙Ï Ó·ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ”, Á‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡ î.Ä.ï‡ÈÂÍ, ˘Â ·˙‰Â ËÁ‚˙‚flÌ.

à‚‡Ì íÓ‰ÓÓ‚

26

quences. All these factors of insecurity, including also the cultural inse-curity, which often leads to the so-called “Islamophobia” or any other kindof cultural xenophobia, witnessed in the western societies, create addi-tional tension in the developing societies. And from here it is very easy astep towards violence and terrorism to be taken. Precisely for that reason,Liberals call for social responsibility, and as far as the responsibility is atypical liberal feature, their appeal is directed toward the developed west-ern societies, which ought to assist the developing ones in their waytowards establishing of democratic principles and improving the welfareof their citizens. In this way, the efforts will be directed towards the veryroots of terrorism and violence, instead towards their consequences, anapproach, which requires greater efforts but consequently can be moreeffective and the funds and resources spent will be directed towardsmore human and democratic purposes.

Guaranteeing security cannot be achieved without international coopera-tion. Again in the Liberal Manifesto is stressed that “Liberals are commit-ted to strengthen global governance through the United Nations andthrough regional cooperation”4. Partnership is the fundamental principle,on which the liberal approach in international relations, is based. Onlythrough the cooperative efforts of all countries and their direction towardsthe achivement of peace and stability, can be reached these levels ofsecurity, which will guarantee the defence of personal rights and free-doms for all citizens around the world. Many describe this approach astoo idealistic and unable to deal with the new threats. However, Liberalswarn that the lack of international cooperation poses the threat of a world,dominated by violence and conflicts, where international law will be vio-lated by the law, imposed by the “power of the day”.

The issue of the proper “Freedom – Security” balance is quite wide andcomplicated to be covered in a few pages. However, it is a fact that thedebate on this issue has already started and many thinking people areconcerned for the future of this balance. And this is encouraging. Liberalsrealize that freedom requires efforts, and the ghost of “HobbesianLeviathan” will always be a real threat for individuals and societies. Andprecisely the civil and intellectual vigilance can protect us from crossingthat fragile border in the balance of Freedom and Security, beyond whichthe very sense of human society will be lost and it will no longer be dem-ocratic, and the “The road to serfdom”, which F.A. Hayek warns about, willbe walked all the way.

Ivan Todorov

1. See Isaiah Belin, “Two concepts of liberty” in Four Essays on Liberty, 2000, University Press“St. Kliment Ohridsky”, Sofia

2. Fernando R. Tesón, Liberal Security, in Richard Wilson, ed., Human Rights in an Age ofTerror, Cambridge University Press

3. The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century: The Liberal Manifesto, adopted by the 48thCongress of Liberal International on 27-30 November 1997 in The Town Hall in Oxford, UK

4. Ibid

ë‡ÏÓ ˜ÂÁ ÍÓÓÔÂË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÛÒËÎËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÌËÚÂ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë Ë ÚflıÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ÔÓÒÚË„‡ÌÂ Ì‡ÏË Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ, ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ‰ÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÚËÓÌÂÁË ÌË‚‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓËÚÓ „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ú Á‡˘Ë-Ú‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ì‡ ‚ÒË˜-ÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÔÓ Ò‚ÂÚ‡.

Only through the cooperative efforts of all countries andtheir direction towards the achivement of peace andstability, can be reached these levels of security, whichwill guarantee the defence of personal rights and free-doms for all citizens around the world.

ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„Û ÌÓÒÚ freedom and security · ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„Û...

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