eq damage overview

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Learning from Earthquakes

Best source of information on response of

structures to earthquakes Knowledge gained from reconnaissance

Damage and loss of life has shown theneed to rehabilitate the existing buildinginventory

San Fernando 1971Loma Prieta 1989Northridge 1994

Kobe 1995 Mexico 1985

Greece1980

Izmit, Turkey 2002Tangshan, China 1976 Armenia 1988

San Fernando 1971 Olive View Hospital


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Olive View Hospital

New structurenot yet occupied

Cost about $US 30million

Structural engineers reviewed building

reinforcement details

Significant code changes made in 1977Codes

Building was demolished and rebuilt

Tangshan China1976

City destroyedan re u

255,000 est.killed

Largest loss oflife since 1556Eq. in Shensi,

China with830,000 killed

ex co


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Mexico 1985

About 10,000 killed

Destroyed vital buildingshospitals, government offices

Vulnerable building type

Light columns, thin floors

Poor column details

Large-scale repair andstrengthening program


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Mexico CityRepair and Strengthening

Armenia1988 Loma

Prieta1989


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Loma Prieta 1989

Disrupted transportation in Bay Area

Cost was about $US 3 billion

esu e n a orn a pro ec o re uand strengthen many bridges

Started the effort to improve existingbuildings

Building Strengthening


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Northridge1994

r an ear qua e

Low loss of life but high cost-$US 30 billion

Great losses in parkinggarages, apartment houses,steel structures

Northridge 1994

Kobe 1995


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TransportationSystems

Buildings

Kobe 1995

Urban earthquake in area wheretransportation systems very congested

5,500 lives lostmost by fire

Cost > $US 100 billion

Raised many planning and policy issues

Are we reducing the risk?Reinforced concrete structures

Izmit, Turkey

2002

Izmit, Turkey 2002

18,000 lives lost

Vulnerable buildings

Poor construction quality


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Summary

We continue to learn from earthquakesnatures testing laboratory

The cost of earthquakes in urban areas

countries

The risk of existing buildings remains oneof the most critical for reducing loss of lifein future earthquakes

16 Views of the 190616 Views of the 1906San FranciscoSan Francisco

Earth uake and FireEarth uake and Fire

From the Archives ofFrom the Archives ofThe Museum of the City of San FranciscoThe Museum of the City of San Francisco

The Great Fire as seen from a ferry boat in the Bay.

Fire around the Call Building at Third and MarketStreets. Emporium, at Powell and Market, is at right.


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Ham and Egg fire burns at Grove and Laguna streets.View is along Grove Street. City Hall dome can be seen in the smokecloud.

Close-up view of refugees fleeing along Grove Street.The large clusters of refugees along the street suggestthey are involved in rescuing trapped persons.

Crowds gather at Market and Laguna streets to flee the GreatFire. Building at lower center right still survives as do alongLaguna. Almost all others pictured here burned.

Crowds gather at Market and Laguna streets to flee the GreatFire. Building at lower center right still survives as do alongLaguna. Almost all others pictured here burned.

View from Laguna and Market streets of the Great Fireburning through the Mission District.

View of the Great Fire as seen from Chinatown.Dreadful earthquake damage, alongGrant Ave., in Chinatown.


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Refugees search for souvenirs on sidewalk in front of theStanford mansion on Powell Street at California. Sunken cobblestone paving along Spear at Market Street.

Ruined homes and pavement on Dore Street near Folsom.Mission Dolores on Dolores at 16th street, and thewrecked Parish church next to it.

Damaged warehouse in the area of Nineteenth andFolsom streets.

Earthquake-wrecked water main near Crystal SpringsReservoir in San Mateo County.


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Broken water mains on Valencia between18th and 19th streets.

Refugees built shanties from any available materials to house themselves afterthe disaster. This encampment is near the Marina. The Army later provided tentsfor refugees.

Prepared by ThePrepared by TheMuseum of the Cit of San FranciscoMuseum of the Cit of San Francisco

2000 Gladys Cox Hansen2000 Gladys Cox Hansen

This earthquake led to thepassage of the Field Act,which gave the State Divisionof Architecture authority and

i ili i

Jefferson Junior High School

responsibility for approvingdesign and supervisingconstruction of public schools.Building codes were alsoimproved.

1933 Long Beach Earthquake

Young Hotel in Compton.


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eq damage overview

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