• EQ – What are the 4 biomolecules and their monomers?

Monomers:

Fatty Acids Nucleotides

Amino acids Monosaccharides

Drawings

Chemistry of Life Chapter 3

Biomolecules Chapter 3 Section 3

Build

ing

Blo

cks o

f C

ells

• Biomolecules – large, complex molecules

that make up the parts of a cell

• Four major classes of Organic Compounds

– Carbohydrates

– Lipids

– Proteins

– Nucleic Acids

Carb

ohyd

rate

s • Carbohydrates – molecules made of

sugars

• Elements – carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and

oxygen (O)

• Monomers – monosaccharides (single

sugars)

Fu

nctio

ns o

f C

arb

s • Major source of energy

– Plants store the sun’s energy in glucose

– All organisms break down the sugar to release the

stored energy

• Structural support

– Chitin – shells of lobsters and crabs

– Cellulose – plant cell walls

• Cell recognition

– Cells recognize one another using

sugars attached to the cell membrane.

• Examples:

– Glucose

– Sucrose

– Starch

– Cellulose

– Chitin

– Glycogen

Carb

ohyd

rate

s

Lip

ids

• Lipids – AKA fats

• Elements – carbon (C), oxygen (O) and

hydrogen (H)

• Monomers – fatty acids

Fu

nctio

ns o

f L

ipid

s

• Main purpose is to store

energy

– Some animals only eat a

few months of the year and

rely on stored energy for

the rest of the year.

(whales)

– Hibernation

– Plants store fat as oil

(peanut and corn oil)

• Build membranes (cell

and organelle)

Lip

ids

• Examples

– Fats

– Phospholipids (cell membrane)

– Steroids

– Waxes

Pro

tein

s

• Protein – worker molecules of the cell

– Structure determines function

• Elements – C, O, H, nitrogen (N), and

sometimes others like sulfur (S)

• Monomers – amino acids

Fu

nctio

ns o

f P

rote

ins

• Provide structure and

support

• Enable movement

• Aid in communication

and transportation

• Help carry out

important chemical

reactions (enzymes)

Pro

tein

s

• Enzymes

• Transporters

• Membrane Proteins

• Microtubules and

Microfilaments

Nucle

ic A

cid

s

• Nucleic Acids – genes

• Elements – C, O, H, N, and Phosphorus (P)

• Monomers – nucleotides

Fu

nctio

ns o

f N

ucle

ic A

cid

s

• Contains the

genetic information

for an organism

• Energy source for

cells

– ATP – a single

nucleotide

• Examples

– DNA and RNA

1-21-11 • BR – Copy and answer the question.

– Which combination of macromolecule and function is

correct?

a) Carbohydrate: forms membranes

b) Lipid: speed up chemical reactions

c) Nucleic acid: stores genetic information

d) Protein: store energy

• SWP – hydro/aqua-?

• EQ – How do hydrogen bonds give water its unique

properties?

water

Study for your

Quiz!!!

Quic

k R

evie

w

What are the four biomolecules?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules Carbon

1.

contain

Carbohydrates

5.

6.

7.

Can be

2.

8.

Function is to

3.

Amino Acids

Are made of

4.

Store genetic information in the

form of

9. 10.

Water Chapter 3 Section 2

Pola

rity

• Shared electrons are attracted more to

one atom than the other (oxygen in water)

– Uneven sharing

– Tug-of-war

• Polar molecules have partial charges on

opposite ends or poles

Solu

bili

ty

• Like dissolves like

– Polar dissolves polar

– Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar

• What happens when you mix oil and water?

Hydro

ge

n B

onds

• Hydrogen has a partial positive charge

when bonded to

– Oxygen (O)

– Nitrogen (N)

– Fluorine (F)

• This is a very strong attraction not a true

bond.

• Hydrogen bonds are important in many

molecules that make up our cells.

– The strands of DNA are held together by H-

bonds

Pro

pert

ies o

f W

ate

r • Density = Ice Floats

– Life can exist under ice

in lakes

• Heat capacity = water

absorbs and retains

heat

– Helps organisms

maintain a constant

internal temperature

(homeostasis)

Pro

pert

ies o

f W

ate

r • Cohesion = water

molecules stick to each

other

– Surface tension

• Adhesion = water

molecules stick to other

substances

• Cohesion and adhesion

cause capillary action which

allows water molecules to

move upward through the

stem of a plant

Brazilian Pygmy Gecko

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6UsKJUmq2A

Pro

pert

ies o

f W

ate

r Lab

• Answer every question completely.

• Work smart!!!

– What you do not finish counts against you.

• Stay at your lab station!!!

• Do NOT distract other students during

lab!

Copy onto your lab data sheet!

• No playing during lab.

• Do not eat/drink any lab supplies.

• Wear goggles when using hot liquids.

• Follow all other lab safety procedures.

Pro

pert

ies o

f W

ate

r Lab

– Which type of molecule provides building blocks for

tissues, transports other molecules, and helps

regulate certain reactions in cells?

a) Lipid

b) Fat

c) Carbohydrate

d) Protein

• EQ – How do enzymes lower the activation energy

of reactions?

Energy & Metabolism Chapter 3 Sections 4

Quic

k R

evie

w

What are the four biomolecules?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids Nucleic Acids

Ma

cro

mole

cule

s • Macromolecules – large biomolecules

– Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

• Monomer – small units that make up large

molecules

– Protein

– Carbohydrate

– Lipid

– Nucleic Acid

Amino acid

Monosaccharide

Fatty acid

Nucleotide

En

erg

y • What is energy?

• Energy – the ability to move or change

matter

• Energy exists in many forms.

– Light

– Heat

– Chemical energy

– Mechanical energy

– Electrical energy

• Energy can be converted from one form

to another.

Ch

em

ica

l R

eactions

• Reactant – a substance that is changed in

a chemical reaction

– Goes on the left of the arrow

• Product – a substance that is formed

– Goes on the right of the arrow

Reactants (What you start with)

Products (What you end with)

2H202 H20 + O2

Re

ve

rsib

le R

ea

ctio

ns

• Double arrow means the reaction may go

in either direction

• Depends on the conditions at the time.

Activa

tion E

nerg

y

• Activation Energy – the minimum amount

of energy required to start a chemical

reaction

Hom

eosta

sis

• Organisms carry out many chemical

reactions that help maintain a stable

internal environment.

• Most of these reactions require large

amounts of energy to get started.

• Enzymes help organisms maintain

homeostasis by lowering the amount of

energy required.

En

zym

e • Enzyme – a protein that increases the

speed of biochemical reactions (catalyst)

• Hold molecules together and in correct

orientation

• Enzymes fit with reactants like a lock fits a

key.

En

zym

e V

ideo C

lip

• http://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha

pter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

En

zym

e C

onditio

ns

• What affects enzymes?

– Temperature

– pH

– Amount of substrates

Ro

le o

f E

nzym

es

• Lower the activation energy by holding the

substrates together and in the correct

orientation.

• Without enzymes, most reactions would not

occur fast enough to sustain life.

Me

tabo

lism

• THINK BACK: What is metabolism?

– Build up and break down

• We get the energy we need for metabolism

from the food we eat.

• Two main processes

– Photosynthesis

– Cellular Respiration

Liver Lab

Substance tested Amount of H2O2 Reaction intensity

based on scale

solid liver 20 drops

ground liver 20 drops

boiled liver 20 drops

iced liver 20 drops

HCl-soaked liver 20 drops

NaOH-soaked liver 20 drops

Lab Safety Rules:

1. Wear goggles at all times.

2. No playing in the lab.

3. Follow all other lab procedures.

Foam Scale

0=no foam

1=very little foam

2=some foam

3=half foam/half liquid

4=mostly foam

5=all foam

– What does A represent?

a) Energy of the products

b) Reaction progress

c) Activation energy

without a catalyst

d) Activation energy with

catalyst

•EQ – How are macromolecules used in our cells?

En

erg

y

Reaction Time

R

P

A

B

Copy and answer the questions.

1. The unequal sharing of electrons causes

____________ or partial charges at

opposite ends of the molecule.

2. A monosaccharide is a __________ sugar

molecule.

3. All biomolecules contain ____________.

4. The main purpose of lipids is to _________

_________.