Equivalence in Translation

A key concept in translationEquivalence centers around

the processes interacting between the original source text and translated text.

Types of Equivalence

(1 )Referential equivalence is established when the words in the source language (SL) refer to the same objects in the world as the words in the target language (TL)

e كتاب. g. book and in English refers.( 2 )Connotative equivalence is established when

the words in both languages and texts trigger the same associations and connotations .

(3 )Pragmatic equivalence refers to words in both languages having the same effect on the readers

in both languages .

Types of Equivalence

Types of Equivalence

(4 )Contextual equivalence is established when words in both languages are used in the same

or similar contexts .(5 )Formal equivalence refers to words in both

languages having similar phonological or orthographic features.

( 6 )Textual equivalence refers to aspects of cohesion and coherence which are similar in both texts and languages.

Types of Equivalence

Why is equivalence important in translation?

•How is meaning reproduced in translation?

How is meaning reproduced in translation?

What is pragmatics?

• The study of language in use.• How utterances are used in

communicative situations and the way we interpret them in a context

• The study of meaning not as generated by the linguistic system but as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a communicative situation

Two important concepts in pragmatics

a network of relations which organizes and create textconcerned with how utterances are connected to each other

Coherence and cohesioncoherence Conceptual relationship

underlying the surface text Underlying semantic relation Readership property: reader’s

evaluation of the text Implicit meaning Subjective: varies from reader

to reader Making sense of the text

cohesion Surface textual relationships such

as cohesive devices Linking words and expressions to

other words and expressions. Text property: cohesive markers

“therefore” etc.

Explicit meaning Objective: automatic recognition Cannot create coherence

Example of a cohesive text

I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. (See Baker P 218)

As for coherence see example P. 220 “A Hero from Zero”

What is pragmatic equivalence?

How a text makes sense to a given readership. We go beyond the textual level and see how utterances are used in communicative situations

pragmatic equivalence tends to reproduce the context and text goals of the SL.

"pragmatic equivalence subsumes all of the semio-pragmatic-communicative layers of communication."[29]

Examples of these semiotic and communicative dimensions are genre, field, mode, tenor, text type and translation purpose (skopos).

Examples

a )

 1-Eng ST: He was armed to his teeth.

 2-Arb TT1:  أسنانه حتى مسلحا   كان

 3-Arb TT2, (optimal):  بالسالح مدججا كانb) 1-Eng ST: He kicked the bucket.

 2-Arb TT1 :   الدلو ركل 3-Arb TT2, (optimal):   المنية وافته

Example for translation•) التميمة ) قصيدته في أمرسون Amuletيقول

Give me an amulet that keeps intelligence with youRed when you love, and rosier red

And when you love not, pale and blue

: ترجمته ما / معك المعلومات بالذكاء تحتفظ تميمة أعطني

' دا توّر( أكثر وحمراء تحب، عندما حمراءتحب ال عندما زّرقاء وشاحبة

: اآلتي هو يقصده ما أن وأظنبيننا ما للمودة عربونا' تميمة أعطني

. به تحس بما علم على فتبقيني ّروحينا، بين الوصل صلة تكون بحيثوّردّي( إلى لونها تحول حبك ازداد وكلما أحمر، بلون تحتفظ تحبني فعندماوفقد خبا حبك أن سأعرف فعندها زّرقة، وعلته لونها شحب إن أما

وهجه.

Implicature