Er. Rishabh AnandB.Tech.

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© 2012, Er. Rishabh Anand All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photo copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.

First Edition 2012

ISBN : 81-219-4055–9 Code : 10 540printed in indiaBy Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055 and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

Dedicated to My Mother whose love and affection made me capable of writing this book

and Shri Guru Maharaj Ji of Shri Anandpur.

PREFACE

Today, the subject of Wireless Communications embraces an ever increasing body of knowledge. It spans a broad range of functions, from basic kinds of signaling and circuitry used, to kind of cables and wireless broadcast techniques used to transfer data from sender to receiver. The fundamental concepts and techniques covered in the book are based on those used in concepts and techniques covered in the book are based on those used in existing techniques in various parts of the world. We present a large number of examples that pertain to be most popular in Asia, USA, Japan and Canada. The main objective was to provide the students and practicing engineers with a clear and logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of wireless and cellular systems.

The importance of Wireless Communications is well known in various engineering fields. The book is structured to cover the key aspects of the subject Wireless Communications.

The extent coverage in this book is meant to give learner enough material to help him understand how wireless communication works.

The book uses plain, lucid language to explain fundamentals of this subject. The book provides logical method of explaining various complicated concepts and stepwise methods to explain the important topics. Each chapter is well supported with necessary illustrations, practical examples and solved problems. All care has been taken to make students comfortable in understanding the basic concepts of the subject.

This book is for everyone who wants to explore the concepts in wireless communication and discover the techniques behinds the communication.

The book not only covers the entire scope of the subject but explains the philosophy of the subject. This makes the understanding of this subject but explains the philosophy of the subject. This makes the understanding of this subject more clear and makes it more interesting. The book will be very useful not only to the students but also to the subject teachers.

The author hopes that the book will fulfill the pressing need of interested readers and welcome any suggestions towards the improvement of the book.

Er. Rishabh Anand

Disclaimer : While the author of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and S. Chand does not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We all marvel at the beautiful rose, the rose, with all its beauty and grandeur. But seldom we pause and thank the kind of gardener who patiently manured and watered it. The book I have written is the fruit of such unseen hands.

I wish to express my profound thanks to the people around me who helped to make this book a reality.

I am especially grateful to my teachers and my colleagues specially Mrs. Aparna Mahajan, Mr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mrs. Rashmi Mahajan, Wg.cdr. P. Patnayak, Gp. Capt. H.S. Dua, Wg.cdr. Onkar Singh, Mrs. Dimple Saproo, Mrs. Naresh Kumari, Mrs. Chitra Kaul, Director M.M. Jha, Mrs. Savita Khazanchi, Mrs. Meenakshi and other faculty members who influenced my academic grown during my study.

There was, in and always will be the love of my students whom I taught, for what is written in this book has been the fruit of experience that I taught them. Finally, thanks to my parents and to rest of my family for their patience and support during the long hours of writing this book and above all there is the one Almighty whose humble children we are. It is his blessings we cherish and pray for. It is the blessing I wish for you.

I deeply express my heartful thanks to the S. Chand & Co. Ltd., for publishing this book in such a beautiful get-up and well in time.

Er. Rishabh Anand

CONTENTS

1. Introduction to wireless commnuncation system 3–15 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Evolution of mobile radio communications 3 1.3 Mobile radio systems around the world 7 1.4 Examples of wireless communication systems 8 1.5 Comparison of mobile communication system 13

2. Modern wireless communication system 16–34 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Second generation (2G) cellular networks 17 2.3 Third generation (3G) wireless networks 25 2.4 Fourth generation (4G) wireless networks 30 2.5 Comparison with 3G 31 2.6 Future trends in wireless communication 32 2.7 Requirements in wireless communications 32

3. Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss, Small-Scale Fading an Multipath 35–81

3.1 Introduction to radio wave propagation 35 3.2 Free space propagation model 35 3.3 The three basic propagation mechanisms 38 3.4 Reflection 39 3.5 Diffraction 42 3.6 Scattering 45 3.7 Practical link budget design using path loss models 46 3.8 Outdoor propagation models 47 3.9 Indoor propagation models 51 3.10 Small scale multipath propagation 52 3.11 Small scale multipath measurement 54 3.12 Parameters of mobile multipath channels 55 3.13 Type of small scale fading 58 3.14 Two-ray rayleigh fading model 61 3.15 Multipath shape factor 61

3.16 Fading rate variance relationships 62 3.17 Comparison to omnidirectional propagation 63 3.18 Second-order statistics using shape factors 64 3.19 Revisiting classical channel models with shape Factors 66

4. Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques 82–102 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 Advantage of spread spectrum techniques 82 4.3 Classificationofspreadspectrumsystem 83 4.4 Spread spectrum modulation techniques 83 4.5 Pseudo-noise (pn) sequences 83 4.6 Direct sequence spread spectrum (ds–ss) 85 4.7 Frequency hopped spread spectrum (fh–ss) 87 4.8 Performanceofdirectsequencespreadspectrum 89 4.9 Performanceoffrequencyhoppingspreadspectrum 91 4.10 Modulationperformanceinfadingandmultipathchannels 93

5. Equalization and Diversity Techniques 103–126 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Fundamentals of equalization 104 5.3 Equalizers in a communications receiver 106 5.4 Survey of equalization techniques 106 5.5 Linear equalizers 108 5.6 Non-linear equalization 110 5.7 Diversity technique 113 5.8 Rake receiver 120

6. Speech Coding and Quantization Techniques 127–142 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Characteristics of speech signals 128 6.3 Quantization techniques 130 6.4 Vocoders 132 6.5 Linear predictive coders (LPC) 134

7. Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication 143–166

7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Introduction to multiple access 144 7.3 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 145 7.4 Time division multiple access (TDMA) 147

7.5 Space division multiple access (SDMA) 149 7.6 Comparison among different multiple access Technology 150 7.7 Aloha 151 7.8 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 153 7.9 Capacity of cellular system 154

8. The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals 167–198

8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 The cellular concept 167 8.3 Frequency reuse 168 8.4 Channel assignment strategies 170 8.5 Handoff strategies 171 8.6 Interference and system capacity 174 8.7 Power control for reducing interference 177 8.8 Improving coverage and capacity in cellular sytems 177 8.9 Comparison among cell splitting cell sectoring micro cell zone concept

increasing number of repeaters 183

9. Wireless Networking 199–224

9.1 Introductiontowirelessnetworks 199 9.2 Differencebetweenwirelessandfixedtelephonenetworks 201 9.3 The public switched telephone network (PSTN) 201 9.4 Limitations in wireless networking 203 9.5 Merging wireless networks and the pstn 204 9.6 Evolution and development of wireless networks 204 9.7 Trafficroutinginwirelessnetworks 209 9.8 Common channel signaling (CCS) 212 9.9 Integrated services digital network (ISDN) 213 9.10 Broadband isdn and atm 214 9.11 Signaling system number 7 (SS7) 215 9.12 Personal communication services/networks (PCS/PCNS) 219 9.13 Packet vs. Circuit switching for PCN 220 9.14 Protocol for network access 220 9.15 Network databases 221

10. Wireless Systems and Standards 225–250 10.1 Introduction 225 10.2 Global system for mobile (GSM) 225

10.3 Cdma digital cellular standard (LS-95) 237 10.4 IMT-2000 - a third generation communication 240 10.5 UMTS-universal mobile telecommunication system 241 10.6 PACS- personal access communication system 243 10.7 Amps and etacs 244 10.8 United states digital cellular (IS-54 and IS-136) 246 10.9 Wireless local loop (WLL) 246 10.10 Bluetooth 247

11. Satellite Communication 251–269 11.1 Introduction 251 11.2 Element of satellite communication 252 11.3 Reason for the downlink frequency to be lower than the uplink

frequency 253 11.4 Satellite frequency allocation 253 11.5 Satellite orbit mechanism 256 11.6 Orbitalparameters 259 11.7 Satellite subsystem 261 11.8 Multiple access techniques 263 11.9 Satellite applications 264

12. Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio 270–306

12.1 Introduction 270 12.2 Frequency modulation vs. Amplitude modulation 271 12.3 Amplitude modulation 272 12.4 Angle modulation 276 12.5 Digital modulation–an overview 280 12.6 Linear modulation techniques 282 12.7 Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) 285 12.8 Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) 286 12.9 Qpsk transmission and detection techniques 288 12.10 p/4 QPSK 289 12.11 p/4 QPSKtransmissiontechniques 290 12.12 p/4 QPSKdetectiontechniques 291 12.13 Constantenvelopemodulation 294 12.14 Combinedlinearandconstantenvelopemodulationtechniques 298

13. Architecture and Applications of Wireless Networks 307–377

13.1 Wireless usb 307 13.2 Wireless network design analysis 308 13.3 GPRS (general packet radio service) 310 13.4 Wireless application protocol (WAP) 315 13.5 Bluetooth 319 13.6 Cellular digital packet data (CDPD) 320 13.8 Connectionless protocol 328 13.9 Connection-orientedprotocol 329 13.10 Internet protocol 330 13.11 IP address 333 13.12 Osimodel 339 13.13 Transmission control protocol 345 13.14 User datagram protocol (UDP) 357 13.15 Wireless location service architectures 362

Appendices 379–403

Model Question Papers 405–410

Wireless Communication

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121940559 Author : Er. Rishabh Anand

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