eric r. wolf. facing poder. american anthropologist

8/3/2019 Eric R. Wolf. Facing Poder. American Anthropologist

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) , fO 'W.;R an n tn e issues t iat I ,. poses liar

. n th rop .on' I an r u , that w . actuailv know a s reat d e a l about p'ower : - " u t hal e b eei.' I I" " I , . '" : . . ' ' . ~ . , ' ' I .. , • r - _ _ . .: . "It I • ..: ... ~.[ .. .: . ~ ' r ' " I [ r " , " . . . I - e . : _ . _ . _ . ' ' . . . . . . . 1 =_," _' 1'1 _ _ ' .' " .' l" "_ , -. _ ' • . .: .111 11

. . . i d ' . ' I L . . . ild i . k T-h" 'h" 1 '" ~ e . b .b .b . thodtmnc In OUhl'[~ngD , P · : · : : . _\ I , . . , ·atwe now, __, ',U t , . , a s ,n nph can on s .lo.r.O (J 1_ t .,eory ' an ' .~_ ,e t : · · . C · . = "

, . • , ' ' , '0 · t h · · . ' i " - . ~ • ln '1 1 '. C '" h " . , - . - - · d · , : " . " : . , ' . - . " . ' . . ~ . : · t , j · .o assess n g .ic J H S 1 , g _ ts . " t " past. ana ro r r a m , s l u g new q u e s 1 0 , O S , , ,

. " 1 . ~ , . . , . . . . . . r- k - - - _ . , . , ' . , , " . . : . . . . . . . - .-f. ... '., b.t, I ' ,~ '.. '.- a '. :~- .. ) :. '- .. i · · :· t ' . ' , . . . .st ' I ' " . . d · 'd -, , i l( . \ - [ e : t, r ln 11 ] 1 ' · , - '. m ,an . ,(: us, uuc orn to rtam e . , . u;, cer t . .n l 'Y .one 0, _ u : - m o s _ . _ , o " a I e ] ,

[and )1 m orph us , «irds in our reperto ire, .".e R rnance , G rm : ..m ic an d S l av i . . Ian-I t

. . , . ' . . . , ' , ' I · r -,. ~ f l " ~ . , . . . . ~ ' . - . d - . . ' [ f " ' " . . . . " ' - " - , . " ' - . - . ' . . , - ' " . - - " . . . " . ' p ' " - . ' . . - . - - p " " 'g u, C!· e~,-l I'~ast, 00]1 ( ' 1 . £ 0 - a mutntude or _~ aruna .1.118 . , . p c a . n g ar.•U :, , O U i V O l r o r _ J J ~ e r ; e ' J

· , : . 4 : a . / d - o m 'I n O ' g l l J h . , f , t e J l v o i . S u c h y t n u s ~ - . U O ' W us '~ O ' s ' - , c e a k abou power as i f i t . m ean t th e sam-i ' h - ' ,j,. , t ~ . ' I , : I '~'f \t tl ',".[j .. ,••. ,f ,' •.. ,. - ." . · . ll . . , , 1 . " - ~ ; ' i ' r " , ' . - olu , '.' ' - .~III ~ -,n . u g 0 au 0 U:'.,'.. I , 1, 1C ~l i ' e me tur ~.we ott n s P . . iA 0 po wer as 11 _ a :' tenomen l nV 'U I lV~ng

i : t '\~C1r~ s o m c '~ ~ ]'O I " 1xl u c i b l e to a common con '.Dill i n ' - ( . ssence Thi o IIiures u p ' , ' - : on -.._ .... [ _ , ... _ c· [ . J . . . ' _ , [ . . . . , [ ' . . . . • . . . _ , ~ . , _ . - . ~ . - [ . " ' . , . " '0. .' . ..,'._ . ' '. ~"'_'" ['~"" '" ,_ ._ - ,I io' '. . . ":J I.... .... _ , .. . .:

s tr nu s im a g es o r P0\;V:"f - Hobb ·S 'S L ev iath ar or Ber t raad d e Io i ven cl s -: 1 ino taur ' b u " it~I - a - s a, ' v r "on1 SP(~.if r i n g ' d il le re n t k in d s o r ' p . w [ e r im p' lica'ted in dif ferent k i r d s o f rela-I ia· I , .~ ~ " " , I l I . [ • ( I I_ ':"_, ., '. _ I [ , __ ' _ _ I 1_·_c1 I . I • _ • . '. I • I " _.I . . 1 , _ [ I. I " " I

t io n s .'ips,

~a~fOg _I : - - i i ' l ; : ~ ~ _~~)J"""" J~o f t is U . t ~ f l d to think nf f~'ur rdif [e l~ .~ 'n t m odes o f power, On e ]s power. . -

;:]II[e; [t' h [ ~ ; a tribui 1 0 : - ' 1 ' " t h - : nerso j '1 ') ,~~ p ' ' 0 :' [ - [~ . . ' y . : o '; r - - : ' C - J8 t. 1P - a b J ~ ' J -~ · t - " y · th e b a s ic I. , " ' e " t " : l s · ' I I , ' - 8 . . ' n i d " a : 10' f· :,~ ,!,II,. I. [~"~.'!i,. .. W . c. 1._ ~"l... r;;J . . 1 1 , ~~J>. _11; ,-_'" .. " " j_e_ . [Q ,.ij.: ~ 'I. 1II~.,".",~I. . ,. ,b "I. ",. ". .

.'ow er (,- .m f ian n ) 1 9 6 8 ) ~ S ' : p . - " I k in g o f power in this 8 , nse draw s atten t i O I : D to th e endow-

m e n t o r p e - rs ( n s i n t h ~ p l a . I ,f P '. . ' · ., c r , bu t . ' t ' [ e U ~ us , H t t l , [ . about t h e f o rm a n d direction o f

h ~ Th d ki d r l 1 d ' "~i'" r " ithat p i iav "' .n e secon c n n e :'._.-p ~ , .' iwe:r~'an o , underso .0··. as t .e a nlitv 0,' a, n i e G O to im p ...eI • II I' b 1

it \ 'V~Uin an a l t e » , in ;8 ;0 · i , - · J ac ion in in terperso nal relat io ns, '[" .is d r aw s at tent ion to th e "

/.1 __..~ ( , > [ 0 _ " 1 . . f i.J}~[ '~·1,7I l i lon:SIn d t r a n s a c t io : ~ '~ ', : r n o n g p , o p l l c " ' b [ u " i t, d o e s 1 ], o t , a d [ d · · S ' ! , t h . l t ~n . a - '

tur ~0' .·th,:~' l " " ' [ - = n a in \ . v h iicl l t b , - 'i n ' t e ra : • .6 o 'u , g f [0 r \ t \ r , a r d , . r r ' - [ a'i: c o m , ~ -'~ 'n."0 i c ~ - , ' mOf ' . · J _ ' ~ ~ r p ~ y '

wh'en \ v !e 'f ( ) c u , . , ,)1 ' . •· ~ ·w ~ r in th ( t~ird In de a ; _ cpo'>[e:r':ha' r . (Ull , [ol· " h ' e seil:' _ g s l in , wh ich .

.·,eoplt~ _'['.y sho ' , . for th ' th, if ' · P : · · : t l . ~Ilrialitir:s ~'nd in trac t ' \ \ , i t J l o th er S 'i " , first ie · ,m e · a , e " . S , S

' . b i s phra·.:ing o f p o ' \ > v : r ' i n ' , a t. r. th , l" \ o p o lo g . · w ' ll en R : i " c t . a r d . A d , a t n , s o u g ' h r t t o d l[e . fi r n e : p - , w e 'f not

· · 1 - b · h - ' I 1 ! " . ' " ) ~ , ( ' l . . ~ . )In '1Int·rrp(~'~~'si()n(.. r e - · Rl S,~ ·t l't a s t 'C c\o:ntro, tl ' tat on ~ IC '_O' or - · o ' p - : I . ~ r l a t . n g uni t ' I ul S t l ,~:rm,, . 1 1 ; .

l _ i o X { J · I C i s c s . ' .' _. , ~ r I. ne:rgy f t o r y . 1 S , t h , a , t 'COI_~~titll~'e '[frt o f ' t h e c n · v i r O [ D , · : · · e ' n " of a , r J I o , t h : r , a c t u . f ( ,A , d ~

a n l . S I166; , ~ , 9 75..~Th 'i s , d e f i n i ' _ i o I D , c a l l s a t t ' e n : t i o n 't o t h , c i n s ,t r u m entali t i " s o f p o w ~ : r a ,u d . i s

U ! i l . ' r . , ' " \ d I:or u.nd.' r s 't a n [ d in . _ . . .how .o ' p c r a t i n g un i S , [ · ' · · circum,s,crib·- the , R , C l i o n s of o ' . ' 1 1 e r s wi ( h i n

[d.~tcr:rninate.s · , t J l , i ngs " , I t a U , t. ~ ~ _ S. · h i r d kind o f p O ~ f . c r ta ctic a, or O [ , ~ ' g 2 u " i z a t i ' n a ] p~ower.,

fl - t ~:~ l · r e ~ s , s li U a rourth m , o d ,e . 'o f pO'\lre-:, PO \ " , ' c . . r t b a t : n , u t on ly o p l c r a t c ' s : w i ~ h i n S ltin,gs

o r dO;~fl··.. n g , bUll Ilh a t a ~ so o r , g a n , " z e s I I , u d o l l c h . ' ' S t r a ' l e s ; t i l l l , s , e ·t~ngs ' ~ - b [ e m s e lv e , s " , ":.·Ild ' t h : a ; r . '" p ~ ' i " · : r ; 1 ' I f i o : ~t i l e d · ·~If' : b · l l 1 I t : , · 'D ' ' a " - . . ' d · · · ) J r - · · - c : - , o n ' . , t . . c - " n - P . f ' g y · f l , " ' r w ' t i l ' I ,t ··. · · · - ~ ,[·liia-·~ t · ; I . '"'C! ';$ t , ' I l . . . ~ k l . i l n d · o · · f : 'I _ ·";\I.~U"J! ~.h_, [ ,11:.[[, -.II. yt,1I I .. ,._",.'_, ,,' ·:_·}.,'·,it .. :. i(;; > , ' , : . Iyi' .i~h ' !l. . __ ._ ,~ , .,be

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' p O l ' , c .r , t h a t M a - .- : : ~a d d r e t s e ' [ _ in : s p . · .a k i - , l g · , a b o · · t t h e " ,J I .. ~ ,[ o f c . p , i t a J ! to h [ a r ~ n e s , s ,a : n d a 1 1 . o • . a t · , - ,, I r " ' " ! i [ [ _ " " . . • . . , - . . , . ~ d ·~ "" .', ,'rt .;., ," - ... f " . ' , - . . i" ..

i a : o o r p o ' ·t:'f" a , : ' I. , It· 'w 'r m . s t f ~ " e ~ackg.ro'un[d ,0" , . l e i : e l .Fol 'ocaulf S IUon . o f pOiw 'er a ; ' ~ t1'.'

a b . w U t y '~to s t r , ~ tur~ thl, 'possib e : f i e Jd ' : f , a ·c ti . o n o f 'o f h " fS ' n (ic

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In n " ' ( " I li ,r c h p " ' o '11~"\J lIol1i.~. 'g'Fe ..• ni'r~;'II'1i·II'ilI,a;iI'liC1I.V ; e _ l l · ~ . ' · · i n ' g · ,·p:.,r~lId~'ilrif'lij!ll'Ci ;r.l.!RI~V · 0 0 · · · · ~I6"·:-1 · t l J e n l return to .lO-',_,;I: , I , . . . - H 1 0 1 1 : . I? v, ; : C : ' J1 ' ! 1U 1 ". : 11 ~ '''''II'_.'~ I~., ~ .'.. . r&~ 1~:lI!I,1!!liIII;U~u,~,.1 i;]! ~ . :_ I -;. " " !1;gI....,I>~f.l.~tiJ" u~~11J - ... ' ii§ \I ! ' I i : . i ' . . , ' . ' , . ' . . . . . . • _ : . - - " '- ' " I'

as ifdisoo '·-~r d , For··!h· fi1(8~'~ime , The old . ., t j 'm le . ( ! \Na luJ t iQ iD~;SFm~I ' f_ '~ l rg ,a I l ,aD.d £ ~fe b .r!eap-·peased in ,- :oo~o.g~,e311u,~is!; ''D . t · : · e : f o l , r u l e s and fiftiel~ .-he ·~:oali'llr.tDliisten'c ' 'th.~'l~WCmus

understand the W31y'~S "that '8,~I,c 'La~~'_, :~an., , ·t·~;_" 4l~b~~ . l lhelr: '$I.~~,nu~tu-·"~_.&DldDS..i tP"I_ C' ~~r- .

tions" (Ge ld .man 1 9 1 ' 1 " ) 1 ! : ~ , 5 ) ha I ~. surfac d in, the · I l · - - ~ ' f ~ " - ~ ' ! - · · ' i . ,g:fcogm!t~Q!D~.l~ct$ym,'b_o:l~i s m , : n , IO~L 0 ' . I _ c n pl~_yle: a s a d i s s e n a n t quartet '~'~-1-"'-~ ~ · ~ ' · : r ; J R a _ U t c i t - : _ ' ~ , ; _ : .nsl:;uetia ' - j l - < i q , m . ~,ffu,-

sio nism g .rew exhaus tee l , a i t , e r 'hilin,g ~ ,o o Id ,c ep l- ' ~ _ ',~"" :_' ; s f l d l il c m J v e ' ~ p : p l l c ,o f t, - ki,·~,l is '- ,co l-I I f .1Cbl l lg , 'b u t s pr an : g' back to life: in, th e s : t ' u . d i , e s ;l'.c(r\l'~:!".;.~~9,n'Jinterae j,gn 1-:~.-j6t=S·1andworld ....ys,~"m'I,.F U l n 'C ' r ]l o n . a r . - , is " r n · overreached its. '£ ,~cl~.'i.,,~i.1OI depi,ct , o , r g , a J '~I£'~f;l:ties,b ..J ,i h ~,.~, , , - ' k ' . , , ~ C · · I ~ . . . . : 1 1 'I"aut re tu rn -,.u ,n J I systems t.:~eory a s 'w ' e~ ,I"a s in Oiig~~~~'.· ..0 SI;!, ·.. 'u l ' tuf ie l i i ! ;aan··" l~ l'~TSi9'n,--lj]ty'

studies advanced no t i o n s of "basie person ~'rty~ 's - . l i t c - . _ f , ~ " ' t :·ailtd- -~;~RatiDDalch.f,8.\C er,"

withou" .p\~:l'yin.8h eed to history, ,cuIIH' 'a ~ .h,e' t.erorllen~i ~.~,e th G ml~.of~,b,ege':m,oIlY'n , s : h a : p i l 1 : gl J J , n i " f o i F m i " t i , e s , : ; but su,s,picio'llsly simibifl" ·C b,i it .- ;";a,c,t le.~" .~ _ ~ S ;8 . ~:n :ro de FD i ' -~ati,oDS'"and \J ' " ; ' ! e ' _ ' h Q i c '

j, ~ If" " " I I h ~ . " €i ~'~ ; 1 1 : , , ' 1 . . . , l d 'Il . ~,gr\N::-lj;lI&i:~.~,. __, ~" ,' n Ii I, ~c - . . :e vaneaes &:If 1-, " '~_.I ~:.·_i"~ q ' ' .•LO~ ·aD"!_ t J l 1 ~ e · y , a r l . 1 o , u s

M-·!,~ b ' " ' ' : "d - ' b 0 0 - 1 ! . . . r:i " _d.'I" _..JI ~ i t , . . . .l ~ , . £ '.l ll . .·L L b - - ' . . . J i ~, '. a : rXU i ims a ,r,e 'l ,em ,' ~ ~ 'O I, , ! _ . . ~y not~:fu .er -· I .r '.~ ,eDu ;t -y ' ·aJ~ . - ·O l rd · "~ UI:Y-~:Oj.~t J l ~ a 4 tW,llia' I ' ' _ , e y ~fte~ : ~ s . ,

"the oncept .:~fC D J ture, ";w~are a J J I familia ~~ l i _ , _ u a : . ~ -~tb_r; IDb~r· t~Lolwi~s im,ag 'e of ' > ~ , d : i r : : . "

fusionism laviD,y th . ,ax'e tOI ev olut io nism . ~ .~. ,~ ;sC f a G - - S o . - 1 ~, i~ ~ a, 'p,Fo(alch I C a ; [ r i . l c s , the.ax to

i l ts_p~edeces$~rs:,3.ntllro~o~og~ comes, to resem l.~~ •• ~_!~t : t~,."~'; lleetual defomstalli~,n .. ' I Dd .not t h i n k that this is either nee ssary olr':_~cs lu .b l ii r d U b k th -a r t an :t il 'f1op!oiog ') f' can

be eumulativ ',~hat we can . use the work of 'OU'r" 'nfe' .";sJ.g '1'_,oi~rarSlt .D.'e,,, ' 'q...uestions,. .,r" _ ' ~ r '. .

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("i. I.'-n itions ofadults ~J 'Ii Ihildren, males and ~.'_~.j., ..'~-~:.,ior,:-:, ,d sh t r n ans slaves and :lffl.::;··ers

a r t j ,l cu i l, .i,. to '~rm t he ,eel' iva] nee structures that a re ' r . ~ . . 1 • uhstan ' ' o~ social ~iF? , [V \ rallac~.~.~.'~:.:]I) .

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not need to understand what meanings lie behind th behavior of their partnersin inter-

change ..A' I , t hey have '·0 know is how to res pond appropria 'ely tOI the cues signaled b yothers, Issues of m e ,ini.n g n eed not ever rise into consciousness. Thi s is oftc.rJ1'the concern

on ly - of certain specialists, whose s pe cif ic j( }'b or interest it is , to ex plo re th e plenitude of

pns~ilJ~.(~meani 19S: people S'UCll as shamans, . toh.un,~a,or academics. Yet there arc also sit--.-;...... ,,~ - • f ..l·~~· t ~ \ I . . .. . .. . .!.. ali . r t ~. '. d d I' . ·t duanons In. W·ll.C1 '.ie mu .uat slgna., 109 0,. expec ations IS . erangeo wnerc 0ppOSi .e am ,

eontradic o ry interests come to 'hc fo ~e;,or where cu .tural schemata come under chal-lenge. I t then becomes apparent that b e y o nd logic and aesthetics, it is power that guar-

a11tees =-·o-r fa i . l s ~Power is . im ilicated in meaning thr .•ugh, its-role in upholding one version of significance

as tru , fruitfu , or beautiful, against other possibilities that may threaten truth, fruitful-

llCSS~ or beaurv, A.lI eu tures, however conceived ..carve out significa ice and trv to stabi-" - J o ._; ,

lize it ag-ainN. l possible alten atives. ]n human affairs things might 'bedifferent, and ,0tenarc, Roy Rappaport, in. writing orr sanctity and ritual (Rappaport 1979) , t has cm'ph.a,si7.a~d

the basic arbitrariness of al cult ral orr lers, He argues that they are anchored. in postu-

lares t .t at can neither b,t~verified nor falsiied , but that must 'be treated as, unquesrionable:

to make them unquestionable, they art: surrounded with sacredness. I 'would add that

t here is 'always the possibility that they mig 11 com ..e unstuck, ,HCI1CC', symbolic work is.

never done, ach icves no final sol u tion '. '. iecultural assertion that the w·()rl.d. is shaped. inthis w"ay and not in some otherhas .o be repeated and enacted, lest i t . be questioned ~.ndd · ~ ' " I ' " 1 + + 11 d b V '" I .. 't"aleri ~ I ,I d f K I 1 • ~ ..J S~ I ~ ' h ' . r . o 'enuxr. ne pOl IIlrs we, III a ..C ."y ' al..erio v a eri In 11S 'Stu .y 0.. ,- .'t lZ g :'· ,r ijJ a n a '.a '1 '~ 'a ,e1.11

Hawaii, Ritual , he says, produces sense

hy cr·rating contrasts in the continuum ot'experience, This implies suppressing certain elernonts

of cxperie l et " i n order tu gi'v~ relevance to others, 'l"hus the creation of conceptual order is . also".

coustitu ti vely , rhe su ppression of a Spt"(~ts, of rcalit y. [Valeri 1985':xi I

r i'he Chinese doctrine of 'the rectification of names" also xpeaka to this I oint of the SUPI-

pr~~~'i~l'~l., .S!;~~.!:.~.c:~.~Sl~l)ui,a_li~~~hat the ~o.r1.d works ill~o~e 'wa~ a~.,~~-, '~.t in _anothr. l : re-quires categories to order and Jlrcct experience. According to this doctrine, i r mea ungs

multiplier SfJ as to transcend established boundaries, social consensus wuuld become im-

possible-s-people would harm each other "like water and fire.."Hence" a wise govern.mcnt

would h~ve to restore things tl) their 1)[f()I)er definitions, in clear recognition that. the main ...teuance ol' catego .ies upholds power and power mai rains the 0 ld'f,~'rof the world (see'

Pocock [971:42-79) ..

I have SJ)OkCll of dillere u modes ofst uctural power I which work rh ough kr.y re ations

of ~Ov("rnanec. Each such mode would al)pt~ar to re'lJ.uire characteristic ways of concep-

tualizing and ( ' :a teg"u,r izillg people. In social formations that deploy labor through rela-

-riOLS gloss -d ~t kinship, people are assigned [.0 networks or bodies o r kin that arc distin-

guished tl} ' criterra ol'gender, distinct substances or essences of descent, connect i().fl .s. with

the dead, differentia] distributions of rnytl 5 ." rituals, and emblems, Tributary formatior S

hicra 'chizc these criteria and set. UI) ,di~. inct social strata, each stratum marked by a. dis ...

tinctive inner SUI)Sl~nCe that also defines its positions and privileges in S:OCil~ly",Capitalist

formations ",eel the individual out of encompassing ascriptive bodies anc install people

as separate actors, free to exchange, truck, or 'barter in the marke r , as well as in other

provi ices of life, The three modes of categot :izing social actors, moreover, imp l y quite

dini~r(~llt relations to "nat rrc" and cosmos. When one mode enters i to co nf lic . with an-

other, it also. challenges the fundamental categories that empo'wcr 'its dynamics, Power

will then 'be invoked to assault riva] categorical claims, P ower is , thus never exterria] '1 0

significati n~it inhabits meanin _and is is champion in stabilixation a'tld defense .

._¥i~~Jw(~-JJL!W~JJWl~rQI)Q]~PKY l,h.c insight that th.. arrangements of 3 : society become

most visible when t hey arc cha l lenged by' crisis ..The role of PQ".1cr also beCO)11eS most

evident ill instances where nliaj"Jir organizati(}ual trallsfo-rm,ali .ons put signHi'~ation under

cl·1.3.I(enge"L c , t . m e oller so:nl ,e exam.pies, .. In t leir s tu ·d .y o f the' . P lain s , \ l'i si on E ,~pC'r ie ll ce -, .

P.atri.cia Albc'rs ,and Sey:m,o ru r Pa,rker (1971,) co'ntrast th 'e l 'nd'ividua,: , iz:ed visions. of th e

I ,



. .- .. _!

...

~()4.).. , _ '.. • .~ _ 2L !A; T" ...~ ............. . "_ .I k. r, A M ENU.~."'i ANTH'R·orOl. 0GI.~~t

III

.~gaHta.rian Io agers of the Plains perip l(~rywith the standardized k in - gr ou p ...cont 'olled.. i • II t .}, 1 ~ 1 ' 1, 11 S' · 1 1 I r d ' k' d f II '. .• d dvtstons 0". tile norucuttura 'VI Il.ag~owe ,ers, oui a t111',"10 0,' visiun, onentec towar '

war and wea th, emerged among the buffalo-hunting nomads, who developed in response

to th e introduction of horse ~'lidgun, A s ",orsc pastoralism proved increasingly successful,

the horticulturalists became rive: h y conflicts between the personal-private visions 0:[

.... d i buffal hun t i 1 he visi I db h ..oung ~ien involved m nu 'a 0 unnng, ant, the v'lS10nS centro _e Y nere n t a ry g ouns

of kin. .'I 'h d 1- ' ..t. 'h M · · '1\1 d .. h '1 (, ',e evetopmen t 'Oil 1 . ' { ~ v erma sta _C m 1;" a agascar glves us anot, ~er xam pU_~' i see,

Ior example, Berg 1986: Bloch ):'986);; As th e s tate .Jeea'ln~ increasing] y powerful and cen-

tralized around an intensified agriculture and ever more elaborate social hierarchy, the

royal. center also emerged as the hub of the ideational system, Local rites of circumcision,

water sprinkli r g~ ,ojfcrings tu hOID'C)f superiors, and 'rituals, ministering to group icons and

talismans were increasing lv svnchronized and fused with rituals of state ..,lor ' . -

The roy~J rituals ofHawaii furnish a third case. Their development was linked to . major

transformations that a'(r~etf:~d,Hawaii .after 1400, when agriculture and aquaculture we're

extended a n d intensified (Sf;C, fo r example, Earle .1.978,';Kirch 1985.;Spriggs 1 '988)~ Loca l· · ,. d 1 4 d d I heri hon, nl'll.n'ues were reorga lll,e·.; '~neagcswere deconstructec I , , ; commoners ost t .e ngnt to

k.("'fPget 'calogies and (.0 attend temples, and were assigm d as quasi-tenants to nonlocal

subaltern chi e s. (~hiefs and aristocrats were raised up, godlike, into a separate CI dog , a -n10~1~stl"af'tlIlr=' t!OllfiTn"s 'wi th. ih the elite brought on, endemic warfare' and attemp: s at

COIl[ll est: bo t h le d the cull of h um a n sacrifice. Innovations in myth and r i tual portrayed)' • e .' . I ~ , 1 J + f id h k tl 'I d."lC eruption Oi~ war auo VIO. ence oy t.1'H~corning 0" outsi :IC'·S. S' arks upon me ian < . ' :

Sah Iin x ( I 985) has offered the notion of a cui tura] structure to illerpret how H awaiians

unders ro od su ch cha nges. and rc -vai ued :heir under tandings in the c ,)'U)',SC of change ~BUl.

reference to a cultu ral structure alone, or even :0 a dialectic of a struct tire of meaning

w 'i t h t h ( ~ wo,'-· 1 £ 1 . 'Wil l not y c t ex plai 11 how given fOl'm s of signi ..cance re' ate '0 transfer-

mations of a~ri'''u.lt urc, settlomcru, sociopolitical organization and relations of war and

peace. ']"0 explain what happened in Hawaii or elsewhere. we must take t " u . ~ further step

of undcrsts ndi 19 the consequences of the exercise of ,power.

I have put forward tlu: case for i\.11 a nhropology that is ,no, content merely to translate

interpre. , or p"~ay with a . kat , ,idosc'ope o .'cultural . f r .agmenls) hut that Sleeks explanationsfor cul tura] phenomena. 'VV'{~an build upon past (~rrU"rtsand o ld insights, but we mus talso find OUl" way to asking new questions. I understand anthropology as. a cumulative

unde~"takin:g, as well as a collective quest that moves in ever expanding circles ..a quest.

l.h~!ldepends U' Jon the contributions o'f eac '~o ~ rUs, and for which we are a I responsible.

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