“erosion research in iowa” thanos n. papanicolaou iihr-hydroscience and engineering, university...
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““Erosion Research in Iowa”Erosion Research in Iowa”
Thanos N. PapanicolaouIIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa
The Clear Creek Watershed coordinates
HUC2 (Region)Upper Mississippi
HUC4 (Subregion)Iowa-Skunk-Wapsipinicon
HUC6 (Accounting Unit) Iowa
HUC8 (Catchment)Lower Iowa
HUC10 Clear Creek Watershed
Upper Mississippi River HUC12 North Amana SubWatershed
HUC Digit
2
4
6
8
10
12
Name
Upper Mississippi
Iowa-Skunk
Iowa
Lower Iowa
Clear Creek
North Amana
Area (km2)
491,663
58,458
32,746
4,366
267
48
Testbed(s): nested watersheds in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
The Clear Creek Observatory, IA
δδ1515
N N δδ1313
CCC/NC/N
== f f (biogeochemical (biogeochemical processes)processes)
== f f ( factors ( factors ))
Using a Finnigan MAT Delta Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS)
The Clear Creek Observatory, IA
During decomposition, particles decrease in size. During decomposition, particles decrease in size. Also, the light N-14 atoms are incorporated into Also, the light N-14 atoms are incorporated into plant roots and thus the net change in plant roots and thus the net change in δδ1515N is an N is an increase relative to initial conditions. This is increase relative to initial conditions. This is particularly important for soil-erosion particularly important for soil-erosion considerations because particle size is a governing considerations because particle size is a governing parameter.parameter.
Decomposition, Decomposition, mechanical breaking mechanical breaking down of OM down of OM
δδ1515N= N= 2‰2‰
δδ1515N= N= 4‰4‰
Conclusions for Erosion studies:
1. The δ15N for monoculture wheat (C3) land-use reflects size distribution (after Fox and Papanicolaou JAWRA, 2007)
Results from both labs (overlapped)d 13C (%0) vs. d 15N (%0) (<53 mm)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
-30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15
d13C (%0)
d15N
(%
)
Agriculture (<53) Fores t (<53) Agriculture (<53) Fores t (<53)
Watershed Soil Characterization
Property Units Corn Soybean CRP Floodplain Bank
Geological
Silt % 65.4 59.2 63.3 70.0 66.4
Clay % 29.5 34.7 30.3 26.4 26.7
Sand % 5.10 6.10 6.40 3.60 6.90
Water Content % 21.5 20.0 25.36 16.1 18.35
Specific Gravity --- 2.56 2.73 2.46 2.54 2.50
Plastic Limit % 26.70 27.00 24.20 32.35 24.36
Liquid Limit % 36.34 38.07 38.59 47.00 37.68
Watershed Soil Characterization
Property Units Corn Soybean CRP Floodplain Bank
Chemical
pH --- 7.70 7.75 6.05 6.45 6.95
Buffer pH --- 7.30 7.35 6.70 7.00 7.13
Exch. K cmol/kg 0.749 0.639 0.431 1.154 0.248
Exch. Ca cmol/kg 21.21 31.13 10.82 12.52 12.00
Exch. Mg cmol/kg 3.63 3.26 2.18 3.36 2.98
Exch. Na cmol/kg 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.04
Zn g/kg 0.0021 0.004 0.0011 0.0052 0.0016
Fe g/kg 0.070 0.098 0.116 0.140 0.088
Mn g/kg 0.013 0.010 0.018 0.021 0.017
Watershed Soil Characterization
Property Units Corn Soybean CRPFloodplai
n Bank
Chemical
Organic Matter g/kg 43.55 54.85 53.85 74.70 30.52
Total C g/kg 23.85 30.05 29.59 40.96 16.71
Total N g/kg 2.061 1.964 2.672 3.496 1.638
NO3-N g/kg0.003
6 0.00220.002
6 0.0027 0.0038
NH4-N g/kg0.001
3 0.01400.004
0 0.0050 0.0080
CEC cmol/kg25.66
0 35.12017.08
9 17.069 15.266
SAR √(cmol/kg)
0.0191 0.0236
0.0205 0.0123 0.0135
Biological
Photosynthetic Pathway --- C4 C3 C3 --- ---
•30% clay, 65% silt and ~ 5% sand. If clay is 20-40%, no stable aggregates formed, thus higher erosion.•pH range=6.0-7.0, range in which particles are most susceptible to erosion due to F to F contacts between clay particles•Cation Exchange Capacity were higher in cultivated soils i.e., corn = 25.7 cmol/kg and soybean = 35.1 cmol/kg than uncultivated soils.
Watershed Soil Characterization
•Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was low for all soils which means higher erosion rate. •Mineralogy of clay – Majority Smectite, Vermiculite (and a small portion Kaolinite and Illite) have more water retention, hence lower shear required for soil erosion•Analyzed soil biogeochemical characteristics indicate that the catchment soil is highly erodible.
Watershed Soil Characterization
•Beginning with the 25 years simulation, equilibrium conditions for both water discharge and sediment discharge is reached
Results
•The estimated avg. annual water discharge at the outlet is 5,775,717 m3/yr, sediment discharge is 26,335 ton/yr, and sediment delivery ratio is 0.183
Results
Sample tray detail
Bank sediment placed in sample tray detail
Figure 6. A laboratory flume equipped with a sediment box sampler for testing critical erosional strength. Top to the right a bank sediment sample placed in the box sampler for testing its critical erosional strength.
DSD Generated by the Rainfall Simulator
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Drop diameter (mm)
Dro
p S
ize
Dis
trib
uti
on
(m
m-1
m-3
)
RR = 80 mm/h
M-P DSD 80mm/h
M-P=Marshall Palmer DSD
Geomorphologic Features
• Headcuts• Plunge pools• Steps: areas of locally flat and steep slopes• Rough, uneven bed profiles• Varying cross-sectional geometries
(constrictions and expansions) • The process of rill evolution involves a feedback
loop between erosion, hydraulics and bedform.
Rill Erosion
• Rill erosion is a function of the capacity of the flow to detach sediment in relation to the capacity of the soil to resist detachment.
• Depth-averaged velocity, discharge, and bed shear stress are used to express the capacity of the flow.
• Rill sediment material is comprised of fines (clay, sand, silt, and organic material)
• This material can exist as either fine suspended sediment or as aggregates of many particles that move as bedload (Gilley et al., 1990).
Primary Objectives and Goals
The objective of this research is to develop a numerical model that removes some of the limitations of the existing models and accounts for the complex interaction of flow, geomorphology and sediment transport. The model proposed here is limited to 1-D flows and consists of a hydrodynamic and sediment transport component which are solved simultaneously.
Model Description: Hydrodynamic Component
• 3ST1D (Steep Stream Sediment Transport 1-D) was previously developed for steep gravel bed streams.
• It employs the TVD-MacCormack Scheme.
• The Scheme solves the unsteady form of the St.Venant equations.
1 – D St. Venant Equations
A = flow cross-sectional area
Q = flow rate
g = gravitational acceleration
I1 = Hydrostatic Pressure force Term
I2 = Forces exerted by channel wall contractions or expansions
S0 = Bed Slop
Sf = Friction slope
= Momentum Coefficient β
Conservative Form
The conservative form of the equation guarantees correct jump intensities and celerities of surface waves (Lax and Wendroff, 1960).
TVD-MacCormack Scheme
• Used to solve the 1-D St. Venant equations
• Shock Capturing
• Is a two step predictor-corrector scheme
• Second order accurate and capable of rendering the solution ocsillation free (MacCormack, 1969)
Predictor Step
Δt = time stepΔx = cell sizei = computational point j = time leveln = Manning’s Roughness R = hydraulic radius
Results: Rill Bed (200 cells)
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Longitudinal distance (m)
Ele
vatio
n (m
)
Fixed Bed Profile
Measured Water Surface
Predicted Water Surface
Locations of Cross-sections
1 2
76
54
3
8
Max error in water surface: Pools = 22% Step = 10%
Profiles
Streamwise Distribution of Velocities (200 cells)
Error in the predicted velocity values exceed 40% in the pools
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Longitudinal Distance (m)
Vel
ocit
y (m
/s)
Averaged Measured Velocity Predicted Velocity
Froude Numbers (200 cells)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Longitudinal Distance (m)
Fro
ude
Num
ber
Measured Froude Number Predicted Froude Number
Flow Continuity (200 Cells)
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Longitudinal Distance (m)
Dis
char
ge (
m^3
/s)
3ST1D Predicted Flow Exact Flow
Max Error in flow continuity 9%
Future Work
1) Incorporation of a channel dynamic model into WEPP for modeling flow and sediment in ditches and channels
2) Enhancement of the soil properties databases3) Tracers for sediment provenance4) There is still a need to define spatial variability of
infiltration and runoff along a hillslope using new research methodologies and techniques.
5) In the Midwest the role of fertilizers (e.g., ammonia, manure), pesticides and etc. needs to be identified
6) Roughness characterization