Explaining the Goodwill in the Organization with Regard to Islamic Teachings

Yunos Forqani1

Hossain Parkan2

Roqayeh Ebrahimi3

Abstract In the Third Millennium although organizations have overcome many

organizational problems using modern tools and systems they have instead

transformed trust intimate communication optimism and positivism into

extreme bureaucracy false competition mistrust and cynicism which Reduces

organizational productivity Goodwill is one of the most important ethical traits

emphasized by Islam As much as the bad opinion brings chaos and mental

discomfort as well as the conflicts among the individuals within an organization

as the goodwill brings unity and peace to the staff The authors of the present

study have sought to find practical implications for goodwill in management and

organization by using the thematic analysis method based on Quranic verses

and narratives related to this subject in the perfect book Mizan al-Hikmah

This paper has attempted to extract basic concepts from Islamic texts rather

than impose common management topics on religious teachings and in some

cases compare them with managerial doctrines or adapt them with

organizational and managerial doctrines According to the present study

except in some specific cases in Islamic view goodwill is valid In addition

based on the verses and traditions the origin of goodwill and ways to promote

it in the organization can be extracted Other positive effects of goodwill for the

organization such as empowering organizational communication reducing

anxiety and stress performance facilitation enhancing trust and proper

employee evaluation are other areas that this study has achieved

Keyword Organizational goodwill optimism Islamic organization trust 1 PhD student of management at Tehran University Farabi Campus Qom Iran (author in charge)

yforghanidteir 2 PhD in cultural policy making Baqir al-Olum University Qom Iran hparkandteir 3 MA in Nahj al-Balaghah Higher Education Center of Eqlid Iran kEbrahimidteir

The Quarterly Journal of Islam and Social Studies

Vol 7 No 2 Autumn 2019Issue 26

Received 02042017 Accepted 08122017

VcopyAringmdegfrac34frac34PWdegzgtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdegmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddot

EcirciquestZlaquosectiquestAcircEuml

frac12Zmacrafrac34Igraveu

Ecircfrac14IgraveAringY]YAumlIgravelaquo

micronfrac34centcmacrLshysLyparacryenKlaquoacuteymicroqKtmiddotqmmicrorcedilOLOLmiddotparaplusmnLshyLysup3LmiddotqKtOKsKtimesrfrac34yenPzplusmnmacrqnshytimesLmiddotsKtimesqLfrac34zOrOVmicronssup3rfrac34SEgraveplusmnLshysLyUAEligshyacutekEgraveregfrac34regULLPWqKmLregXKacuteqmLshyKnplusmnKVPshysup3Egravesup2frac34Otimesrbrvbarplusmn

VOLqEgraveKrKEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteOparaOKqEgraveOMoLiexcltimesLmiddotparaXkLysectnPshyEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3timesmLregXKparacopyBzshydegfrac34regmiddotparaiexclnplusmnKmicrorcedilO|middotLiexclqmtimesn_r[KmqKmEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesqsup3degzgnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12degLdegfrac12rWnfrac34iexclBWmqacuteshyEgraveAEligkKU

VyKlaquoAEligyKdegfrac12mmacrLfrac34shysLsup2Wsup3macrKsup3qsup3esup3qEgraveXgKqLplusmnsup3qacuteshyKVX~Wparafrac12LshydeggtacuteyparaiexclVPzplusmnmacrLregmiddotparaOdegzgVyKmacrLshysLy frac12mKrKVyKmacrL~frac12KUngsup3sup3|shyKqparafrac12Lshydeg|middotsup3vSqmmacrLyennplusmnqLbrvbarplusmn

|frac34Sfrac12Ksup3qsup3EgraveplusmnrULfrac12macrmKmqKrLsup2PshyLOsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWsup3qsKmicromLXyKLOsup3qdegfrac12KparaOacuteOrshyULdegfrac12ssup3MLXiexclqmacuteacuteshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƨƾŻƹŤparaOKnfrac34SsectLPplusmnmVcopyAringmmacrmriexcltimesLmiddotdegzgtimesmrOqLiexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmdeg

micromacuteOmacrLshysLysup3nplusmnKEgraveyparacopyLshydegfrac12KqmparaiexclVyKmicronparaOmicrosacuteshyrO^frac12KqVfrac12rfrac12nshyZgLPshyumlfrac34reghWtimesL_timesLmiddotL plusmnsKEgravefrac12KnXOKnotfrac34middotLshyEgraveshyAEligyKmacracuteXshymacrmKmqKrLsup2PshyLOEgravesup2frac12mmicrosacuteshyLOmqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmsup3macute]KrlXyKtimesLmiddot

microsacuteshyLfrac12sup3micronparazfrac12LshyEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshymacrrOEgraveplusmnLshysLysup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotnplusmnacutefrac34PWLmiddotrLg|middotsup3vSwLyKrOdegzgLOVcopyLKLktimesmqKacuteshyt_paraOEgraveshyAEligyKmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmVyKdegULfrac12Ksup3qsup3ULfrac12wLyKrOdegfrac34sup2dregmiddot

EgraveshydegzgB~sup2shymacrKacuteWsup3qsup3degtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacuteregplusmn]KrlXyKKqmacrLshysLyqmmacrdegzgVPshyUKr[KtimesKrOdegmLregXK|frac12KtKmrcentordfregumlfrac34cedilzWwrXyKsup3MKrK|middotLiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWrfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLy

VyKparaXLfrac12VymLcedilplusmnparaO|middotsup3vSdegfrac12KparaiexclVyKtimesrbrvbarfrac12mmqKacuteshysKtfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclffrac34hEgraveOLfrac34sqKsup3

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexclLmiddotdegzgacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLydegOmLregXKEgraveshyAEligyKmacrLshysLyEgravesup2frac34

VLfrac12qmjfrac12qLW1313 rfrac12pSjfrac12qLW1313

mEgraveOKqLxfrac12mrSmacrKrcedilWmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmVfrac12rfrac12nshytimesrXiexclmtimesacute`~plusmnKmacrKrfrac12KnotsectacuteJzshymicronsup2zfrac12acuteplusmn yforghanidteir

VyLfrac34ytimesrXiexclmlaquoacuteordfcopyKrLOmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesqKpyenmacrKrfrac12Knot hparkandteir

LiexclEgraveyLsup2qnqKAEligPcopyK^cedilplusmnparamacrKrfrac12Knfrac34ordfKtimesacuteordfqLshysup3degfrac12msectacuteK|frac12Kryen kEbrahimidteir

parashyLsup2ordfEgrave~middotsup3vSEgraveregordf

notXmiddotsectLylaquosup3mmicroqLregEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

ULh

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

paraordfJzshymacrLfrac34Osup3parashynshy

Usup3LWsKEgravecentfrac126 frac34plusmnqmEgraveplusmnKacutefrac34gsup3Egravefrac34PUKmacute_acuteshyrbrvbarfrac12mqLXqLOEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKqLXqtimesLmiddotVmacrtimesnsup2shyparaO-VyKparaXcedilplusmnUqLPLOEgraveXzfrac12LOrX~frac34OUKmacute_acuteshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLXqAEligkrOEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKqLXqrbrvbarfrac12m6 frac34plusmnparaOVfrac12Lsup2VsqKsup3KnmiddotKsup3LmiddotLhcopyLmiddotqLXq frac12sKEgraveWsup3LXshyrfrac34yLWwLyKdegfrac12KrO-macute

macrLcentshyKEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKmacrLzcentfrac12VyKrfrac12pSEgraveshyparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaOpara_acuteWLOmicronmiddotL~shy frac12VyenmacrKacuteWryenparaOxSqmparaiexclEgraveXfrac34plusmnmicroqLOqmEgrave0LXPzplusmntimesrplusmnparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekqmLmLfrac12sacute`Xz_LOsup3EgraveXly

Egravefrac12acuteysKLshyK-nsup2iexclqLcedilKmqKmmacute_sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKqLXq frac12qLXqacutekqmEgravesup2middotoUsup3LVyKrfrac12tyenLplusmntimesrshyKmicrorshyssup3qEgraveyennplusmnsqmmacrLfrac34KrKparaordfJzshyparaiexclVyL`sup2frac12KqmmacrLregyensup3deg

Egraveshyershymacute nEgraveEgravefrac12LyLsup2qmVfrac34laquondegfrac12KVyKEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKqLXqEgraveordfKmicrormiddotacute_paraiexcl

micromrXzyenVfrac34shyacuteregOmacrnfrac34yqmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-mqKmEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimesLmiddotqLXqqmtimesKKsup3degXshyparaEgraveshypara_KacuteshytimesqKacutemLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveyennplusmnsmicrorshyssup3qumlILzshysKtimesqLfrac34zOqmmicroLbrvbarfrac12L_macute

Vcedil_timesrfrac34yensup3macrKrfrac12nshymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsKparaiexcltimesrfrac34yLWqmmicronsup2sup2frac34Omr 5Egravesup2middotosup3timesrplusmntimesLmiddotEgraveshyUqacute|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotEgraveshyparaXz_rOmrfrac34yenmacute

Vcedil_degfrac12KVyKEgravesup2XyenEgraveshyKqtimesrfrac34yenparaOmacrKacuteWtimesnregWUqacutemKmqKrrfrac34frac34WacutelXymdegfrac12K|frac34SqmtimesqLcentXymmacrLcentshyKrEgraveshyKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mumlregrfrac34zWtimesKrOtimesqsup3r 5Egravesup2middototimesLmiddotsKmacrKacuteW

VcopyAringmlaquosup3tcopyrOnfrac34iexclBWtimesLmiddotdegzgdeg|plusmnnfrac12LPplusmnparaXPcopyK-VzplusmnKmEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqmmacrLsup2shyDshyparaOqLfrac34XkKsK]qLkumlshyKacutemicroKacuteksup3 frac34Xplusmnusup3V[Kqsup3paraOacuteOrshyumlshyKacutemicroKacutekEgravefrac34hshyumlshyKacute

umlcentqm|sup2iexclrfrac34zWtimesKrOmacrLzplusmnKVfrac34sup2middototimesrfrac34yenVryenmicronfrac12mLplusmnKq|plusmnLfrac34KrKtimesLmiddotKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyVKrsKmacrKacuteWdegzgZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmsectLshytimesKrO-mriexclLPsup2XyKZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOtimesLmiddotdeg

Nfrac34plusmndegfrac12rXcedilOsKLmiddottimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilepoundqtOsup3parafrac34degfrac12rWLmiddotmacrLregmiddoteparaPsup2_rOparaiexclVyKmicronmicronplusmnKacutekdegfrac12KLshyK-nplusmnqKmmicroqLKEgraveyenvfrac12sup3degfrac12KtimesmKqKrfrac34timesLmiddot

EgraveordflaquoLshyKnotzcopyKumlKsup3notfrac34~copyKdegzgKdegshydegcopyKdegzgdegzgVordfkdegfrac12rWacutecentfrac34plusmnsKdegNfrac34plusmndegfrac12rXcedilOsup3LmiddotLmiddot

VyK EgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzg-Lfrac12LcopyKsectt_Ksup3Lfrac12L`zcopyKumlKdegshydegcopyKdegzgtimesacutekdegfrac12rWrOsKdegpoundqtOsup3Lmiddotparafrac34degfrac12rWLmiddot

KVy

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveregplusmnZLOacuteacuteshy-notfrac34plusmnKnOmacrLzplusmnKqLfrac34XkKsK]qLkmicrorzcentfrac12KqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOVPshymicroLbrvbarplusmnparaiexclmacutedegzgparaOtimesmnXshyULfrac12Ksup3qqmparaiexclKrc]qLkmacrLzplusmnKqLfrac34XkKsKqLiexcldegfrac12KryenKsup3VyKmicronrshyKdeg

ordfcentWrshyKdegfrac12KmacuteOsectLhshylaquoacuteshysKmacrmacrmsryparaiexclmacuteOffrac34PEgraveordfPcopyLOsup3L4frac12AringLshyparaOfrac34VyKEgraveshyKqULfrac12Ksup3qqmtimesrmiddotLEgravebrvbarplusmnLyensup3mdegfrac12KEgravefrac12LPLPparashyAEligparaiexclEgravefrac12rWparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrKacuteW

EgraveshyparaIKqKdeggtacuteylaquoacutecedilshysKmriexclumlgnmiddotmffrac34acuteWdegfrac34sup2cdeggtacuteyacutekqmmacrL~frac12KEgraveshynmiddotmtimesKrOEgraveplusmnLcedilyenLplusmnKqmKEgraveacuteplusmndeggtacuteyEgraveshymacute_sup3paraOqLfrac34XkKmacrsup3nOparaiexclVyKxplusmnnfrac12

mqKmparaordfgrshysup3mdeggtacuteyKsup3qmVyennfrac12LOacuteacuteshydegfrac12KparaOpara_acuteWLOqKrXyKsup3|frac12Knfrac34SparaOEgraveAEligkKrfrac34VyKtimesqLfrac34XkKparaiexclmacrqKrXyKLshyK-Vzfrac34plusmntimesqLfrac34XkKdeggtacutey|frac12Knfrac34SqLreg

Egraveshymsup3qtimesqacuteplusmn macrLregmiddotmicromriexclqLcedilKmacrLhshyEgravekrOparaiexclparaplusmnacuteyennplusmnKmacracuteXshyqmEgraveregordfacuteacuteshy frac12EgraveyqrOr

microsacuteshyparaiexclVyKdegfrac12KEgraveshyAEligyKnLOparaXKmLsup2sup3qacutesup3macrKnsup2crplusmnmqacuteshytimessup3rregordfqmEgravesup2frac12mtimesLmiddotparaOLcedilplusmnsKmacrKacuteXOparaiexclmriexclmicromLXyKacuteacuteshymacracutekqmfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveOLsup2shymacrKacutesup2timesrLO

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexcltimesacute`Xz_sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKOLsup2shyrOtimesqsup3rshyLOdegmEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqEgraveshyparaXkKmrSparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaOparaiexclmriexclmicronmiddotL~shyKqtimesmLfrac12smqKacuteshymacrKacuteWnplusmnKEgraveshydegfrac12KrOLsup2OmacracuteXshymacrKacuteW

VzplusmnKmacuteacuteshydegfrac12KEgraveyqrOtimesKrOEgravesup2EgravePsup2shyKqEgraveshyAEligyK degzgumlKtimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesrfrac34yenKrparaOpara_acuteWrOparaiexcltimesqL[sup3EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveyennplusmnsqmdeg

notmiddotncedilWparafrac34gsup3qtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrfrac34plusmntimesmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKtimesmqKacuteshysup3ViexclqL~shyEgravereg_qLiexclEgravecopymVymfrac34mEgraveyqrOUqsup3rmqKmmacrKrfrac12nshysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLfrac34shyqmqL[VkLsup2Vcedil_Kqlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12KrW

EgraveshyqLcentEgraveplusmnLshysLyumlILzshyrOmacrmsLy

|middotsup3vStimesrplusmnEgraveplusmnLPshysup3acuteacuteshyULfrac34OmK

degzgumlK sup3mKrKparaOlaquoLcedilWKMLzXplusmnKmqacuteshyqmparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOdegmicrotOMLcentWqKqmmmryenULP[KrPXshyparacopymKLOparacentplusmnrbrvbarshymLcedilplusmnlaquonrOKqLsup2Onfrac12LOnotcedilXshytimesacuteysKEgraveOLzXplusmnK

timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSdegzgKsup3qmEgraveOacutekVregyparaOKqLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qparaOmacrLzplusmnKnfrac12mparafrac12sup3KsdegLmiddotEgraveshyumlfrac12LregXshymsLyEgraveordflaquoLshyKlaquoAEligiexclerqmEgravezordf`shyparashyAEligdeglyEgraveshyparaiexclnfrac12LshyrsectLregKUqmKrOdegiexclumlreggpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOrOKqEgraveshydegsup3qparaOnplusmnKacuteWrWdegzgtimesLsup2shymacrn regiexcldeg

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

nsup2iexclEgraveshyEgravezordf`shyparashyAElignzfrac12acuteplusmnsKqKmriexclLfrac12qLXyensKKqparadplusmnparaiexclVyKdegfrac12KlaquoLshyKmacuteshyEgraveshyqmLUqmKrOEgraveshymacrsectLregXgKparadplusmndegfrac12rXcedilOrOmmryennsup2crmiddot-Lregplusmnumlreggmsup3qsectLregXgK

VhEgraveXzfrac12LPplusmnsup3nLOfrac34sup3eacute_rshyEgraveXsup3LWEgravesup2iexclxz`WnyrOacuteWparaOsup3KsKtimesrshyKparaiexclmacrparafrac34_acuteWsup3umlfrac12sup3BWparaiexclEgraveOacuteksup3Egravecentfrac34plusmnparaOparaiexclVyKmacrNPyparaOdegfrac12Ksup3nLPplusmndegcentregshyacuteWtimesKrO

paracmacrLregyensup3degmsup3qLkparaOparaiexclLzOssup3rshylaquoKr degzglaquoacutecedilshyparaOdegVyKparaXqqLiexclparaOmqacuteshyparayqmEgraveshyAEligyKULfrac34OmKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutedegzgdeg

paraOnplusmnsup3KnkdegzglaquomrshyparaOdegsup3degzgmacrLregordfzshyqmKrOparaOdegtimesqacuteplusmndegzgparaOdegacutekmacrLregmiddotKsup3qmlaquomrshyparaOEgravesup2frac34OdegzgEgravecopysup3-VyKlaquoLqacutenotfrac34centhWZfrac34gsKmacrLregordfzshyparaOdeg

degzgsKtimesrWAringLOUL_qmsup3micronershyEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KtimesqmKrOparafrac34sup3timesKmKsup3timesqmKrOumlshyLKqdegEgraveshymmryendegfrac12KacuteacuteshyVyKtiexclrregXshylaquoacuteysup3laquosup3mmqKacuteshyrOparacopyLshy

degzgLklaquoacutecedilshytimesKrOEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmLshyKdegfrac12KrOLsup2Osup3mqKnplusmnmacute_sup3EgravecopymLshydegnotfrac34middotLshytimesacute`Xz_LOEgravecopysup3-VyKparacopyLshydegfrac12Ktimesqsup3acuteplusmnEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqmicrosacutegqmparaordfJzshydegfrac12Ker

EgraveshyVfrac12rfrac12nshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmparaOL~shymicrouKsup3EgravekrOmacrKacuteWLmiddotKqlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12KparaO frac12mtplusmntimesdegzgsKnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWpara_sup3VyKsLfrac34plusmnparaiexclVLfrac12macutedegsup3qdeg

microuKsup3sKEgravecentfrac12degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicrouKsup3mqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmndegVyKacutekEgravesup2frac34OmacrKsup3qnotfrac34middotLshysKEgravecentfrac12VPshyEgraveyLsup2macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesqacuteplusmnparaOparaiexclVyKUKqLXplusmnKmacrKacutesup2

notfrac34regWparaXLfrac12VyKmicronfrac12rWVPshytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SparaOr`WtimesKrO(Adomako etal 2015 p85) mKrKVzcentplusmnKacuteshydegfrac34PacutekEgraveLplusmnsup3LkVfrac34acuteshyparaOXlshyEgraveXacuteshyKqqKacuteyenLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qsup3LmiddotEgraveshyrplusmnqmEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34OumlordfsKnplusmnrfrac34yenLOtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveWKrfrac34kdegregbrvbarfrac34ordfyrplusmnP PyrOrX~frac34OEgravesup2frac34Pacutekqmdegfrac34PacutekmKrKparaiexclLsup2shydegfrac12KparaO-mqKmVcopyAringmmKrKtimesmLsup2yK

VzcentLOEgravefrac12sup3qLfrac12sup3qVfrac34acuteshysup3LmiddotEgraveshyparafrac34centWqKnfrac12LSsup3EgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotmLsup2yKrOmacutektimesLmiddotsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac34acuteshyEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaOKqmacrL~frac12LmiddotEgraveshyVPzplusmnmacutekEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesLmiddotEgraveshyLiexclLplusmnLOEgravefrac12sup3qLfrac12sup3qqmsup3nsup2middotmLmiddot

EgraveshyVPzplusmnqKnfrac12LSrfrac34sup3microvfrac12sup3umlshyKacuteparaOKqmacrnsup2middotmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLP degzgLOparaiexclVyKEgraveshyacutecedilshynsup2crmiddotEgravesup2frac34Pacutekdegfrac12KrOLsup2OdegEgraveshyacutecedilshyparaOKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKm

1 Optimism

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

VyKLmiddotnshyLfrac34Ssup3^frac12LXplusmntimesKrOVPshyUKqLXplusmnKdegXKmtimesLsup2shyparaOumliexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekmqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPWrshymacutekparaOVPshyrbrvbarplusmnLOrX~frac34Osup3EgravecopyLgqm-VyKparaiexcl

degzgEgraveshyrplusmnparaOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mqLXyensup3qLXqparafrac34_acuteWtimesLsup2shyparaOdegnyqdegzgparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12degmacrLsup2c-nLOEgravesup2frac34PacutekEgraveordfKtimesLmiddotpara_acuteWrfrac34plusmntimesrLsup2paraiexcl paraO

VordfktimesLmiddot VPshy macrKrbrvbarfrac12m para_acuteW paraO sectLregK sup3 qLXq VPshy sKVyqmqLiexclqLXplusmnKsup3macrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacracuteregshytimessup3LgparaiexclparaOnsup2XzmiddotdegparacopyDshyrfrac12ssKEgravekrOmacrKacutesup2|`sup2ytimesLmiddot

ershyEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicronnplusmnKmacrL_sup3timesqacuteplusmnEgraveyenqtO|middotsup3vSEgravekrOqmmicrosacutegqmLmiddotIgravecopyDshyparayEgravesup2frac34PacutektimesKrOtfrac34plusmnEgraveshyAEligyKmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveOLlXplusmnKpara_acuteWEgravesup2shyrfrac34zWsup3qLXplusmnK

VPshyLcedilplusmnmacrLfrac34shysKparaiexclmicronmacrLfrac34OdegzgrOsectsup3KIgravecopyDshymqKmVcopyAringmdegtimesqacuteplusmn degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOPWrshynotfrac34middotLshysKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12paraOparaiexclVyKmacrKsup3qVshyAEligylaquoacutecedilshydegmacrKacutesup2

nshyqmLOsLyEgravebrvbarplusmnacutebrvbarcmacrLfrac34KrKEgraveyennplusmnsumlhshyKrKtimesLfrac34plusmnmmacutekparaOVPshywLzgKEgraveshyfrac12rW|frac12acutekEgraveplusmnLcentshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysVfrac34acuteshyVkLsup2sup3macutekmacutesup3Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12m

degzgdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-degEgraveshyKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKmparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12macrKacuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrKsup3qVshyAEligytimesLmiddotVryenrplusmnqm

VyKmLregXKlaquoacutecedilshyrbrvbarfrac12mmicrouKsup3laquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOnmiddotKacutelOtimesmrparaiexclVyKershyEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmLregXKparaXyKacuteksKlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWqmdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexclmicromLXyKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKmacutektimesLmiddotdegzglaquoacutecedilshydeg

degzgparaiexclmriexclmicroqLKparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KparaOnfrac12LOparaplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKVyKacutekqmlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqm0AringacuteregshymLregXKLshyK-VyKershytimesmrdegfrac34OULLPWqKEgraveshyacuteregtimesLqmsup3qacuteshyKEgraveshyLregWqmparacentordfO

EgraveshymacrLfrac34shyparaOqacuteshyKfrac12acuteWlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqmparaOEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3sKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWnfrac12sup2sKEgravecentfrac12macrKacutesup2rLparaOparaXzOKsup3sup3nsup2shysLfrac34plusmnr frac12ryenKparaiexclUqacutedegfrac12KparaOVyKmicronmicromrOlaquoLplusmnmLregXKEgraveordfK

mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnmLregXKtimessup3paraOnLPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mrEgravemiddotLsup2SqmmLregXKZhO0LyLyKsup3VKmnmiddotKacutelplusmnEgravemiddotLbrvbarfrac12L_Uqacutedegfrac12K

|middotsup3vSsup3q

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexcltimesacute`Xz_LOtimesLmiddotdegdegzgdegsup3deggtacuteymparaiexclnmicronmiddotL~shyEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqparaysK|frac34OparaOnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3acuteacuteshydegfrac12KmicroqLOqmparaiexclEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qsup3ULfrac12mKnWmqacuteshyqKtmiddot

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

Egraveshydegfrac12KrO-nyqmicrouKsup3nfrac34ordfiexclsKmacrrmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveyqrOtimesKrOwLyKdegLOsup3nmicromLXyKLfrac34ytimesmrcentfrac12sup3qnrOnWPWrshyULfrac12qmqacutehshyshyLOtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qmsup3ngnfrac12nhWtimesKrOUqacute~

ershyULfrac12Ksup3qmacrLyenrPkMLXiexclqmmicronƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤparaXymparaOparaiexclULfrac12Ksup3qEgraveacuteacuteshytimesnsup2OnMLlXplusmnKVyKparaXkKmrS

Lfrac34ysup3ULfrac12EgraveyqrOsup3q|sup2frac12tyentimesLmiddotmacrrsKmicronmacrrqmEgraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWsup3qnotfrac12riexclVyKmicromKmtimesqsup3mryenEgraveordfKPsup2shyparaiexclsup3qdegfrac12KyKLOVyKnotfrac12riexclmacrrmacrqmLmiddotmicromLX

Lfrac34yrOnWmrcentfrac12sup3qsKEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKqacutehshymrfrac12pSparaOsup3qdegfrac12KtimesKr_KumlgKrshyVyKdegfrac34sup2csectLreg_K -EgraveWLshynshyparaordfgrshy

laquoacutecedilshyparaordfgrshy-EgraveOLfrac12

micromr~Lfrac12rXzyenparaordfgrshy-Egraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWmacrmriexcl

frac34copyBWsup3degfrac12sup3nWparaordfgrshyqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveiexclqL~EgraveplusmnLzcopy

sup3qsKtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qsKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshydegXLfrac12timesKrOnmicromLXyKmacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWumlfrac34ordfhWmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKqKtyensup3umlfrac34ordfhWEgravefrac12LyLsup2timesKrOEgravesup3qmacracuteregshyVyKEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddot

micromKmumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOtimesnsup2frac12Kr 7sup3qdegfrac12KmicromKmsup3VyKEgravesup2XshytimesLmiddotparaOKqacutesup2Xshysup3micronsup2iexclKrStimesLmiddotmicromKmEgraveshyumlfrac12nPWEgraveordffrac34Wsup3Egravesup2Egravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2iexcltimesnOLmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesr_

degfrac12KsectLyqmxfrac12tWLfrac12acuteOqLdfrac12qEgravefrac34iexclULfrac34hWqmKqsup3qMLXiexclqmƸɔƁƨƨũŮƁƨȕǀɔLJƁƨŮLJƿLjƾƨƗƽƸɕƺŻŮLJͳƮɕȕŬťƢʮƚŤparaOVyKmicromriexclEgravershysup3paraIKqKumlshyLiexclqacute

paraOsup3qdegfrac12KmrOqLiexclsKVyKUqLPparaAEligkqacuteparaplusmnacuteregplusmnEgravefrac12LyLsup2paraXymtimesqKmrOsup3timesnsup2OparaXyacuteSparaXyacuteSmacrnfrac34~lOqLPXKsup3macrLsup2frac34regKmacrmriexcl copytimesssup3rcedilOsup3timesnfrac12sup3L_

-n]KrlXyKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshysup3paraXkKmrSacuteOrshyULfrac12Ksup3qfrac34mEgraveyqrOparaOsup3qdegfrac12KwLyKrOparaPLOnEgraveyxTyparacopyacuteshyqmnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktimesnsup2OEgraveordfiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotVcopyAringmrWacuteacuteshytimesLmiddot

degzgdegnplusmnacute]KrlXyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesKrO

parafrac12t`WmicromKmumlfrac34ordfhWsup3Lmiddot

OEgraveshyEgravesup2frac12mOLsup2shysKmicronshyrOdegfrac34shyLshyEgraveyqrOLparaXymqmKqLcedilplusmnmacrKacuteWEgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotparaiexclmKmqKrrWUqLPsKnplusmnKdegzgVcopyLKdegzgB~sup2shydeggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshydegsup3qdegtimesLWqKtimesLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

degzgdegzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdegdegfrac12KsK frac12rmiddotffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmdegparacopyDshysup3Lmiddotparaacutereg`shyrfrac12sEgraveshyLcedilplusmntimesLmiddotnotfrac12sKmrS

degdegzg

degzgVcopyLKdeg

EgraveshyZfrac12mLgKparaOpara_acuteWLOparaOfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmparaiexclVLfrac12qmmacrKacuteWLOmqacutekrOqmsup3EgraveordfiexclqacuteparaOmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgLOVcopyLKkKqacutesup3sectLKnfrac12LOmqKmmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWEgravesup2frac12-VyKdeg

KqmacrLsup2shyDshyqLXyenmriexclEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOumlreggfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmnotmiddotdegzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmqmdegEgraveshyfcopyLIgraveshyL_EgraveordflaquoLshyKdeglydegfrac12KparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclmicroqLKrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot

EgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshysup3qLyenssup3qmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXym 3rOnOmacrLregyenryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXy

frac34frac34u

frac34frac34udmiddotZY

ZnraquoYAcircraquofrac34LAcircdmiddotOacuteEacuteZAring

EcirciquestZraquoZ

PAgraveraquo

AacuteLZnoteYEacuteZAring

frac12ZuY

frac12macrZ^deg^

Z^mYsup1|

d^jraquocYiYEcirciquestZraquoZ

cZZ^eYdEumlAcircnoteEcirciquestZraquoZ

Aacute[YYAringZmacrEcirciquestZraquoZfY

degcedilfrac14paraIgraveAElige

Zfrac14fYEumlYsectY

tIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveYfrac12ZAgravemacrZmacr

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveregplusmnZLOacuteacuteshy-notfrac34plusmnKnOmacrLzplusmnKqLfrac34XkKsK]qLkmicrorzcentfrac12KqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOVPshymicroLbrvbarplusmnparaiexclmacutedegzgparaOtimesmnXshyULfrac12Ksup3qqmparaiexclKrc]qLkmacrLzplusmnKqLfrac34XkKsKqLiexcldegfrac12KryenKsup3VyKmicronrshyKdeg

ordfcentWrshyKdegfrac12KmacuteOsectLhshylaquoacuteshysKmacrmacrmsryparaiexclmacuteOffrac34PEgraveordfPcopyLOsup3L4frac12AringLshyparaOfrac34VyKEgraveshyKqULfrac12Ksup3qqmtimesrmiddotLEgravebrvbarplusmnLyensup3mdegfrac12KEgravefrac12LPLPparashyAEligparaiexclEgravefrac12rWparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrKacuteW

EgraveshyparaIKqKdeggtacuteylaquoacutecedilshysKmriexclumlgnmiddotmffrac34acuteWdegfrac34sup2cdeggtacuteyacutekqmmacrL~frac12KEgraveshynmiddotmtimesKrOEgraveplusmnLcedilyenLplusmnKqmKEgraveacuteplusmndeggtacuteyEgraveshymacute_sup3paraOqLfrac34XkKmacrsup3nOparaiexclVyKxplusmnnfrac12

mqKmparaordfgrshysup3mdeggtacuteyKsup3qmVyennfrac12LOacuteacuteshydegfrac12KparaOpara_acuteWLOqKrXyKsup3|frac12Knfrac34SparaOEgraveAEligkKrfrac34VyKtimesqLfrac34XkKparaiexclmacrqKrXyKLshyK-Vzfrac34plusmntimesqLfrac34XkKdeggtacutey|frac12Knfrac34SqLreg

Egraveshymsup3qtimesqacuteplusmn macrLregmiddotmicromriexclqLcedilKmacrLhshyEgravekrOparaiexclparaplusmnacuteyennplusmnKmacracuteXshyqmEgraveregordfacuteacuteshy frac12EgraveyqrOr

microsacuteshyparaiexclVyKdegfrac12KEgraveshyAEligyKnLOparaXKmLsup2sup3qacutesup3macrKnsup2crplusmnmqacuteshytimessup3rregordfqmEgravesup2frac12mtimesLmiddotparaOLcedilplusmnsKmacrKacuteXOparaiexclmriexclmicromLXyKacuteacuteshymacracutekqmfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveOLsup2shymacrKacutesup2timesrLO

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexcltimesacute`Xz_sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKOLsup2shyrOtimesqsup3rshyLOdegmEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqEgraveshyparaXkKmrSparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaOparaiexclmriexclmicronmiddotL~shyKqtimesmLfrac12smqKacuteshymacrKacuteWnplusmnKEgraveshydegfrac12KrOLsup2OmacracuteXshymacrKacuteW

VzplusmnKmacuteacuteshydegfrac12KEgraveyqrOtimesKrOEgravesup2EgravePsup2shyKqEgraveshyAEligyK degzgumlKtimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesrfrac34yenKrparaOpara_acuteWrOparaiexcltimesqL[sup3EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveyennplusmnsqmdeg

notmiddotncedilWparafrac34gsup3qtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrfrac34plusmntimesmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKtimesmqKacuteshysup3ViexclqL~shyEgravereg_qLiexclEgravecopymVymfrac34mEgraveyqrOUqsup3rmqKmmacrKrfrac12nshysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLfrac34shyqmqL[VkLsup2Vcedil_Kqlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12KrW

EgraveshyqLcentEgraveplusmnLshysLyumlILzshyrOmacrmsLy

|middotsup3vStimesrplusmnEgraveplusmnLPshysup3acuteacuteshyULfrac34OmK

degzgumlK sup3mKrKparaOlaquoLcedilWKMLzXplusmnKmqacuteshyqmparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOdegmicrotOMLcentWqKqmmmryenULP[KrPXshyparacopymKLOparacentplusmnrbrvbarshymLcedilplusmnlaquonrOKqLsup2Onfrac12LOnotcedilXshytimesacuteysKEgraveOLzXplusmnK

timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSdegzgKsup3qmEgraveOacutekVregyparaOKqLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qparaOmacrLzplusmnKnfrac12mparafrac12sup3KsdegLmiddotEgraveshyumlfrac12LregXshymsLyEgraveordflaquoLshyKlaquoAEligiexclerqmEgravezordf`shyparashyAEligdeglyEgraveshyparaiexclnfrac12LshyrsectLregKUqmKrOdegiexclumlreggpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOrOKqEgraveshydegsup3qparaOnplusmnKacuteWrWdegzgtimesLsup2shymacrn regiexcldeg

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

nsup2iexclEgraveshyEgravezordf`shyparashyAElignzfrac12acuteplusmnsKqKmriexclLfrac12qLXyensKKqparadplusmnparaiexclVyKdegfrac12KlaquoLshyKmacuteshyEgraveshyqmLUqmKrOEgraveshymacrsectLregXgKparadplusmndegfrac12rXcedilOrOmmryennsup2crmiddot-Lregplusmnumlreggmsup3qsectLregXgK

VhEgraveXzfrac12LPplusmnsup3nLOfrac34sup3eacute_rshyEgraveXsup3LWEgravesup2iexclxz`WnyrOacuteWparaOsup3KsKtimesrshyKparaiexclmacrparafrac34_acuteWsup3umlfrac12sup3BWparaiexclEgraveOacuteksup3Egravecentfrac34plusmnparaOparaiexclVyKmacrNPyparaOdegfrac12Ksup3nLPplusmndegcentregshyacuteWtimesKrO

paracmacrLregyensup3degmsup3qLkparaOparaiexclLzOssup3rshylaquoKr degzglaquoacutecedilshyparaOdegVyKparaXqqLiexclparaOmqacuteshyparayqmEgraveshyAEligyKULfrac34OmKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutedegzgdeg

paraOnplusmnsup3KnkdegzglaquomrshyparaOdegsup3degzgmacrLregordfzshyqmKrOparaOdegtimesqacuteplusmndegzgparaOdegacutekmacrLregmiddotKsup3qmlaquomrshyparaOEgravesup2frac34OdegzgEgravecopysup3-VyKlaquoLqacutenotfrac34centhWZfrac34gsKmacrLregordfzshyparaOdeg

degzgsKtimesrWAringLOUL_qmsup3micronershyEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KtimesqmKrOparafrac34sup3timesKmKsup3timesqmKrOumlshyLKqdegEgraveshymmryendegfrac12KacuteacuteshyVyKtiexclrregXshylaquoacuteysup3laquosup3mmqKacuteshyrOparacopyLshy

degzgLklaquoacutecedilshytimesKrOEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmLshyKdegfrac12KrOLsup2Osup3mqKnplusmnmacute_sup3EgravecopymLshydegnotfrac34middotLshytimesacute`Xz_LOEgravecopysup3-VyKparacopyLshydegfrac12Ktimesqsup3acuteplusmnEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqmicrosacutegqmparaordfJzshydegfrac12Ker

EgraveshyVfrac12rfrac12nshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmparaOL~shymicrouKsup3EgravekrOmacrKacuteWLmiddotKqlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12KparaO frac12mtplusmntimesdegzgsKnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWpara_sup3VyKsLfrac34plusmnparaiexclVLfrac12macutedegsup3qdeg

microuKsup3sKEgravecentfrac12degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicrouKsup3mqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmndegVyKacutekEgravesup2frac34OmacrKsup3qnotfrac34middotLshysKEgravecentfrac12VPshyEgraveyLsup2macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesqacuteplusmnparaOparaiexclVyKUKqLXplusmnKmacrKacutesup2

notfrac34regWparaXLfrac12VyKmicronfrac12rWVPshytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SparaOr`WtimesKrO(Adomako etal 2015 p85) mKrKVzcentplusmnKacuteshydegfrac34PacutekEgraveLplusmnsup3LkVfrac34acuteshyparaOXlshyEgraveXacuteshyKqqKacuteyenLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qsup3LmiddotEgraveshyrplusmnqmEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34OumlordfsKnplusmnrfrac34yenLOtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveWKrfrac34kdegregbrvbarfrac34ordfyrplusmnP PyrOrX~frac34OEgravesup2frac34Pacutekqmdegfrac34PacutekmKrKparaiexclLsup2shydegfrac12KparaO-mqKmVcopyAringmmKrKtimesmLsup2yK

VzcentLOEgravefrac12sup3qLfrac12sup3qVfrac34acuteshysup3LmiddotEgraveshyparafrac34centWqKnfrac12LSsup3EgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotmLsup2yKrOmacutektimesLmiddotsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac34acuteshyEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaOKqmacrL~frac12LmiddotEgraveshyVPzplusmnmacutekEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesLmiddotEgraveshyLiexclLplusmnLOEgravefrac12sup3qLfrac12sup3qqmsup3nsup2middotmLmiddot

EgraveshyVPzplusmnqKnfrac12LSrfrac34sup3microvfrac12sup3umlshyKacuteparaOKqmacrnsup2middotmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLP degzgLOparaiexclVyKEgraveshyacutecedilshynsup2crmiddotEgravesup2frac34Pacutekdegfrac12KrOLsup2OdegEgraveshyacutecedilshyparaOKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKm

1 Optimism

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

VyKLmiddotnshyLfrac34Ssup3^frac12LXplusmntimesKrOVPshyUKqLXplusmnKdegXKmtimesLsup2shyparaOumliexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekmqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPWrshymacutekparaOVPshyrbrvbarplusmnLOrX~frac34Osup3EgravecopyLgqm-VyKparaiexcl

degzgEgraveshyrplusmnparaOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mqLXyensup3qLXqparafrac34_acuteWtimesLsup2shyparaOdegnyqdegzgparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12degmacrLsup2c-nLOEgravesup2frac34PacutekEgraveordfKtimesLmiddotpara_acuteWrfrac34plusmntimesrLsup2paraiexcl paraO

VordfktimesLmiddot VPshy macrKrbrvbarfrac12m para_acuteW paraO sectLregK sup3 qLXq VPshy sKVyqmqLiexclqLXplusmnKsup3macrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacracuteregshytimessup3LgparaiexclparaOnsup2XzmiddotdegparacopyDshyrfrac12ssKEgravekrOmacrKacutesup2|`sup2ytimesLmiddot

ershyEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicronnplusmnKmacrL_sup3timesqacuteplusmnEgraveyenqtO|middotsup3vSEgravekrOqmmicrosacutegqmLmiddotIgravecopyDshyparayEgravesup2frac34PacutektimesKrOtfrac34plusmnEgraveshyAEligyKmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveOLlXplusmnKpara_acuteWEgravesup2shyrfrac34zWsup3qLXplusmnK

VPshyLcedilplusmnmacrLfrac34shysKparaiexclmicronmacrLfrac34OdegzgrOsectsup3KIgravecopyDshymqKmVcopyAringmdegtimesqacuteplusmn degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOPWrshynotfrac34middotLshysKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12paraOparaiexclVyKmacrKsup3qVshyAEligylaquoacutecedilshydegmacrKacutesup2

nshyqmLOsLyEgravebrvbarplusmnacutebrvbarcmacrLfrac34KrKEgraveyennplusmnsumlhshyKrKtimesLfrac34plusmnmmacutekparaOVPshywLzgKEgraveshyfrac12rW|frac12acutekEgraveplusmnLcentshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysVfrac34acuteshyVkLsup2sup3macutekmacutesup3Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12m

degzgdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-degEgraveshyKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKmparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12macrKacuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrKsup3qVshyAEligytimesLmiddotVryenrplusmnqm

VyKmLregXKlaquoacutecedilshyrbrvbarfrac12mmicrouKsup3laquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOnmiddotKacutelOtimesmrparaiexclVyKershyEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmLregXKparaXyKacuteksKlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWqmdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexclmicromLXyKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKmacutektimesLmiddotdegzglaquoacutecedilshydeg

degzgparaiexclmriexclmicroqLKparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KparaOnfrac12LOparaplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKVyKacutekqmlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqm0AringacuteregshymLregXKLshyK-VyKershytimesmrdegfrac34OULLPWqKEgraveshyacuteregtimesLqmsup3qacuteshyKEgraveshyLregWqmparacentordfO

EgraveshymacrLfrac34shyparaOqacuteshyKfrac12acuteWlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqmparaOEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3sKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWnfrac12sup2sKEgravecentfrac12macrKacutesup2rLparaOparaXzOKsup3sup3nsup2shysLfrac34plusmnr frac12ryenKparaiexclUqacutedegfrac12KparaOVyKmicronmicromrOlaquoLplusmnmLregXKEgraveordfK

mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnmLregXKtimessup3paraOnLPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mrEgravemiddotLsup2SqmmLregXKZhO0LyLyKsup3VKmnmiddotKacutelplusmnEgravemiddotLbrvbarfrac12L_Uqacutedegfrac12K

|middotsup3vSsup3q

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexcltimesacute`Xz_LOtimesLmiddotdegdegzgdegsup3deggtacuteymparaiexclnmicronmiddotL~shyEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqparaysK|frac34OparaOnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3acuteacuteshydegfrac12KmicroqLOqmparaiexclEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qsup3ULfrac12mKnWmqacuteshyqKtmiddot

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

Egraveshydegfrac12KrO-nyqmicrouKsup3nfrac34ordfiexclsKmacrrmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveyqrOtimesKrOwLyKdegLOsup3nmicromLXyKLfrac34ytimesmrcentfrac12sup3qnrOnWPWrshyULfrac12qmqacutehshyshyLOtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qmsup3ngnfrac12nhWtimesKrOUqacute~

ershyULfrac12Ksup3qmacrLyenrPkMLXiexclqmmicronƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤparaXymparaOparaiexclULfrac12Ksup3qEgraveacuteacuteshytimesnsup2OnMLlXplusmnKVyKparaXkKmrS

Lfrac34ysup3ULfrac12EgraveyqrOsup3q|sup2frac12tyentimesLmiddotmacrrsKmicronmacrrqmEgraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWsup3qnotfrac12riexclVyKmicromKmtimesqsup3mryenEgraveordfKPsup2shyparaiexclsup3qdegfrac12KyKLOVyKnotfrac12riexclmacrrmacrqmLmiddotmicromLX

Lfrac34yrOnWmrcentfrac12sup3qsKEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKqacutehshymrfrac12pSparaOsup3qdegfrac12KtimesKr_KumlgKrshyVyKdegfrac34sup2csectLreg_K -EgraveWLshynshyparaordfgrshy

laquoacutecedilshyparaordfgrshy-EgraveOLfrac12

micromr~Lfrac12rXzyenparaordfgrshy-Egraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWmacrmriexcl

frac34copyBWsup3degfrac12sup3nWparaordfgrshyqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveiexclqL~EgraveplusmnLzcopy

sup3qsKtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qsKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshydegXLfrac12timesKrOnmicromLXyKmacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWumlfrac34ordfhWmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKqKtyensup3umlfrac34ordfhWEgravefrac12LyLsup2timesKrOEgravesup3qmacracuteregshyVyKEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddot

micromKmumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOtimesnsup2frac12Kr 7sup3qdegfrac12KmicromKmsup3VyKEgravesup2XshytimesLmiddotparaOKqacutesup2Xshysup3micronsup2iexclKrStimesLmiddotmicromKmEgraveshyumlfrac12nPWEgraveordffrac34Wsup3Egravesup2Egravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2iexcltimesnOLmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesr_

degfrac12KsectLyqmxfrac12tWLfrac12acuteOqLdfrac12qEgravefrac34iexclULfrac34hWqmKqsup3qMLXiexclqmƸɔƁƨƨũŮƁƨȕǀɔLJƁƨŮLJƿLjƾƨƗƽƸɕƺŻŮLJͳƮɕȕŬťƢʮƚŤparaOVyKmicromriexclEgravershysup3paraIKqKumlshyLiexclqacute

paraOsup3qdegfrac12KmrOqLiexclsKVyKUqLPparaAEligkqacuteparaplusmnacuteregplusmnEgravefrac12LyLsup2paraXymtimesqKmrOsup3timesnsup2OparaXyacuteSparaXyacuteSmacrnfrac34~lOqLPXKsup3macrLsup2frac34regKmacrmriexcl copytimesssup3rcedilOsup3timesnfrac12sup3L_

-n]KrlXyKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshysup3paraXkKmrSacuteOrshyULfrac12Ksup3qfrac34mEgraveyqrOparaOsup3qdegfrac12KwLyKrOparaPLOnEgraveyxTyparacopyacuteshyqmnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktimesnsup2OEgraveordfiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotVcopyAringmrWacuteacuteshytimesLmiddot

degzgdegnplusmnacute]KrlXyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesKrO

parafrac12t`WmicromKmumlfrac34ordfhWsup3Lmiddot

OEgraveshyEgravesup2frac12mOLsup2shysKmicronshyrOdegfrac34shyLshyEgraveyqrOLparaXymqmKqLcedilplusmnmacrKacuteWEgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotparaiexclmKmqKrrWUqLPsKnplusmnKdegzgVcopyLKdegzgB~sup2shydeggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshydegsup3qdegtimesLWqKtimesLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

degzgdegzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdegdegfrac12KsK frac12rmiddotffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmdegparacopyDshysup3Lmiddotparaacutereg`shyrfrac12sEgraveshyLcedilplusmntimesLmiddotnotfrac12sKmrS

degdegzg

degzgVcopyLKdeg

EgraveshyZfrac12mLgKparaOpara_acuteWLOparaOfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmparaiexclVLfrac12qmmacrKacuteWLOmqacutekrOqmsup3EgraveordfiexclqacuteparaOmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgLOVcopyLKkKqacutesup3sectLKnfrac12LOmqKmmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWEgravesup2frac12-VyKdeg

KqmacrLsup2shyDshyqLXyenmriexclEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOumlreggfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmnotmiddotdegzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmqmdegEgraveshyfcopyLIgraveshyL_EgraveordflaquoLshyKdeglydegfrac12KparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclmicroqLKrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot

EgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshysup3qLyenssup3qmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXym 3rOnOmacrLregyenryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXy

frac34frac34u

frac34frac34udmiddotZY

ZnraquoYAcircraquofrac34LAcircdmiddotOacuteEacuteZAring

EcirciquestZraquoZ

PAgraveraquo

AacuteLZnoteYEacuteZAring

frac12ZuY

frac12macrZ^deg^

Z^mYsup1|

d^jraquocYiYEcirciquestZraquoZ

cZZ^eYdEumlAcircnoteEcirciquestZraquoZ

Aacute[YYAringZmacrEcirciquestZraquoZfY

degcedilfrac14paraIgraveAElige

Zfrac14fYEumlYsectY

tIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveYfrac12ZAgravemacrZmacr

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

nsup2iexclEgraveshyEgravezordf`shyparashyAElignzfrac12acuteplusmnsKqKmriexclLfrac12qLXyensKKqparadplusmnparaiexclVyKdegfrac12KlaquoLshyKmacuteshyEgraveshyqmLUqmKrOEgraveshymacrsectLregXgKparadplusmndegfrac12rXcedilOrOmmryennsup2crmiddot-Lregplusmnumlreggmsup3qsectLregXgK

VhEgraveXzfrac12LPplusmnsup3nLOfrac34sup3eacute_rshyEgraveXsup3LWEgravesup2iexclxz`WnyrOacuteWparaOsup3KsKtimesrshyKparaiexclmacrparafrac34_acuteWsup3umlfrac12sup3BWparaiexclEgraveOacuteksup3Egravecentfrac34plusmnparaOparaiexclVyKmacrNPyparaOdegfrac12Ksup3nLPplusmndegcentregshyacuteWtimesKrO

paracmacrLregyensup3degmsup3qLkparaOparaiexclLzOssup3rshylaquoKr degzglaquoacutecedilshyparaOdegVyKparaXqqLiexclparaOmqacuteshyparayqmEgraveshyAEligyKULfrac34OmKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutedegzgdeg

paraOnplusmnsup3KnkdegzglaquomrshyparaOdegsup3degzgmacrLregordfzshyqmKrOparaOdegtimesqacuteplusmndegzgparaOdegacutekmacrLregmiddotKsup3qmlaquomrshyparaOEgravesup2frac34OdegzgEgravecopysup3-VyKlaquoLqacutenotfrac34centhWZfrac34gsKmacrLregordfzshyparaOdeg

degzgsKtimesrWAringLOUL_qmsup3micronershyEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KtimesqmKrOparafrac34sup3timesKmKsup3timesqmKrOumlshyLKqdegEgraveshymmryendegfrac12KacuteacuteshyVyKtiexclrregXshylaquoacuteysup3laquosup3mmqKacuteshyrOparacopyLshy

degzgLklaquoacutecedilshytimesKrOEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmLshyKdegfrac12KrOLsup2Osup3mqKnplusmnmacute_sup3EgravecopymLshydegnotfrac34middotLshytimesacute`Xz_LOEgravecopysup3-VyKparacopyLshydegfrac12Ktimesqsup3acuteplusmnEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqmicrosacutegqmparaordfJzshydegfrac12Ker

EgraveshyVfrac12rfrac12nshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmparaOL~shymicrouKsup3EgravekrOmacrKacuteWLmiddotKqlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12KparaO frac12mtplusmntimesdegzgsKnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWpara_sup3VyKsLfrac34plusmnparaiexclVLfrac12macutedegsup3qdeg

microuKsup3sKEgravecentfrac12degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicrouKsup3mqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmndegVyKacutekEgravesup2frac34OmacrKsup3qnotfrac34middotLshysKEgravecentfrac12VPshyEgraveyLsup2macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesqacuteplusmnparaOparaiexclVyKUKqLXplusmnKmacrKacutesup2

notfrac34regWparaXLfrac12VyKmicronfrac12rWVPshytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SparaOr`WtimesKrO(Adomako etal 2015 p85) mKrKVzcentplusmnKacuteshydegfrac34PacutekEgraveLplusmnsup3LkVfrac34acuteshyparaOXlshyEgraveXacuteshyKqqKacuteyenLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qsup3LmiddotEgraveshyrplusmnqmEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34OumlordfsKnplusmnrfrac34yenLOtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveWKrfrac34kdegregbrvbarfrac34ordfyrplusmnP PyrOrX~frac34OEgravesup2frac34Pacutekqmdegfrac34PacutekmKrKparaiexclLsup2shydegfrac12KparaO-mqKmVcopyAringmmKrKtimesmLsup2yK

VzcentLOEgravefrac12sup3qLfrac12sup3qVfrac34acuteshysup3LmiddotEgraveshyparafrac34centWqKnfrac12LSsup3EgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotmLsup2yKrOmacutektimesLmiddotsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac34acuteshyEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaOKqmacrL~frac12LmiddotEgraveshyVPzplusmnmacutekEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesLmiddotEgraveshyLiexclLplusmnLOEgravefrac12sup3qLfrac12sup3qqmsup3nsup2middotmLmiddot

EgraveshyVPzplusmnqKnfrac12LSrfrac34sup3microvfrac12sup3umlshyKacuteparaOKqmacrnsup2middotmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLP degzgLOparaiexclVyKEgraveshyacutecedilshynsup2crmiddotEgravesup2frac34Pacutekdegfrac12KrOLsup2OdegEgraveshyacutecedilshyparaOKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKm

1 Optimism

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

VyKLmiddotnshyLfrac34Ssup3^frac12LXplusmntimesKrOVPshyUKqLXplusmnKdegXKmtimesLsup2shyparaOumliexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekmqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPWrshymacutekparaOVPshyrbrvbarplusmnLOrX~frac34Osup3EgravecopyLgqm-VyKparaiexcl

degzgEgraveshyrplusmnparaOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mqLXyensup3qLXqparafrac34_acuteWtimesLsup2shyparaOdegnyqdegzgparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12degmacrLsup2c-nLOEgravesup2frac34PacutekEgraveordfKtimesLmiddotpara_acuteWrfrac34plusmntimesrLsup2paraiexcl paraO

VordfktimesLmiddot VPshy macrKrbrvbarfrac12m para_acuteW paraO sectLregK sup3 qLXq VPshy sKVyqmqLiexclqLXplusmnKsup3macrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacracuteregshytimessup3LgparaiexclparaOnsup2XzmiddotdegparacopyDshyrfrac12ssKEgravekrOmacrKacutesup2|`sup2ytimesLmiddot

ershyEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicronnplusmnKmacrL_sup3timesqacuteplusmnEgraveyenqtO|middotsup3vSEgravekrOqmmicrosacutegqmLmiddotIgravecopyDshyparayEgravesup2frac34PacutektimesKrOtfrac34plusmnEgraveshyAEligyKmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveOLlXplusmnKpara_acuteWEgravesup2shyrfrac34zWsup3qLXplusmnK

VPshyLcedilplusmnmacrLfrac34shysKparaiexclmicronmacrLfrac34OdegzgrOsectsup3KIgravecopyDshymqKmVcopyAringmdegtimesqacuteplusmn degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOPWrshynotfrac34middotLshysKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12paraOparaiexclVyKmacrKsup3qVshyAEligylaquoacutecedilshydegmacrKacutesup2

nshyqmLOsLyEgravebrvbarplusmnacutebrvbarcmacrLfrac34KrKEgraveyennplusmnsumlhshyKrKtimesLfrac34plusmnmmacutekparaOVPshywLzgKEgraveshyfrac12rW|frac12acutekEgraveplusmnLcentshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysVfrac34acuteshyVkLsup2sup3macutekmacutesup3Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12m

degzgdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-degEgraveshyKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKmparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12macrKacuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrKsup3qVshyAEligytimesLmiddotVryenrplusmnqm

VyKmLregXKlaquoacutecedilshyrbrvbarfrac12mmicrouKsup3laquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOnmiddotKacutelOtimesmrparaiexclVyKershyEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmLregXKparaXyKacuteksKlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWqmdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexclmicromLXyKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKmacutektimesLmiddotdegzglaquoacutecedilshydeg

degzgparaiexclmriexclmicroqLKparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KparaOnfrac12LOparaplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKVyKacutekqmlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqm0AringacuteregshymLregXKLshyK-VyKershytimesmrdegfrac34OULLPWqKEgraveshyacuteregtimesLqmsup3qacuteshyKEgraveshyLregWqmparacentordfO

EgraveshymacrLfrac34shyparaOqacuteshyKfrac12acuteWlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqmparaOEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3sKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWnfrac12sup2sKEgravecentfrac12macrKacutesup2rLparaOparaXzOKsup3sup3nsup2shysLfrac34plusmnr frac12ryenKparaiexclUqacutedegfrac12KparaOVyKmicronmicromrOlaquoLplusmnmLregXKEgraveordfK

mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnmLregXKtimessup3paraOnLPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mrEgravemiddotLsup2SqmmLregXKZhO0LyLyKsup3VKmnmiddotKacutelplusmnEgravemiddotLbrvbarfrac12L_Uqacutedegfrac12K

|middotsup3vSsup3q

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexcltimesacute`Xz_LOtimesLmiddotdegdegzgdegsup3deggtacuteymparaiexclnmicronmiddotL~shyEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqparaysK|frac34OparaOnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3acuteacuteshydegfrac12KmicroqLOqmparaiexclEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qsup3ULfrac12mKnWmqacuteshyqKtmiddot

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

Egraveshydegfrac12KrO-nyqmicrouKsup3nfrac34ordfiexclsKmacrrmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveyqrOtimesKrOwLyKdegLOsup3nmicromLXyKLfrac34ytimesmrcentfrac12sup3qnrOnWPWrshyULfrac12qmqacutehshyshyLOtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qmsup3ngnfrac12nhWtimesKrOUqacute~

ershyULfrac12Ksup3qmacrLyenrPkMLXiexclqmmicronƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤparaXymparaOparaiexclULfrac12Ksup3qEgraveacuteacuteshytimesnsup2OnMLlXplusmnKVyKparaXkKmrS

Lfrac34ysup3ULfrac12EgraveyqrOsup3q|sup2frac12tyentimesLmiddotmacrrsKmicronmacrrqmEgraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWsup3qnotfrac12riexclVyKmicromKmtimesqsup3mryenEgraveordfKPsup2shyparaiexclsup3qdegfrac12KyKLOVyKnotfrac12riexclmacrrmacrqmLmiddotmicromLX

Lfrac34yrOnWmrcentfrac12sup3qsKEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKqacutehshymrfrac12pSparaOsup3qdegfrac12KtimesKr_KumlgKrshyVyKdegfrac34sup2csectLreg_K -EgraveWLshynshyparaordfgrshy

laquoacutecedilshyparaordfgrshy-EgraveOLfrac12

micromr~Lfrac12rXzyenparaordfgrshy-Egraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWmacrmriexcl

frac34copyBWsup3degfrac12sup3nWparaordfgrshyqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveiexclqL~EgraveplusmnLzcopy

sup3qsKtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qsKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshydegXLfrac12timesKrOnmicromLXyKmacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWumlfrac34ordfhWmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKqKtyensup3umlfrac34ordfhWEgravefrac12LyLsup2timesKrOEgravesup3qmacracuteregshyVyKEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddot

micromKmumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOtimesnsup2frac12Kr 7sup3qdegfrac12KmicromKmsup3VyKEgravesup2XshytimesLmiddotparaOKqacutesup2Xshysup3micronsup2iexclKrStimesLmiddotmicromKmEgraveshyumlfrac12nPWEgraveordffrac34Wsup3Egravesup2Egravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2iexcltimesnOLmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesr_

degfrac12KsectLyqmxfrac12tWLfrac12acuteOqLdfrac12qEgravefrac34iexclULfrac34hWqmKqsup3qMLXiexclqmƸɔƁƨƨũŮƁƨȕǀɔLJƁƨŮLJƿLjƾƨƗƽƸɕƺŻŮLJͳƮɕȕŬťƢʮƚŤparaOVyKmicromriexclEgravershysup3paraIKqKumlshyLiexclqacute

paraOsup3qdegfrac12KmrOqLiexclsKVyKUqLPparaAEligkqacuteparaplusmnacuteregplusmnEgravefrac12LyLsup2paraXymtimesqKmrOsup3timesnsup2OparaXyacuteSparaXyacuteSmacrnfrac34~lOqLPXKsup3macrLsup2frac34regKmacrmriexcl copytimesssup3rcedilOsup3timesnfrac12sup3L_

-n]KrlXyKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshysup3paraXkKmrSacuteOrshyULfrac12Ksup3qfrac34mEgraveyqrOparaOsup3qdegfrac12KwLyKrOparaPLOnEgraveyxTyparacopyacuteshyqmnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktimesnsup2OEgraveordfiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotVcopyAringmrWacuteacuteshytimesLmiddot

degzgdegnplusmnacute]KrlXyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesKrO

parafrac12t`WmicromKmumlfrac34ordfhWsup3Lmiddot

OEgraveshyEgravesup2frac12mOLsup2shysKmicronshyrOdegfrac34shyLshyEgraveyqrOLparaXymqmKqLcedilplusmnmacrKacuteWEgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotparaiexclmKmqKrrWUqLPsKnplusmnKdegzgVcopyLKdegzgB~sup2shydeggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshydegsup3qdegtimesLWqKtimesLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

degzgdegzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdegdegfrac12KsK frac12rmiddotffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmdegparacopyDshysup3Lmiddotparaacutereg`shyrfrac12sEgraveshyLcedilplusmntimesLmiddotnotfrac12sKmrS

degdegzg

degzgVcopyLKdeg

EgraveshyZfrac12mLgKparaOpara_acuteWLOparaOfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmparaiexclVLfrac12qmmacrKacuteWLOmqacutekrOqmsup3EgraveordfiexclqacuteparaOmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgLOVcopyLKkKqacutesup3sectLKnfrac12LOmqKmmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWEgravesup2frac12-VyKdeg

KqmacrLsup2shyDshyqLXyenmriexclEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOumlreggfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmnotmiddotdegzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmqmdegEgraveshyfcopyLIgraveshyL_EgraveordflaquoLshyKdeglydegfrac12KparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclmicroqLKrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot

EgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshysup3qLyenssup3qmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXym 3rOnOmacrLregyenryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXy

frac34frac34u

frac34frac34udmiddotZY

ZnraquoYAcircraquofrac34LAcircdmiddotOacuteEacuteZAring

EcirciquestZraquoZ

PAgraveraquo

AacuteLZnoteYEacuteZAring

frac12ZuY

frac12macrZ^deg^

Z^mYsup1|

d^jraquocYiYEcirciquestZraquoZ

cZZ^eYdEumlAcircnoteEcirciquestZraquoZ

Aacute[YYAringZmacrEcirciquestZraquoZfY

degcedilfrac14paraIgraveAElige

Zfrac14fYEumlYsectY

tIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveYfrac12ZAgravemacrZmacr

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

VyKLmiddotnshyLfrac34Ssup3^frac12LXplusmntimesKrOVPshyUKqLXplusmnKdegXKmtimesLsup2shyparaOumliexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekmqKmEgravecentfrac12mtplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPWrshymacutekparaOVPshyrbrvbarplusmnLOrX~frac34Osup3EgravecopyLgqm-VyKparaiexcl

degzgEgraveshyrplusmnparaOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mqLXyensup3qLXqparafrac34_acuteWtimesLsup2shyparaOdegnyqdegzgparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12degmacrLsup2c-nLOEgravesup2frac34PacutekEgraveordfKtimesLmiddotpara_acuteWrfrac34plusmntimesrLsup2paraiexcl paraO

VordfktimesLmiddot VPshy macrKrbrvbarfrac12m para_acuteW paraO sectLregK sup3 qLXq VPshy sKVyqmqLiexclqLXplusmnKsup3macrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacracuteregshytimessup3LgparaiexclparaOnsup2XzmiddotdegparacopyDshyrfrac12ssKEgravekrOmacrKacutesup2|`sup2ytimesLmiddot

ershyEgravesup2frac34PacutekmicronnplusmnKmacrL_sup3timesqacuteplusmnEgraveyenqtO|middotsup3vSEgravekrOqmmicrosacutegqmLmiddotIgravecopyDshyparayEgravesup2frac34PacutektimesKrOtfrac34plusmnEgraveshyAEligyKmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveOLlXplusmnKpara_acuteWEgravesup2shyrfrac34zWsup3qLXplusmnK

VPshyLcedilplusmnmacrLfrac34shysKparaiexclmicronmacrLfrac34OdegzgrOsectsup3KIgravecopyDshymqKmVcopyAringmdegtimesqacuteplusmn degzglaquoacutecedilshyLOPWrshynotfrac34middotLshysKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12paraOparaiexclVyKmacrKsup3qVshyAEligylaquoacutecedilshydegmacrKacutesup2

nshyqmLOsLyEgravebrvbarplusmnacutebrvbarcmacrLfrac34KrKEgraveyennplusmnsumlhshyKrKtimesLfrac34plusmnmmacutekparaOVPshywLzgKEgraveshyfrac12rW|frac12acutekEgraveplusmnLcentshysup3EgraveplusmnLshysVfrac34acuteshyVkLsup2sup3macutekmacutesup3Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12m

degzgdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-degEgraveshyKqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegXKmparacopyDshysKEgravecentfrac12macrKacuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrKsup3qVshyAEligytimesLmiddotVryenrplusmnqm

VyKmLregXKlaquoacutecedilshyrbrvbarfrac12mmicrouKsup3laquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOnmiddotKacutelOtimesmrparaiexclVyKershyEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmLregXKparaXyKacuteksKlaquoacutecedilshydegfrac12Ktfrac12LregWqmdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexclmicromLXyKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKmacutektimesLmiddotdegzglaquoacutecedilshydeg

degzgparaiexclmriexclmicroqLKparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KparaOnfrac12LOparaplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOdegmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msKVyKacutekqmlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqm0AringacuteregshymLregXKLshyK-VyKershytimesmrdegfrac34OULLPWqKEgraveshyacuteregtimesLqmsup3qacuteshyKEgraveshyLregWqmparacentordfO

EgraveshymacrLfrac34shyparaOqacuteshyKfrac12acuteWlaquoLbrvbarsup2middotqmparaOEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3sKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWnfrac12sup2sKEgravecentfrac12macrKacutesup2rLparaOparaXzOKsup3sup3nsup2shysLfrac34plusmnr frac12ryenKparaiexclUqacutedegfrac12KparaOVyKmicronmicromrOlaquoLplusmnmLregXKEgraveordfK

mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnmLregXKtimessup3paraOnLPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mrEgravemiddotLsup2SqmmLregXKZhO0LyLyKsup3VKmnmiddotKacutelplusmnEgravemiddotLbrvbarfrac12L_Uqacutedegfrac12K

|middotsup3vSsup3q

microuKsup3nfrac34ordfiexcltimesacute`Xz_LOtimesLmiddotdegdegzgdegsup3deggtacuteymparaiexclnmicronmiddotL~shyEgraveshyAEligyKOLsup2shyqparaysK|frac34OparaOnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3acuteacuteshydegfrac12KmicroqLOqmparaiexclEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qsup3ULfrac12mKnWmqacuteshyqKtmiddot

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

Egraveshydegfrac12KrO-nyqmicrouKsup3nfrac34ordfiexclsKmacrrmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveyqrOtimesKrOwLyKdegLOsup3nmicromLXyKLfrac34ytimesmrcentfrac12sup3qnrOnWPWrshyULfrac12qmqacutehshyshyLOtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qmsup3ngnfrac12nhWtimesKrOUqacute~

ershyULfrac12Ksup3qmacrLyenrPkMLXiexclqmmicronƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤparaXymparaOparaiexclULfrac12Ksup3qEgraveacuteacuteshytimesnsup2OnMLlXplusmnKVyKparaXkKmrS

Lfrac34ysup3ULfrac12EgraveyqrOsup3q|sup2frac12tyentimesLmiddotmacrrsKmicronmacrrqmEgraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWsup3qnotfrac12riexclVyKmicromKmtimesqsup3mryenEgraveordfKPsup2shyparaiexclsup3qdegfrac12KyKLOVyKnotfrac12riexclmacrrmacrqmLmiddotmicromLX

Lfrac34yrOnWmrcentfrac12sup3qsKEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKqacutehshymrfrac12pSparaOsup3qdegfrac12KtimesKr_KumlgKrshyVyKdegfrac34sup2csectLreg_K -EgraveWLshynshyparaordfgrshy

laquoacutecedilshyparaordfgrshy-EgraveOLfrac12

micromr~Lfrac12rXzyenparaordfgrshy-Egraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWmacrmriexcl

frac34copyBWsup3degfrac12sup3nWparaordfgrshyqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveiexclqL~EgraveplusmnLzcopy

sup3qsKtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qsKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshydegXLfrac12timesKrOnmicromLXyKmacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWumlfrac34ordfhWmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKqKtyensup3umlfrac34ordfhWEgravefrac12LyLsup2timesKrOEgravesup3qmacracuteregshyVyKEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddot

micromKmumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOtimesnsup2frac12Kr 7sup3qdegfrac12KmicromKmsup3VyKEgravesup2XshytimesLmiddotparaOKqacutesup2Xshysup3micronsup2iexclKrStimesLmiddotmicromKmEgraveshyumlfrac12nPWEgraveordffrac34Wsup3Egravesup2Egravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2iexcltimesnOLmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesr_

degfrac12KsectLyqmxfrac12tWLfrac12acuteOqLdfrac12qEgravefrac34iexclULfrac34hWqmKqsup3qMLXiexclqmƸɔƁƨƨũŮƁƨȕǀɔLJƁƨŮLJƿLjƾƨƗƽƸɕƺŻŮLJͳƮɕȕŬťƢʮƚŤparaOVyKmicromriexclEgravershysup3paraIKqKumlshyLiexclqacute

paraOsup3qdegfrac12KmrOqLiexclsKVyKUqLPparaAEligkqacuteparaplusmnacuteregplusmnEgravefrac12LyLsup2paraXymtimesqKmrOsup3timesnsup2OparaXyacuteSparaXyacuteSmacrnfrac34~lOqLPXKsup3macrLsup2frac34regKmacrmriexcl copytimesssup3rcedilOsup3timesnfrac12sup3L_

-n]KrlXyKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshysup3paraXkKmrSacuteOrshyULfrac12Ksup3qfrac34mEgraveyqrOparaOsup3qdegfrac12KwLyKrOparaPLOnEgraveyxTyparacopyacuteshyqmnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktimesnsup2OEgraveordfiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotVcopyAringmrWacuteacuteshytimesLmiddot

degzgdegnplusmnacute]KrlXyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesKrO

parafrac12t`WmicromKmumlfrac34ordfhWsup3Lmiddot

OEgraveshyEgravesup2frac12mOLsup2shysKmicronshyrOdegfrac34shyLshyEgraveyqrOLparaXymqmKqLcedilplusmnmacrKacuteWEgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotparaiexclmKmqKrrWUqLPsKnplusmnKdegzgVcopyLKdegzgB~sup2shydeggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshydegsup3qdegtimesLWqKtimesLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

degzgdegzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdegdegfrac12KsK frac12rmiddotffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmdegparacopyDshysup3Lmiddotparaacutereg`shyrfrac12sEgraveshyLcedilplusmntimesLmiddotnotfrac12sKmrS

degdegzg

degzgVcopyLKdeg

EgraveshyZfrac12mLgKparaOpara_acuteWLOparaOfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmparaiexclVLfrac12qmmacrKacuteWLOmqacutekrOqmsup3EgraveordfiexclqacuteparaOmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgLOVcopyLKkKqacutesup3sectLKnfrac12LOmqKmmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWEgravesup2frac12-VyKdeg

KqmacrLsup2shyDshyqLXyenmriexclEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOumlreggfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmnotmiddotdegzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmqmdegEgraveshyfcopyLIgraveshyL_EgraveordflaquoLshyKdeglydegfrac12KparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclmicroqLKrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot

EgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshysup3qLyenssup3qmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXym 3rOnOmacrLregyenryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXy

frac34frac34u

frac34frac34udmiddotZY

ZnraquoYAcircraquofrac34LAcircdmiddotOacuteEacuteZAring

EcirciquestZraquoZ

PAgraveraquo

AacuteLZnoteYEacuteZAring

frac12ZuY

frac12macrZ^deg^

Z^mYsup1|

d^jraquocYiYEcirciquestZraquoZ

cZZ^eYdEumlAcircnoteEcirciquestZraquoZ

Aacute[YYAringZmacrEcirciquestZraquoZfY

degcedilfrac14paraIgraveAElige

Zfrac14fYEumlYsectY

tIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveYfrac12ZAgravemacrZmacr

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

Egraveshydegfrac12KrO-nyqmicrouKsup3nfrac34ordfiexclsKmacrrmicroLyennfrac12mEgraveyqrOtimesKrOwLyKdegLOsup3nmicromLXyKLfrac34ytimesmrcentfrac12sup3qnrOnWPWrshyULfrac12qmqacutehshyshyLOtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qmsup3ngnfrac12nhWtimesKrOUqacute~

ershyULfrac12Ksup3qmacrLyenrPkMLXiexclqmmicronƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤparaXymparaOparaiexclULfrac12Ksup3qEgraveacuteacuteshytimesnsup2OnMLlXplusmnKVyKparaXkKmrS

Lfrac34ysup3ULfrac12EgraveyqrOsup3q|sup2frac12tyentimesLmiddotmacrrsKmicronmacrrqmEgraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWsup3qnotfrac12riexclVyKmicromKmtimesqsup3mryenEgraveordfKPsup2shyparaiexclsup3qdegfrac12KyKLOVyKnotfrac12riexclmacrrmacrqmLmiddotmicromLX

Lfrac34yrOnWmrcentfrac12sup3qsKEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKqacutehshymrfrac12pSparaOsup3qdegfrac12KtimesKr_KumlgKrshyVyKdegfrac34sup2csectLreg_K -EgraveWLshynshyparaordfgrshy

laquoacutecedilshyparaordfgrshy-EgraveOLfrac12

micromr~Lfrac12rXzyenparaordfgrshy-Egraveacuteacuteshyfrac34hWmacrmriexcl

frac34copyBWsup3degfrac12sup3nWparaordfgrshyqmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3EgraveiexclqL~EgraveplusmnLzcopy

sup3qsKtfrac34plusmnULfrac12Ksup3qsKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshydegXLfrac12timesKrOnmicromLXyKmacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWumlfrac34ordfhWmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKqKtyensup3umlfrac34ordfhWEgravefrac12LyLsup2timesKrOEgravesup3qmacracuteregshyVyKEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddot

micromKmumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOtimesnsup2frac12Kr 7sup3qdegfrac12KmicromKmsup3VyKEgravesup2XshytimesLmiddotparaOKqacutesup2Xshysup3micronsup2iexclKrStimesLmiddotmicromKmEgraveshyumlfrac12nPWEgraveordffrac34Wsup3Egravesup2Egravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2iexcltimesnOLmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3timesr_

degfrac12KsectLyqmxfrac12tWLfrac12acuteOqLdfrac12qEgravefrac34iexclULfrac34hWqmKqsup3qMLXiexclqmƸɔƁƨƨũŮƁƨȕǀɔLJƁƨŮLJƿLjƾƨƗƽƸɕƺŻŮLJͳƮɕȕŬťƢʮƚŤparaOVyKmicromriexclEgravershysup3paraIKqKumlshyLiexclqacute

paraOsup3qdegfrac12KmrOqLiexclsKVyKUqLPparaAEligkqacuteparaplusmnacuteregplusmnEgravefrac12LyLsup2paraXymtimesqKmrOsup3timesnsup2OparaXyacuteSparaXyacuteSmacrnfrac34~lOqLPXKsup3macrLsup2frac34regKmacrmriexcl copytimesssup3rcedilOsup3timesnfrac12sup3L_

-n]KrlXyKparafrac34copysup3Knotfrac34middotLshysup3paraXkKmrSacuteOrshyULfrac12Ksup3qfrac34mEgraveyqrOparaOsup3qdegfrac12KwLyKrOparaPLOnEgraveyxTyparacopyacuteshyqmnotfrac34middotLshydegfrac12Ktimesnsup2OEgraveordfiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotVcopyAringmrWacuteacuteshytimesLmiddot

degzgdegnplusmnacute]KrlXyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmrOqLiexcltimesKrO

parafrac12t`WmicromKmumlfrac34ordfhWsup3Lmiddot

OEgraveshyEgravesup2frac12mOLsup2shysKmicronshyrOdegfrac34shyLshyEgraveyqrOLparaXymqmKqLcedilplusmnmacrKacuteWEgraveordfiexcltimesLmiddotparaiexclmKmqKrrWUqLPsKnplusmnKdegzgVcopyLKdegzgB~sup2shydeggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshydegsup3qdegtimesLWqKtimesLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

degzgdegzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdegdegfrac12KsK frac12rmiddotffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmdegparacopyDshysup3Lmiddotparaacutereg`shyrfrac12sEgraveshyLcedilplusmntimesLmiddotnotfrac12sKmrS

degdegzg

degzgVcopyLKdeg

EgraveshyZfrac12mLgKparaOpara_acuteWLOparaOfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmparaiexclVLfrac12qmmacrKacuteWLOmqacutekrOqmsup3EgraveordfiexclqacuteparaOmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgLOVcopyLKkKqacutesup3sectLKnfrac12LOmqKmmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWEgravesup2frac12-VyKdeg

KqmacrLsup2shyDshyqLXyenmriexclEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOumlreggfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmnotmiddotdegzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmqmdegEgraveshyfcopyLIgraveshyL_EgraveordflaquoLshyKdeglydegfrac12KparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclmicroqLKrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot

EgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshysup3qLyenssup3qmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXym 3rOnOmacrLregyenryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXy

frac34frac34u

frac34frac34udmiddotZY

ZnraquoYAcircraquofrac34LAcircdmiddotOacuteEacuteZAring

EcirciquestZraquoZ

PAgraveraquo

AacuteLZnoteYEacuteZAring

frac12ZuY

frac12macrZ^deg^

Z^mYsup1|

d^jraquocYiYEcirciquestZraquoZ

cZZ^eYdEumlAcircnoteEcirciquestZraquoZ

Aacute[YYAringZmacrEcirciquestZraquoZfY

degcedilfrac14paraIgraveAElige

Zfrac14fYEumlYsectY

tIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveYfrac12ZAgravemacrZmacr

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

degzgdegzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdegdegfrac12KsK frac12rmiddotffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmdegparacopyDshysup3Lmiddotparaacutereg`shyrfrac12sEgraveshyLcedilplusmntimesLmiddotnotfrac12sKmrS

degdegzg

degzgVcopyLKdeg

EgraveshyZfrac12mLgKparaOpara_acuteWLOparaOfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmparaiexclVLfrac12qmmacrKacuteWLOmqacutekrOqmsup3EgraveordfiexclqacuteparaOmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgLOVcopyLKkKqacutesup3sectLKnfrac12LOmqKmmacrLcentshyKparaiexclEgravefrac12L_LWEgravesup2frac12-VyKdeg

KqmacrLsup2shyDshyqLXyenmriexclEgravecentfrac34plusmnrOumlreggfcopyLIgraveshyL_qmnotmiddotdegzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmqmdegEgraveshyfcopyLIgraveshyL_EgraveordflaquoLshyKdeglydegfrac12KparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclmicroqLKrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot

EgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshysup3qLyenssup3qmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXym 3rOnOmacrLregyenryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXy

frac34frac34u

frac34frac34udmiddotZY

ZnraquoYAcircraquofrac34LAcircdmiddotOacuteEacuteZAring

EcirciquestZraquoZ

PAgraveraquo

AacuteLZnoteYEacuteZAring

frac12ZuY

frac12macrZ^deg^

Z^mYsup1|

d^jraquocYiYEcirciquestZraquoZ

cZZ^eYdEumlAcircnoteEcirciquestZraquoZ

Aacute[YYAringZmacrEcirciquestZraquoZfY

degcedilfrac14paraIgraveAElige

Zfrac14fYEumlYsectY

tIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveYfrac12ZAgravemacrZmacr

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

VyKmicromqacutekNfrac12rnLOdegfrac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilenfrac34iexclBWparaXcentplusmndegfrac34regmiddotrOparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3tfrac34plusmntimesrbrvbarfrac12mULfrac12Ksup3q Egraveshynsup2sup2iexclumlfrac34copymparaOfcopyLparashyL_qmdeggtacuteyparasup2frac12tmiddotVyennfrac12LOULfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kumlfrac34ordfhWqm

degfrac34OsKparaOrsup3EgraveshyacuteregmLregXKmacrmrOsup3Egraveshyacuteregparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12EgraveLregX_Kparafrac12LshyryparaOmacrms gsup3rfrac34yenKrmicromrreglaquoKrgKqmacrULfrac12Ksup3qparaiexclVyKwLsup2copyKparaOmacrsKsup3nplusmnKmLfrac12notordfmacrKacutesup2

micromriexcldegzgparasup2frac12tmiddotLshyK-nplusmnKsup3VyKdegfrac34~frac34SmqacuteshysKrXregiexclqLfrac34zOfcopyLrfrac34parashyL_qmdeg qqmparaiexclVyKtimesmrparasup2frac12tmiddot frac12paraOULfrac12Ksup3Nfrac12rmacrKacutesup2sKEgravecedilplusmnUnsup3micronershymacrmqacutek

degzgVcopyLKmqacuteshyqmLshyK-VyKrXregiexclmacrEgraveshydegshyDshymicroqLOqmdegmriexclpara_KrshyEgraveWLfrac12Ksup3qparaOmacrKacuteWdegshyDshymicroqLOqmmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msectacutemqrOparaiexcldegshyDshyumlregtimesKrOEgraveKrWqpmacrLregmiddot

esup3rWqLiexclacutecentfrac34plusmnparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2shyDshyparaOEgraveplusmnLregyennOfPnsup2LOmacrLregmiddotensup2plusmnLshysup3nplusmnqKmmicroqLKmacr

degzgVcopyLKEgraveshyKqdegmriexclLPsup2XyKmacrrqmVmLOmacrKacuteWparafrac12qmmacrrmicroqacuteyEgraveshyUKr`gnfrac12Lshyrnot[EdegcopyKO 6 EdegcopyKdegshy0Krfrac34iexclKacutePsup2X_Kdegsup3macrLregyensKparafrac12degfrac12Kgtacutey

EgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnparaiexclVyKmicronershydegfrac34sup2cnotcedilplusmnumlfrac34copymsup3nsup2iexclEgravekrOnsup2XzmiddotmicroLsup2yenmacracutesup2sK micromrXzyenmicrorfrac12KmsKnfrac12LOlaquoacuteshypshydeggtacuteylaquoKmqmmacrmLXfrac34plusmntimesKrOparafrac12degfrac12KOLshymacracutesup2sKtimesrW

macrLregyenEgravesup2frac12paracedilPtimesLmiddotLplusmnmriexcltfrac34middotrSEgraveshyNordfshydegfrac12KsKumlKmacrKacuteWdegzgmacrmacuteOdeg VLfrac12qmKq

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5E4e 3AElig 8copyK 3sup3 3not3ordf 3 7n33 1ordm3O 7 3g4para7 sup25shy 7r 3 73W 7not3copy 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3gtL 3y3A 8not4 [ 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3

3z 7g3B3 5para5ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 5 L 3shy 8tcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4mL 3z37 copyKEgrave3copy 7 3 X 7yKK3o5Esup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveiexclLSsup3EgraveXyqmmicroLyenrmiddot-q 8r3 7n33 2 4_ 3r5 O 8deg 8copyK 1 4_ 3q 3degEgraveOtimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnLshyrregcentg|shymrshy3OnOmacrLregyenmacuteqLcentsup3KsKEgravemiddotLsup2yenparacentplusmnmrsup3VyKmicromriexclnotXy

frac34Pacuteksup3mrO frac34plusmnmacrLregyentimesrbrvbarfrac12mparaOEgraveziexclryenKnmicrorfrac34cmacrlaquomrshysup3qLyenssup3qrOEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3mLzmicroLyenrmiddotnLOdegVyKmicromqacutekNfrac12r

KEgraveordflaquoLshy7deg 3shy 3 3r 37deg5shy5parafrac34 5k3AEgrave5shyK 8rcopyKEgrave5shy 7rfrac12 7n3 4para8plusmn5EL 3shy3A 5wL8sup2copyK 3 frac12 5sup3L3 3A 5parafrac345 8deg3 3reg 7zfrac12 3AElig3 2frac12 5r 3 3mK 3n 3y 3sup3 2degfrac12 5m 3ordm3frac345 [ 3sup3laquoL 3 ltzcopyK4H57lfrac12 3sup3KqtimesacuteTmiddotqsup3micromacuteOqKacuteXyKdegfrac12mqmqmKrOparaiexclVzplusmnKmparaiexclrmiddot-paraOnfrac12LPplusmnrbrvbarfrac12mVyKVyKqmicro

nmiddotmacuteyensup3KmicroqLOqmlaquomrshymacrLsup2ly frac34SrPshyL7N4ordf 7K3Ucircfrac34 5k3 5AacuteUqmKrOsKparaiexcltimesqKmriexclsup3qLXyentimesKrO-Kq 7p4 4para3copy 7x5reg3X7 copyL30Kq 7p 4 4para3copy 7n5 3W 7not3copy 7 5F30Kq 7p 4

EgraveshyrynplusmnsKrXOtimesqpEgraveXLfrac34plusmnryenKsup3timesacute`Otimesqp EgraveordflaquoLshyK8sup2 43W 3Aring3degparaiexclEgravesup2lyparaOmicroLbrvbardfrac34middot- 0AEligregX 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r 3k2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O

EgraveXsup3LWnfrac12macrsup3rfrac34OUqmKrOmacrLmiddotmsKEgraveshyEgraveOacutekumlreghshymacrtimesKrOparaiexclrPshynOmacrLregyenEgraveOLfrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

deggtacuteysL`shymqKacuteshy

EgraveshymacrL~plusmnqacuteiexclpshyparafrac12qmVmsKnplusmnsup3KnknmiddotmqmparacentordfOVyKmicromrcentplusmnEgravecedilplusmntfrac34plusmnmacracutesup2IgraveregmiddotparaiexclVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2cparafrac12nfrac34sup2iexcltfrac34middotrSmacracutesup2sKtimesqLfrac34zOsKparaO-UqLPsKEgravekrOrbrvbarfrac12m

nplusmnqKmlaquosup3tcopymqKacuteshyEgravekrOqmEgraveXgsup3nplusmnrPXshyparaiexclnplusmnqKmmacute_sup3macracutesup2paraiexclEgraveXfrac12Ksup3qsKKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KEgraveshyEgravecedilplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mparaOlaquoLregWsup3 6laquoLWmLregXKsKnsup2iexcltimesnreghshyqtimestimesrcediletfrac34plusmn

EgraveshymriexclVKmrOmacrKacuteWVcopyLKKsup3qmdegzgdegXKmNfrac12rmrparaiexclmacutemacrparaOr`sup2shynfrac12LPplusmndegVrdegfrac12KsK-nLOqLPplusmnLfrac12s|frac12KrOmicronfrac12nsup2zSrshyKdegfrac12Ksup3mqacutelOKqmacrLPordfparaOZfrac12mLgKqmsup3q

degzgumlKwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnmacrLzplusmnK0LLWKparaiexclVyKmicronmicroqLKtimesmqKacuteshyumlregdegparacentordfOsup3nsup2iexclnLOparaXKmdeggtacuteynfrac12LO0LplusmnLfrac34gKUqLPmqKacuteshydegfrac12KsKnplusmnKparaXKmparaPordfparashyL_qmmLzparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshys

nLOmacrLregmiddotemicromacuteOdegregm0AEligPparaiexclEgraveXysup3mmqKmtimesnOparaOLyparaiexclEgraveziexclmacrLregmiddotedegzgsup3parafrac34_acuteWmicroKq|ordfregLOmrparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshyssup3mnsup2POKqdegmacrLregmiddoteparaO-paraOdeggtacuteyLOmacrLzplusmnKVyKmicronparafrac34acuteWZfrac12mLgKEgravekrOqmmicrosup3AElig

nsup2iexclVplusmnLfrac34macuteksKmacrKrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLregmiddotemLWqsup3parafrac34acuteWdegfrac12Kparafrac34_acuteWqmdegzglaquosup3tcopyrOparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnfrac34iexclBWLOmacrtimesrmiddotLrOLsup2OlaquoAEligyKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVyennfrac12LOVyKmicrondeg

mLlaquoLshyK3deg353W 3Aring7r 3 8 5F3 5ordm3ltcopyK 8 4iexcl 3Ucircfrac34 5k3B5 OlaquoLregWsup3umlshyLiexclmLregXKUqmKrOparaO-4sectL33X 7z4 W 3Aring 5sectL 3y 7r5X 7y 5AringK 3ordm 3

degcentshy-degfrac34shysKrfrac12smacrLsup2frac34regKsKEgraveLplusmnmacrmqacutekVzfrac34plusmnacuteumlOLmacrmriexcl laquoLshyKnotLiexcl3N3ordf73A 4q 7 3 7 copyK 3 L3iexclK3o5EEgrave6 X 3g0Krfrac34 3k2n 3g3B5 O 8deg 4frac12 7 3A 2n 3g3 5Aacute 8 5hfrac12 7not3copy lt 3h7 copyK 3deg5shy5 copyo 35r7frac12para7 sup25shy 3UcircmicroLyenrmiddot-

rX~frac34OtimesqLcentXyKqsup3gsKEgraveXyKqLplusmnsup3notXybfrac34middotrOmacuteOkmacrLregyenEgraveziexclparaOparaiexclVzfrac34plusmnKsup3qxiexclacuterbrvbarshy-mrOMmacrmicroLyenmacutelaquoacuteordfshytimessup3rOsup3KEgraveOacutekparaiexcl

mLlaquoLshyK4 L 3shy 8tcopyK 3 L3iexclK3o5E3 L 3shy 3s 3g3A lt 4iexclEgrave3copy5E 4ordm3sup2frac345 plusmn7B 3reg 9copyL3 2q 3n3 3 7middot3A 4para4 ordf 7middot3A 3sup3 2q 7 3_1t 7 3 2n-qLyenssup3qmicroLyenrmiddotmacrLsup2frac34regKcurrenplusmnrfrac34plusmnumlmiddotK|shymrshysup3nLOnotXyqLyenssup3qVyKEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveziexclrmiddotparaOmacrmriexcl

laquoLshyKEgraveordf3 4iexcl 3q 3p 3h7 copyK3 833Xfrac345 copy 3M 3qL3L 3reg8O 4q 8sup3 4n37 copyK 8 5F3 5para 5h7ordf 4 3n73O 3Uacute ltsup3 4n 3 7deg5shy 5q 3p 3h7 copyK3oEgrave57not5 8WK 3sup3 5laquo 7t 3h7 copyL5 O 7p4l3 3Ucirc5copydeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4gEgraveshy frac12mtplusmnacuteWparaOKqmacutekdegregmmicroLyenKrfrac12sLOqpgrOVlysup3KsKVsup2regmLOfordfsKnO-LWnsup2iexcl

msLyUrfrac34brvbarordfL-degzgdegregmparaOsup3LOLXhshysup3|frac12nplusmnKqsup3mxSLOparaXKnplusmndeg 3sup33 5E3 3g3A7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3deg 4z 3g 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3degfrac12rWqKsup3Kty-4micro 3n7 sup25 3Uacute 4C 3AElig3O 3gtL 3y 7deg 3reg3copy 5para5 O 3Ucirc9sup2 3 3gtL 3y 7deg 3shy 8 3g3A 3sup3

nLOmicromKmmacrLhXshyKnOUmtplusmnparaiexclVyKEgravelEgraveplusmnLregyennOparaOxiexcl laquoLshyKEgraveordf7 33k 2ordm 3reg5ordf3cent5 O 8deg8sup2 43W 3Aring 3sup3 4para7 sup25shy 3Ucirc4P5ordf7frac12L 3shy 3Ucircfrac345W7Bfrac12Egrave8X 3g 5para5sup2 3z 7g3AEgrave3ordf 3 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 3r 7shy3A 3sup30Kgtacute 4y 3Ucircfrac34 5k3A 7deg5shy 7V 3_ 3r

0AElig5reg 7h 3shy 5rfrac343l7 copyKEgrave5L 3 3 copy 4n5 3W 3V7 plusmn3A-nplusmnsrysup3KsKtimesqLiexclparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysLWdegiexclumlreggmacrpara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqUqmKrOqLXqmnsup2POacuteWrOKqparafrac34_acuteWmicroKqparaiexcl

rPshyLfrac34SlaquoriexclKKqdegX~frac12acutekEgravesup2frac34OnOLO- ltdeg 8copyK 5gtacute 4z5O 5wL8sup2copyK 3deg5shyKacute 4y 5r3X 7gKnfrac12qKmparabrvbarplusmnlaquomrshynplusmntyensK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

qrAringEumlnLqhshymmLshyKbfrac34middotparaOEgraveKqtimesKrOtimesmrmacrLfrac12ssup3qrparaplusmnacuteyenparaiexclnLOmacrLfrac34shyqm]Ksup3msKLfrac12paraordfshyLshynsup2plusmnLshynotcedilshytimesqacuteshyKtimesLSparaiexcltimesmqKacuteshyqmVzfrac34plusmnmacrLsup2shyDshysup3nsup2sup2iexclLhcopyKqNplusmnKacute_pararegmiddotnfrac12LOmacrLplusmnLregordfzshymqKmmacute_sup3mrtimesKrOtimesrfrac34brvbarreg~cqrmacrLcentshyK

paraplusmnLsup2frac34OnOnsup2middotmqKrrplusmnnshytfrac34plusmnKqVcopyLgdegfrac12rWlaquoL`plusmnKN_acuteshymqKacuteshydegfrac12KqmparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KmicroKqdegXzOsup3rX~frac34OULfrac34hWEgraveshymrtimesKrOqrtimesLmiddotnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOEgraveOacutekIgrave`frac34Xplusmnsup3macute

VKm

VcopyAringmdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotdeg

degzgB~sup2shydeg

degzgEgraveordfKB~sup2shymacrrmicroLyennfrac12msKVyKmacrLsup2shyDshydegXzplusmnKmmacuteksK 5xgdegmnotfrac12riexclmacrrq KtimesKr_LshyrPshyLfrac34SmacrLplusmnsmqacuteshyqmmacrLLsup2shysKEgravekrOparaiexclEgraveXregcedilWsKxSsup3nplusmnmriexclershy

degfrac12KKqmacrLsup2shyDshynplusmnmKmparaLKKqmacrmacrLsup2shyDshysKEgravekrOEgraveshyqKrMLXmqacuteshyparaplusmnacuteyennmiddotmoEAringacutecopy0Krfrac34knotcedilzplusmnBOmacracutesup2shyDregcopyK 6degmicroacuteregXregyUqLPtimessup3qrOnfrac34iexclBWL`sup2frac12KqmnotcedilzplusmnBOVyK

plusmnsup3KnkEgraveshy|plusmnsryKqmacrLplusmnnparaOnfrac12nfrac34sup2KqVregcedilWdegfrac12KparaiexclEgraveplusmnLshysKrcparaiexclnsup2iexclmacrLWmacutekmacrLregyennfrac12mrPplusmn frac34plusmnEgraveregplusmnnplusmnsup3KnkparaiexclVyKL`sup2frac12KqmparaXcentplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12acuteyenrbrvbarfrac12mmacrLsup2shyDshydegzgdeg

EgraveshyparacentordfOnfrac34XKnplusmnparaOKrcnfrac12LshyrmacrLWmacutekdegzgEgravecopyLgqm-nfrac34XKnplusmndegqmqacuteiexclpshyVregcedilWparaiexclshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesmKrKmqacuteshymacuteOmicronerdegzglaquosup3tcopyumlfrac34copymparafrac12degfrac34regmiddotqmnplusmnsup3KnkKsup3qmparaOdeg

macrLsup2shyDshytimesacutesup2shysup3Egravegsup3qmLhWKLplusmnLregmiddotparaiexclumlfrac34copymmacrtimesqsup3mLfrac12LOsup3micromriexclershytfrac34plusmnKqmacrLsup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyfrac34regmLhWKdegfrac12Ktimesqsup3mLfrac12LOnplusmnsup3Knkdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-VyKmicromriexcl|plusmnsryKqdegfrac34OnOmKrKVyK

degzgtimesLmacrLplusmnparaOmacrLsup2shyDshyacuteksup3degEgraveshyVfrac12acuteWmacrLplusmnmacrLfrac34shyKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOEgravesup2frac34Pnsup2iexcl macrrparaiexclEgraveWacutekKtimesLqmmLhWKdegfrac12KEgraveshynotfrac34yrWmacrLsup2shyDshytimesKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrLfrac12Lregplusmnnsup2iexclrW

mKacuteplusmnLksKEgraveOparaOmacrqmparaiexclEgravefrac12Kr_LshyEumlKnksectacuteyqVPzplusmnsup3nplusmnmKmL~hVPzplusmnmacuteOrplusmnnsup2cmacrLyennsup2middotmnplusmnsup3

mriexclr~Xsup2shylaquomrshymacrLfrac34shyqmKqmacrLXyKmsup3nplusmnVymparaOmicronplusmnKmryenVymLsup2shysKEgraveOnplusmnKLdegfrac12KparaLKqmmacrAringmqLregfrac34OLfrac12macrnplusmnmriexclUcircregiexclmacrLXyKm-paraOmacracutecEgraveordfiexclqacutesup2shyDshymacrLfrac34shyqmL~hparaLKLEgraveshyVysup3mKqmacrnsup2XKm-KqULfrac12degfrac12KKnk

KnksectacuteyqsKsup3mriexclsectsLplusmnmacuteshyrLmEgravefrac12LPLP]

qacuteplusmnparafrac12

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacuteparacopyDshytimesKqKmEgraveplusmnLregfrac12KIgraveshyL_qmUacutekKsup3timesqmKrOnotfrac12riexclmacrrrsup2shysKrfrac34plusmnEgravefrac12LmiddotUrLshyMmKlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3Ungsup3ULyKacuteshysup3EgraveXysup3mEgravefrac12KrbrvbarregmiddotmacrLregfrac12Kmicronfrac12mLplusmnacutetimesqLbrvbarplusmnK

EgraveLregX_KIgravefrac12LshyryrOEgraveXPshyr[Ksup3VyKEgraveXsup3fordfsup3ULAEligshysup3qKnfrac12mparaplusmnKqKacuteyenqtOVpyensup3VKpyennmiddotKacutekqtimesacuteyacuteshyparareg~cry

sup3qdegzgtimesLWqKtimesLmiddotmacrLshysLyqmdeg

notcedilshynfrac12LdegzgtimesLVfrac12acuteWmicroKqdegfrac12rWumlcentB~sup2shyVfrac12acuteWmacrLshysLyqmdegmacrtimesrfrac34yenEgravecentfrac12timesLmacrLregmiddotEgravesup2frac12degfrac12KtimesKrOLshyK-VyKmKrKmacrLfrac34shyEgravegsup3qsup3timesacutesup2shymLhWKxgsup3macrmacuteO

VyKmicronmLcedilsup2~frac34SULfrac12Ksup3qqmtfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mtimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgravekrOacuteacuteshyEgraveordflaquoLshyKsup3qparayparaOKqnotcedilshymacrKacutesup2sup3qdegfrac12rWdegzgumlfrac34hWtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgravershyrfrac12nshyyacuteWlaquomrshyparaOdegparaiexclnsup2iexcl

sup3qdegfrac12KUqLPLmiddotnplusmnK sKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile -laquomrshyparaOmacrLzgK

Py-macrLplusmnmacrmriexclqLO

Vzfrac34plusmnmacrL~plusmnKacuteWqmparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrLplusmnmacrmrcentplusmnqacuteP`shy

macrLsup2cEgraveshyrplusmnparaOsectsup3KmicroLbrvbarplusmnqmparaiexcldegzgsectacuteordfshysup3para`frac34XplusmnrX~frac34OqacuteXymparaydegfrac12KnyqdegdegXKmfrac34regEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOLshyK-VyKmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyrWqmmacrKacuteWdegzgparaiexclVLfrac12degparaOrfrac12nshydegXKm

EgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymqKacuteshynsup2plusmnLshyEgravecopyLregKparaOr`sup2shymacrLXymrfrac12smacutekLmiddotqLXqdegfrac12KlaquoL`plusmnKparaiexclmacutedegzg|lOrreg[Egrave`frac12LXplusmnqLPshyIgravekrcdegfrac12Ksup3mriexclnmiddotKacutekVfrac12acuteWKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeg

VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmmacrLshysLyEgraveshyacuteregtimesLmacutePcedilOtimesKrOdegfrac12Kffrac34acuteWparaOparashyKmKqmqmnsup2frac12KrEgraveshyZfrac12ngqmqacuteiexclpshymicroKqparaysK frac12rmiddotacuteknotfrac12sKmrS

macrLzplusmnKparaOmacrLzgKLOrfrac12nshyEgraveshyssup3rOmacuteksKVPshy|sup2iexcl frac12macutekparaordfyVhWtimesLmiddotsup3nmiddotm

EgraveordflaquoLshyKEgrave 3 3xfrac343copy 4para8plusmn 3A 7not3ordf 7K ltdeg 3 5deg 7z 4gEgrave3copy5EEgrave37m3B5 O 1gt2sectK 3sup32K 3q5para5Xfrac345 3r5 O3z 7g5E 7deg5shy 5UL3plusmn 4 J 3reg7 copyK 5para5frac3457l3W 3sup37not5 frac343copy5E 5para5 plusmnL7not4 3ordf3P5 4para3copy 3xfrac343copyL 3shyEgrave3ordf 3 7not4middotLfrac125E 5para5middotK 3r7cent5X 7yK 5Uacute 7r3W 3sup3 7not5 frac343ordf 3 3Ucirc5Xfrac345 3r5 O ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g 5para5 O 3Ucirc3copy 45reg3X 7 frac12 1r 7shy3A 3Ucirc5copy3oEgrave5 3Ucirc7sup25shy 7deg4centfrac347 ordf3

5 30LP 33plusmn 3Ucirc7sup2 3 4 37frac12 ltdeg 8copyK 3deg 7z 4g 8 5F3 0AEligfrac12- copyLshytimesKbfrac34middotparaiexclmacrKnOdegzgtfrac34cmacrLsup2claquomrshymicromacuteWparaOKqnotiexclLgdegEgraveregplusmnrOEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclparaOmacrL~plusmnmrcentplusmnqKmKsup3sup3macrLplusmndegXkLyqLPcentPysup3macrLplusmnparaOsup3KmacrLzgKparaiexclnplusmnKtfrac34brvbarplusmnKmacrLplusmnKqnplusmnqKnplusmn-degzgqacuteshyKdegfrac12KVfrac12LqLOparaiexclnfrac12LOxSzgKrfrac12s-timesqsup3notmiddotKr|frac12acutektimesKrOKqVshymrshyparaOdegdegparaOdeg

EgraveshyrOacuteWsup3msKKqtimesmLfrac12sVreggssup3^plusmnqVfrac34qmqKm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

macuteksKVyKrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOKsup3qmparaiexclKqVPshy|sup2iexclKsup3 frac12|sup2iexcldegfrac12KumlOLshyqmmKrKEgraveshymacrL~plusmnnsup2middotmmL`frac12KN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmqacuteksLOdegfrac12KEgraveshyrfrac12nshyqmVPshyEgraveyLzgKparasup2frac34shyssup3macute

acutekmL`frac12KEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqVymrfrac12sparaOEgraveplusmnLregyenmqsup3 PyKqmKrKrfrac12nshyparacentsup2frac12Ktimesmrrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKmacrtimesLsup2shyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12stimesKrOnsup2iexclqLO

EgraveshyViexclqL~shyLmiddotqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKqmnplusmnKacuteXOparaiexcltimesngLWsup3Vzfrac34plusmnnPXzshyEgraveKrKqsup3nsKsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshytfrac34middotrSVymrfrac12sparaOqacuteXymnsup2iexclndegsup3qVymrfrac12stimesKrOrfrac12nshy|sup2shysup3AEligkKdegfrac12KEgraveXsup3

Egraveshyumlfrac34hWrfrac12nshysKEgraveXPshyqacuteWtfrac34plusmnVymrfrac12s regiexcltimessup3paraOqacuteWsup3KqmKdegfrac34regmiddotsup3nsup2iexclEgraveshynsup2iexclKr_K|frac12acutekEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWngryLWKqrfrac12nshyULfrac12acutesup2shyLWnsup2iexclrfrac12nshynfrac12msKtfrac34plusmntimessup3AEligW

EgraveregplusmnmacrLcedilsup2Sdegfrac34Otfrac34WdegzgNziexclLOrfrac12nshysup3nplusmnLshymacrparaOdegEgraveshynotmiddotKrKqtimessup3nqparasup2frac34shysmrmsLy PyKsup3qm frac12sKrshyKVhWtimesLmiddotsup3rfrac34plusmnmacrmriexclqLOrfrac12nshyrshyKsup3KtimesKr_KtimesKrOKqmacrLplusmnmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKacuteyEgraveshyLshyVlydegfrac12KparaOjyLSqmrfrac12nshyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsup3nsup2iexclqmmrnqULP_acuteshyEgraveacuteiexcl

EgraveshydegcentregshyKqmacrLshysLymsLy microLsup3mumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyparaiexclVyKtimesqLXqnfrac34ordfiexclLcedilplusmnparaOnfrac12LOVymrfrac12sLOumlshyLWtimesKrOrfrac12n

nsup2iexclpara_acuteWmrEgravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWsKrWKrqLiexcldegfrac12Kparaiexclnsup2iexclumlfrac34reghWVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclrfrac12nshyEgraveXsup3VyKEgraveyenmLshyEgravesup2frac12umlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWshyrfrac12nshyVzfrac34plusmnumlshyLiexclngqmmracuteqmtimessup3paraOVyK

PyEgraveplusmnLshysLyqLXqULfrac34OmKqmVyKmicronershytimesmnXshytimesrPmiddotqtimesLmiddotEgraveshyEgraveXfrac34acuteshytimesrPmiddotqparafrac12rplusmnqmqLcedilcmacrKacuteW

paraOVPzplusmnmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWIgravecopyDshysup3mwLyKrOKqtimesrPmiddotq PyacuteplusmnVryenrplusmnqmqLiexcl ľŊugrave˨˔atildeęŘĄğĕ˨Uumlthornğdegfrac12KVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmdegfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO PyVfrac34sup3qmEgravefrac12Lmiddot

EgraveOsup3notiexclEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclparaAEligVyK|frac34OLfrac12sKdegJregshyLplusmnLkqLiexcl frac12sectacutePqmngVyKparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pyparacparacentsup2frac12KmqacuteshyqmVyKmKrKparaOLktimesLmiddotmacuteregsup2middotqumlshyLtimesqacuteXymnsup2middotmlaquoL`plusmnKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcKqtimesqLiexcl

ucirc˨˔ŰŘĤă˨UumlthornğaumlŊťĖĄğugrave˨ʭŰ˨aumlńVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmEgraveyacuteXshyLfrac12degfrac34frac12LSEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-degfrac12KnplusmnqKmyacuteXshyrfrac12sEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrO PyparaOEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3qEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

nplusmnqKnplusmnKqnplusmnqKmqLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKtimesKrOmacrLsup2frac34regKwLzgKLfrac12nplusmnqKmparaAEligEgravecopysup3Egravefrac12acute~W PyOparaEgraveshyqLiexclmsup3q Pydegfrac12KparaOVfrac12acuteWsup3ffrac34acuteWsup3timesqacuteXym PysKEgravefrac34ordfWVyKmKrKqmacutesup3qacuteqacutesup2shy

ĉ˨˔aumlĄYacuteęʭĤŎ˨UumlthornğVyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOLWyacuteXshyEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl|frac34OLfrac12nplusmnqKnplusmnumlfrac12LregWEgravecopysup3nplusmnqKmKqVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePmacrKacuteWsKLiexcllaquoL`plusmnKparaOngnsup2XzmiddotdegJregshyLplusmnqmKrKparaiexclL`plusmnsK

nplusmnnsup2regplusmnKacuteWmqKmnfrac34iexclBWmLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshytimesqLcentregmiddotsup3pararsup3mLPWqKrOmacrqmrPmiddotqparaiexclEgraveXiexclqL~shy Py|lOr[KVyK Pydegfrac12rW

ĕ˨˔aumlĬŰŘŀă˨Uumlthornğ˰VyK Pydegfrac12rXcedilOnplusmnqKmAringLOEgraveyenmLshyparaiexclEgraveplusmnKsup3rfrac34StimesKrO-EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgravesup2frac12notmiddotmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexcl

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

KparaOVyKmrEgraveyenmLshyLONyLsup2XshyparaiexcltimesqLiexclLfrac12nsup2iexcl regiexclqLiexclmacrlaquoL`plusmnKmqLTzOsup3EgraveXsup3micrornsup2iexclmicronmiddotL~shyrfrac12nshysKKqtimesqLXqdegfrac34sup2cVymrfrac12sEgraveshy|middotLiexcltimessup3timessup3qsup3nOLfrac12

Vfrac34copyacuteJzshytimesrfrac12pSdegzgnsup2frac12Krdegfrac12Ksup3VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKKqVymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshydeg EgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VKmnmiddotKacutekEgraveSqmparaOrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgraveshyVymrfrac12sparaOKqtimesqLiexclqLP_Ksup3mqLTy

EgraveregplusmnVymrfrac12siexclmacrnplusmnKacuteWnotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyULP_acuteshynsup2iexclumlfrac34regcentWNyLsup2shyVfrac34frac34iexclLOKqqLmriexclnmiddotKacutek

degzgVPshyqL[macrLshysLyqmdeg

EcirciquestZraquoZcZZ^eYdEumlAcircnote

paraordfJzshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotVfrac34acuteshytimesKrOULLPWqKparaordfJzshyVyKEgraveWLfrac34gtimesKLO0LshyacuteregULLPWqKsectLplusmnLiexclLfrac12timesmacuteregsup3EgraveKtimesLmiddotqLiexclsup3sLyWqKtimesLmiddotnotmiddotKrtimesKrOEgraveLPVcedil_timesqKtOKmacrmqsup3

mLcedilsup2~frac34SqLcentKULAEligKsectmLPWEgraveshymL`frac12KumlILzshysup3ULyLzgKLmiddotmacutemacrLshysLyLmiddot Vfrac34copyL0Aringacuteregshymicrosup3ryennsup2plusmnLshyEgravereg`zsup2shytimesLmiddotparaXfrac34regiexclLmiddotdegreg`plusmnKrfrac12Lysup3Lmiddotsup3microqsup3L~shyqKtOKsup3Lmiddot

EgraveshyULAEligKdegfrac12KKqmKsup3Vfrac34frac34iexclmacutePcedilOtimesKrOViexclqL~shynplusmnsLyyULLPWqKMacutekEgraveplusmnLshysLVyKparafrac34gsup3qsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexcltimesLWqKsup3MacutekEgraveregyqrfrac34ULLPWqKtimesLsup2Pshy

Pettinger 2007 p389 sectLplusmnLiexclEgraveshyEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotnsup2LOEgraveregyqrfrac34Lfrac12timesmLcedilplusmnEgraveregyqnsup2plusmnKacuteW

EgraveregyqparaordfzordfytimesLmiddotqLXkLyparafrac12sup3qEgravemiddotLbrvbarXymEgravePWKrshyparaXfrac34regiexclsup3timesKmacrLshysLyqmmacute_acuteshytimesK Pydegfrac34regWVcedil_-EgraveplusmnLshysLyEgrave~lOr[Ksup3EgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshy

frac12nplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWsup3macrKacuteWparaOLnplusmnqKmmacrLsup2frac34regKVfrac34copyacuteJzshysectacutePparaOEgraveLiexclmicrosKnplusmnKsup3Vfrac12LreggparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaordfgrshydegfrac12KqmnplusmnqKmEgraveregiexclsLfrac34plusmnVfrac12Knmiddot-degfrac12KsKmqKmKqVfrac34acuteshysectLregXgKdegfrac12rX~frac34OEgravefrac12acuteW Pysup3qEgravecentPyrmiddotrONfrac34iexclrW

paraOKqtimesLmiddotqLXqsKEgraveordfXlshyparafrac34sup3sup3timesqKnshyEgraveshynfrac34iexclBWtimesrPmiddotqtimesqKnshynsup2iexcltordfXzshytimesrPmiddotqrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KVyKdegfrac12Klaquonsup2iexclsectLregKsup3MLlXplusmnKKqNyLsup2shytimesrPmiddotq PyxTysup3nLOparaXKmKqVfrac34acuteshyfrac34l~WVfrac34ordfOLrPmiddotqparaiexcldegfrac12K

parafrac34sup3microqLOqmmacrL~yLzgKsup3macrKsup3rfrac34SparaOparafrac12rplusmnmqKmEgraveLkpara_acuteWnplusmnqKmsectLXKmacrparaOparaiexcltimesKnfrac34iexclBWdegfrac34sup2dregmiddotEgraveshyparaOKqVfrac34acuteshynshyqLiexclrPmiddotqnsup2iexclqsup3rshyEgraveOLfrac12sqKmicroqLOsup3mmacrLshysEgraveshyfyqmmicronshynfrac12nSUKrfrac34frac34WparaOsup3nsup2iexcl

macrLzplusmnKEgraveyenmLshymicrovfrac12sup3para_acuteWLmiddotmqKmqmacrLfrac34frac12Lq

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

timesmLcedilplusmnsectLplusmnLiexclsup3parargumlshynplusmnoacuteplusmnsup3qLPXKrOumlregX~shyparaiexclrXregiexclVfrac34regyqLOtimesLmiddotmicrosup3ryenlWparaordfgqLiexclmacutePcedilOtimesLmiddot-Vfrac34frac34iexcltimesLmiddot

Egraveregyqrfrac34Egravefrac12LregmiddotmryenmacrLshysLyEgraveregyqtimesLsK]qLkULLPWqKVacuteshytimesLmiddotibid p390

degzgacutefrac34paraiexclVyKnfrac34SrmiddotrOmacrLshysLyqmdegsectLplusmnLiexclmqacuteshyparayparaOEgraveLPWqKtimesLmiddotacutekdegzgumlfrac34ordfhWtimesKrOLshyK-mqKmEgraveXPshysup3notfrac34Xzshyr[Klaquosup3msup3laquoacuteymqKacuteshyULLPWqKwacuteshyLqmdeg

EgraveshymKrKEgraveplusmnLshysLymriexclmicroqLKtfrac34plusmnULLPWqKumllshyumlshyKacutesup3ULLPWqKplusmnKacuteshyZhOparaOmacrKacuteWXyKsup3KqmKmicroacutehplusmnEgraveLPWqKplusmnLshymL`frac12KqmEgraveordfKparaordfJzshy0AringacuteKsKlaquoLfrac34Smicronsup2Xyrsup3micronplusmnrfrac34yenLPsup2

VyKlaquoLfrac34SdegXshyparaOlaquoLfrac34SmacutemL`frac12KEgraveWAringAEligXkKlaquoLfrac34SKqmKqmmicroLyenrmiddotsup3VLfrac12qmEgraveXyqmEgraveregplusmnKqmKmacuteEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveiexclKqmKsup3Egravefrac12Lsup2shyEgravefrac34hshyparaXymparayparaOUAringAEligXkKparaiexclnplusmnacute

rgsKVKmrOparaOmKrKdeggtacuteyEgraveshyqKrEgraveiexclKqmKparaXymqmrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12ULiexclrgsup3Lmiddotfrac34yenmrmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3ssup3rfrac34SsKEgraveLPWqKEgraveplusmnLshyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOmKrKdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

VyKEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacuteacuteplusmnEgraveshynotfrac34zWEgraveordfkKmsup3Egrave_qLkparaXymsup3mparaOEgraveLPWqKplusmnKacuteshynplusmnacuteplusmnKacuteshyrfrac34[BWULLPWqKnsup2frac12KrrO]qLkfrac34hshyqmparaiexclnsup2XzmiddotLshyryensup3Knsup3rynsup2plusmnLshyEgraveordfshyKacuteEgrave_qLk

EgraveshynplusmnqKpyenEgraveshyumlXlshyKqmacrsup3nplusmnsLydegfrac12Kqmtfrac34plusmnmKrKdegfrac34Odeggtacuteyparaiexcltfrac34plusmnEgraveordfkKmumlshyKacutesup3EgraveshytimesL_umlshyKacuteEgraveplusmnsup3qmumlshyKacutemrfrac34yensup3ULiexclKqmKmKrKKacutesup3ULyLzgKnsup2plusmnLshynplusmnKULLPsup2XyK

rbrvbarplusmnsup3EgraveordfWsrmacrLplusmnEgraveshyumlXlshyKqULLPWqKtimesqKrrOparaiexclmacrL~frac12LmiddotnplusmnsLymacrLregmiddot timesKrOVpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2OVfrac12KnmiddotmKrKdegfrac34OEgraveplusmnLshysLyVPshyULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWLfrac12mL`frac12K

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34Pacutekcurrensup2middotrVregyparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLycurrensup2middotrdeg-VyKnotcedilshyqLfrac34zOEgraveWqsup3rqacutehshydegzgULLPWqKtimesLsup2PshyryenKparaiexclKrcparaOEgraveiexclKqmKUAringAEligXkKrfrac34[BWmacutedeg|middotLiexclUn

VLfrac12nmiddotKacutek degfrac12KqmEgraveshymicroqLOLULLPWqKZhPshyparaOmacrKacuteWmriexclpara_acuteWtfrac34plusmnmacrLshysLytimesLKmacrLfrac34shyEgrave

|lOr[KsKEgravecentfrac12Egravecopynregmiddotsup3VPhshyumlfrac34cedilzWKqmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKparaiexclVyKEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclsup3sLydegfrac12rWEgraveshyn~lO regiexclEgraveregyqrfrac34sup3timesmLcedilplusmnULLPWqKtimesLWqKparaOmKrKdegfrac34OVPhshyVyKEgravecedilfrac12nO

EgraveshyEgraveregyqULLPWqKLOparazfrac12LshyqmtimesrX~frac34Onsup2iexcl microsacuteshytimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqEgraveshyAEligyKtimesLmiddotmicromriexclparaIKqKVPhshyumlfrac34hWtimesKrOEgraveordfXlshynplusmnK

acutekmacracutecEgravefrac12LmiddotqLcentmiddotKqdegzgsup3Egravesup2Wsup3rVregfrac12AEligshyEgravefrac12acutekdegEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12ngqm

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

Egraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr7deg 3shy3deg 4z 3g4para9sup2 3nLOmacrLregbrvbaracuteklaquomrshyparaOxiexclrmiddot- 3ordm8P 3h 3reg7 copyK 4not4 7 sup25shy 3sL 3g 5wL8sup2copyL5 OEgraveshyVymparaOKqmacrLplusmnVPhshymqsup3timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilemacrL~frac12K

degzgmicroKqsKEgravecentfrac12KqdegEgraveshymKrKVPhshyNordf_timesLmiddotnsup2plusmnKmnotcedilshysKEgravecentfrac12paraiexclL`plusmnsKdegfrac12rWmicrovfrac12sup3qLiexclmacrumllshyEgravesup2regmsup3Osup3VyKmKrKdegfrac34OULLPWqKVfrac12acuteWEgraveXysup3msup3VPhshytimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKLPWqKmriexclpara_acuteWmacrLshysLyqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclULLPWqKparaOrsup2shydegfrac12KsKmacrKacuteWsup3qmrfrac12nshyKEgraveshymacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclEgravebrvbarcqLTcentfrac12sup3laquoL`zplusmnK|frac12KtKtimesKrOtimesLparaLKsup3mL`frac12KmrPmiddotKqsKnplusmnKacuteW

degzgqKtOKKqULLPWqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac12acuteWKqVPhshyfrac12rdegfrac12KsKsup3mrPOmicrorcedilOmacrLshysLyqmdegnmiddotmqKrEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKparaOmacrnfrac34yqtimesKrOEgravePyLsup2shy

ZfYAacute[YYEcircsup3sectYAringZmacrfrac34uZ]EcirciquestZraquofrac34

EgraveyennplusmnsqmparaiexclVyKEgraveWAEligcent~shysup3umlILzshyULacuteacuteshysKordfVKmrOsKEgraveLplusmn 7EgraveyenmrzKEgraveshyparaOr`WEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnwLzgKparaiexclVyKEgraveplusmnL`frac34middot frac12rhWEumlnnfrac12n~WVfrac34sup3MKrKLshyK-macute

mqKmrOqmKqwrWLfrac12macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPVrIgraveOr`W 7wrXyKVyKEgraveWKnfrac12ncedilWLfrac12LmiddotmKrKparaiexclparaOr`WmacrEgraveshynotcedilshyKqLmiddotEgraveshyqacuteWsup3nsup2plusmnKmsup3nsup2sup2iexclVfrac12rfrac12nshyKqL plusmnnsup2plusmnKacuteXplusmnnfrac12Lnsup2sup2iexclparaOLfrac12

nsup2sup2iexclumlshyLWLcedilplusmnLO|lOr[KUqacuteGeorge and Jones 2007 P286EgraveyLzgK 5VcopyLgwrXyKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotsup3VyKmrrmiddottimesKrOdegfrac34shyfytimesKqKmsup3MacuteordfshyLplusmnEgraveshyiqtimesnsup2regplusmnKacuteWparaOmrparaiexclnmiddotm

qm|frac12acutek5VcopyLgKqmK|copyLcumlgmqKmlaquoLcedilOKmicronKqmK|copyLcfrac12rWdegfrac12KqmmicronparaordfJzshywrXyKparaiexclVyKLsup2shydegfrac12nOULiexclKqmKsup3mKrKdegfrac34ONLlWsup3umlshyLWr[KrOparaiexclVyKtimesK

EgraveshymL`frac12KmacrL~frac12KEgravefrac34hshymqKnplusmnVfrac34Ksup30Lshysup3tcopysup3macuteWagner and Hollenbeck 2010 p107 brvbarOmLfrac12macrLshysLyqmmKrKryenKtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutekLplusmntimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmparaiexclnplusmnrfrac34

sup3EgraveordfiexclEgraveplusmnsup3qmtimesmLsup2yK Pynsup2frac12LacutektimesLmiddotmKnfrac12sup3qumlOLshyqmsup3Kqpyensup3LkEgraveplusmnsup3rfrac34Omacrnsup2LOparaXKmEgraveregIKmdegfrac34PacutekVsup3degzgsup3nplusmnKmicromKmqKrLPWqKAEligshyKqdegnplusmnK

degregbrvbarfrac34ordfy Pyqmrfrac34frac34Wsacuteshynsup2XLfrac12qm|plusmnKqLcentregmiddotsup3timesmLsup2yKtimesLmiddotEgraveshyZLOmacuteparaplusmnL~plusmnnOLfrac12|middotLiexclmKrKqmMKrKsup3EgraveyenmrzKtimesLmiddotEgraveshymacrLfrac34Oparafrac12rplusmndegfrac12KmicrosKnplusmnKrmiddotnsup2iexcl

1 Seligman

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

|frac34SEgravesup2frac34OtimesqLregfrac34OmqacuteshyqmEgravesup2shytimesLmiddotnshyLfrac34SNyLsup2WmacrLregmiddotparaOnLOEgravesup2shyLshytimesLmiddotqLXplusmnKsup3LmiddottimesLmiddottimesqL`sup2cedilOLplusmnsup3EgraveplusmnKsup3qKqEgrave~sup2iexclKsup3 Pydegfrac12KparaXPcopyKparaiexclVKmnmiddotKacuteksectLPplusmnmparaOtimesqLXqtimesLmiddot

AEligKEgraveshynotmiddotparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PWmicroacutefrac340Lgnsup2shyLplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3Egravefrac12LPLPparaO-UqLPmacrKtfrac34shyrbrvbarfrac12mEgraveshyumlcentKqtimessup3|sup2frac34Osr|frac12acutekmacracuteshyKrfrac34SsKmrULacuteWnmiddotmmacrLXymrfrac12ssKrfrac12nshyparadplusmnLsup2c

microLPXKpara`frac34XplusmnqmnmiddotnplusmnEgravelWVrmacrL~frac12KparaOsup3nLOparaXKmKqsectLInfrac12KmrcentordfregqLXplusmnK|frac12acutekhWKqmacrL~frac12KEgraveshyparafrac34Psup2WparaOVymsup3mriexclnmiddotKacutelplusmnumlregdeggtacuteyULP_acuteshyrfrac12nshyqLXqdegfrac12K-nplusmns

EgraveshynotmiddotKrKqrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKsup3nsup2iexclmKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqmacrLparaplusmnLsup2frac34OnOEgravesup2frac34frac34PW PyparaPsup2_laquoLregWparaOKqEgraveyennplusmnLshyqmEgraveshytimesrzWEgraveyennplusmnstimesLmiddotnmiddotmmacrLregmiddot

ZhOMKrK|middotLiexclqmEgravesup2frac34PacutekqL[microqLOqmmacracutesup2iexclLWnsup2crmiddotULfrac12Ksup3qparaOmLsup2XyKLOnEgraveshyEgraveshyAEligyKdegzgtimesKrOKqqL[degfrac12KmacrKacuteWVryenrplusmnqmtfrac34plusmndegmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr

5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4gdegfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzg-VyKdegfrac12mVshyAEligysup3NordfEgraveXgKqparafrac12LshydegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileLsup2XyKLOxS-Egraveshydeglydegfrac12KparaOmVryenpara`frac34XplusmnmacrKacuteW

degzgcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Ksup3^frac12sup3rWmacrLshysLyqmMKrK|middotLiexcltimesLmiddotqLcentmiddotKqsKEgravecentfrac12degsup3qacutehshyVyKEgravesup2frac34PacutekmacrKrbrvbarplusmnsup3nplusmnqKmdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12timesLmiddotqLXqparaO0LregIKmmKrKparaiexclEgravefrac34hshyqm

|sup2iexclmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msacuteshyrshytimesLmiddotEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotLshyK-VyKrfrac12pSLplusmntfrac12ryenMKrKsup3wrXyKnplusmnKparaiexclmKrKqmplusmnsKwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnnsup2sup2iexclrfrac34zWdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilOparaOKqrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12qLXyensup3qLXq

EgraveshyKnfrac34S|middotLiexclMKrKsup3mrmrcentordfregnsup2iexclEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotmrnLOnotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmEgravesup2frac34OnOparaiexclparaplusmnmqacuteshyqmparacentordfOVyKMrshymqKmmacute_sup3LcedilplusmnqmplusmnsectLregXgKparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclqmLcedilsup2W

OparaOparaiexclEgravefrac12LmiddotqLiexclmqKmEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnmicromKmlaquoL`plusmnKdegcentregshypara_sup3degfrac12rXcedilwrWsup3EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmndegfrac12KparaOtimesmacutekEgraveshymacutek|middotLiexcltimesKrOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nLOparaXKmEgravesup2shyrfrac34[BWmrcentordfregVfrac34frac34iexclqmnplusmnKacuteW

degzgsup3Egravesup2frac34PacutekMKrKumlOLsup3notcedilshytimesrshyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegparaO-VyKLsup2XKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdegzgmacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3rfrac12sNordfnLOnotiexclLgdegparaOrfrac12nshymacrLregyensup3qLXqsKrbrvbarAEligWmacrLXym

EgraveshyqKr|shyKqqmsup3Vzfrac34plusmnMKrKqLcmmacutekmrcentordfregmrfrac34yenmacrLshyqKparaiexclNordf|shyKqdegfrac12KdegzgparaplusmnVyKdegVfrac34copyLVfrac34frac34iexclLcedilsup2WEgraveyennplusmnsVfrac34frac34iexclEgraveshyacuteregfyparacentordfOEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddot

mKmnmiddotKacutek|frac12KtKKqtimesqLiexclEgraveordflaquoLshyKdegzgparacentsup2frac12Kdegregrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmdegparafrac12LshyKqEgraveshymicroLsup2yensKUL`plusmnEgraveshynsup2plusmnKmnsup2frac12Lshyr 5N7ordf37 copyK 4ordm 3gK 3q ltdeg 8copyK 4deg 7z 4g-degfrac12 ltncopyK 4ordm 3shy 3AElig 3y 3sup3degzgmicrosup3nplusmnKdeg

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshyKqnmiddotLiexclmacrLregmiddotelaquoLshyKdegzgEgraveshy|shyKqOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12Kqdeg-nsup2plusmnKmparaOUqLPwrXyKOLsup2shysKEgravecentfrac12deggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mVyKKs

VpyenparadplusmnrOLsup2O|sup2Wmacrsup3nOsup3laquoKqEgravefrac34hshynfrac12LOwrXyK|middotLiexcltimesKrOEgraveltimesLmiddotmriexclmL`frac12KmacrLshysLyqmmrtimesKrOsKEgravecentfrac12qLiexclumlhshyqmVplusmnacute~kparaiexclVyKfKsup3rS

sKEgraveLplusmnnfrac12ncedilWdegfrac12K|middotLiexcltimesKrOparaiexclVyKrfrac12nshyrOsup3VyKwrXyKOLsup2shydegfrac12rWtfrac34shynfrac12ncedilWmicroqLcwrXyKn~frac12nsup2frac34OtimesKGeorge and Jones 2007 p286laquoLshyKmLmicroqLcEgravesup2lyqm

Egraveshydegfrac34frac34PWparaplusmnacutebrvbarsup2frac12KKqwrXyK|middotLiexclnsup2frac12Lshyr7deg5shy 7p 4k5deg 7z 4g 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 O 4esup3 4rfrac12microrcedilOdegEgravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedil

eparaO-UqLPEgravecentfrac12rbrvbarfrac12mmacrLshysLyqmmr|shyKqsup3microLqumlshyKacutesKdegzgwrXyKKacutesup3ULyLzgKLOparaXyacutefrac34SmacrLshysLyqmmrryenKparaiexclKrc-VyKdegdegfrac12rparaOsup3qsup3q

Ksup3qsup3Egravecentfrac12tfrac34ULPWmacutetimesKrOVshyacuteksup3degfrac34middotacuteWEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnVfrac34PmacracutedregmiddottimesmnXshyEgraveplusmnEgraveshymL`frac12KmrEgraveshytimessup3timesqLiexclEgraveyennplusmns 5EgraveXgKqsKsup3macutenmiddotLiexclGeorge and Jones 2007 P290

paraOKqmacrLshysLyqmwrXyKsup3deggtacuteyparaOKqVyKEgravesup2XyenparaO-VyKparafrac12acuteysup3mtimesKUqLPrbrvbarfrac12mdeggtacuteytfrac34plusmnwrXyKEgravesup2shynfrac12mnplusmnqKmumlfrac12LregWwrXyKrSmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaiexclKrc-VyKdegfrac12rparaOtimesrW

nsup2LOparaXKmmacrL~plusmnLshysLysup3umlordfXlshymLOKEgraveshyEgravesup2shynfrac12mdegfrac12KLiexclqmmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOnplusmnKacuteW|middotnLOparaXKmtimesn_rfrac34[BWmacrLshysLyparaOmacrLncedilWsup3macrL~frac12KEgraveordfVfrac12Lqibid

Ecirc]YEacuteIgravesup3AcirccedilmAacutedegcedilfrac14paraIgraveAEligeiYdIgravemiddotZ sectfrac12|EcirciquestZraquoZEacuteZAring

parashyLplusmnrOsup3qacuteshyKEgravemiddotLPWdeggtacuteyLplusmnrkNKacutesKrbrvbarfrac12mEgravecentfrac12VyKEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddotmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shyKEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4AringK 4n 5zfrac12 ltdeg 8copyK 4gtacute 4yKqLmiddotqLiexclEgraveplusmnLregyennO- 5qsup3r 9~copyKEgraveordf 4Z3Pfrac12sup3 3qacuteshyEgraveshymicroLPWtimessup3qZLOsup3nsup2iexcltimesnOparaOmacrmqsup3EgraveshyLmiddotmacutetimesnshyL`sup2frac12KqmlaquoLshyK

EgraveshyqKn~middotnyLZLOdeggtacuteynsup2middotmVfrac34copyLmacrnparashyLplusmnrOsup3LmiddotEgraveshymacrLshysLytimesLmiddotmacuteffrac34acuteWmacrLXymrfrac12sparaOrfrac12nshymacrLshysLyqmEgraveXsup3paraiexclVyKdegfrac12KNordfshynLOparaXKmdeggtacuteymacutek

EgraveshymacrLplusmnparaOparaiexcltimesmqacuteksLO|middotLiexclparaOr`sup2shyVyKdegcentregshyparaiexclmacuteOnmiddotKacutekparaplusmnKqKnPplusmnL_nmiddotmparaO-macutemacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKUqLPEgraveOLfrac12sqKVhsup3qLPXKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclparaOrfrac12nshydeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12m

mKmnmiddotKacutek|middotLiexclKqrfrac12nshyULAEligKparaIKqKN_acuteshyrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLXymrfrac12sdeggtacuteyrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysK

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

yensup3qKtnnmiddotKacutekrfrac12nshyparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesacuteysKLplusmnLfrac12ordftimesLmiddotmacrAEligiexclEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnqmqmrWEgraveWqacutermacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesurplusmnKpararegmiddotnsup2iexclKnfrac34SparaLKmacrLshysLyqmdeggtacuteyparaiexcl

EgraveOnnmiddotKacutekrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshyLbrvbarsup2middotEgraveOparaiexclmacutenotiexclLgmacrLshysLyqmtimesmLregXKEgraveshyparasup2kqtfrac34plusmnEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteytimesLmiddotqLXqqKsup3nsup2iexclVfrac34copyLsEgraveyLsup2qLiexcltimesLmiddotparaOmicronparaXyLiexclUn

EgraveshyEgraveshyEgraveyLfrac34ygtacuteyOKsup3qparaOKqmacutektimesL_OKacutesup3lWdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-macuteΩmacrLshysLysup3nmiddotVfrac12qacuteshyBshyparaOnfrac34yqnmiddotKacutelplusmn|frac12acutektimesLmiddotmLlaquoLshyKsKEgraveplusmnLfrac34OqmVyKmicronshydegfrac34sup2c 7p 4k

7deg5shy5deg 7z 4g4esup3 4rfrac12 3sup3 3Ucirc3P7 ordf3 5para5 O 4e ltsup3 3r4 W 2 3r 35 O ltdeg 8copyKdegzgsK- 3Uacute 4r7shy 3A 5para5 OmicrorcedilOdegmacrLOLWrfrac34yenrOtimesKmacutemacrLyacuteWrOUqLiexclsup3Egravesup2iexcllaquoKqKqVcopymtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedile-

VcopyAringmsKEgravecentfrac12degfrac12KrOLsup2OdegzgEgraveplusmnLshysLytimesLmiddottimesLmL`frac12Kfrac12rsKparaiexclVyKqacuteshyKumlfrac34cedilzWdegEgraveshyLWKmacrLshysLyqmVPshynXK

sectYZfrac14fYEumlY

NgLmicrossup3rshyKparaXLfrac12qmparayacuteWmacrKrplusmnparaOparaiexclnplusmnKparashyL_rmiddotparayacuteWtimesKrOEgraveordfiexclqacuteparayparaOtimesKVyKsLfrac34plusmnEgraveLregX_Ksup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKEgravecentfrac12tfrac34sup3Egravefrac34Pparafrac12LshyryacuteplusmnOKsup3qmacrLregmiddotEgraveLregX_Kparafrac12Lshyry

micronOsup3mLregXKrOEgravesup2XPshyparacentPqmmacrLXzOVyKEgraveLregX_KtimesLmiddottimesqLfrac34XlOsK frac12rmiddotmacrKnsup2reg~frac12nplusmnKmicromriexclfrac12rWKqmLregXKEgraveLknmiddotwLyKrOnplusmnKfrac12rWEgraveyqrOLOmLregXKtimesLmiddot

EgraveshyVyKrfrac12srLsup2micronplusmnqKmrOqmmLregXKVyenmacrKacuteW EgraveLregX_KOKsup3qumlcentEgraveLregX_KOKsup3qqmmLregXKtimesrfrac34yen-

-mrsectLregKsup3LmiddotqLXplusmnKdegfrac34OparaordfLsup3micronsup2frac12paraOqacuteshyKEgravebrvbarXzOKsup3

-Vfrac34laquon

-degXKmmicrorLlshy

degzgdegrbrvbarfrac12mmKrKparaOmacrLregmiddot paraOnotcedilshysectacuteKsKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKtfrac34plusmnmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLyfyqmEgraveshyqLregnfrac12xgmLregXK

EgraveshyrOKqmKrKtimesqLcentregmiddotsup3timesrcentregmiddotEgravecopynregmiddotEgraveshynot`zsup2shyKqmicrosup3ryensup3macrLshysLysup3mtfrac34brvbarplusmnKnsup2iexclVyKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12mLregXKmacrLsup2frac34regKEgraveacuteplusmnnfrac12LOtimessLynsup2regplusmnKacuteWtimesKrO

qmnplusmnqLcentXyqmmacrLshysLynotmiddotsup3rfrac12nshynotmiddotparaiexclnsup2OLfrac12macrLsup2frac34regKmacrLplusmnLWmqsup3macute_sup3paraOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcldegfrac12K

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveshymacrLsup2frac34regKsup3mLregXKnLOEgraveplusmnLshysLyEgraveplusmnLPshysKtimesqLfrac34zOwLyKnplusmnKacuteWtimesacuteyacuteshy|middotsup3vSLmiddotEgraveshymacrL~plusmn0Lshyacuteregmicrosup3ryennsup2middotmmicrosup3ryenparaOVPzplusmnmLfrac12slaquoL`zplusmnKtimesKqKmtimesLmiddotnot`zsup2shyrXregiexcltimesLmiddottimesrX~frac34OEgrave~lOr[KnplusmnqKmtsup2frac34OKqrOdeggtacuteysup3EgraveplusmnLregyennOparaiexclrLshymacrLshysqm

macrLshysLysKEgraveregiexclmKnWVyKnotiexclLgmacrKrfrac12nshyrX~frac34Oparafrac34gsup3qEgraveshyLmiddotMacuteordfshyVfrac34frac34iexclparaOnsup2plusmnKacuteWnsup2copyLPOmacrL~brvbarsup2middotrqm 5mLregXKsup3timesqLcentregmiddotEgraveregfrac34Wnfrac12LOmLregXKVfrac12acuteWsup3degXkLytimesKrOmacrKrfrac12nshy

KrKmLregXKmKrKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcparaiexclnsup2plusmnKnOEgraveshyqmsup3paraOr`WKqmacrLshysLyLfrac12microsup3ryenrbrvbarfrac12mmsup3nsup2sup2iexclmicrosup3ryensup3mKrKdegfrac34OmLregXKparaplusmnacutebrvbarcEgraveshyLWqKLmiddotnOLfrac12EgravemiddotLsup2SqmnotcedilshyumlshyKacutesKEgravecentfrac12

umlcentdegzgmicrosup3ryen frac12timesLKmacrLfrac34shymLregXKtimesrfrac34yenmacrLsup2c-VyKrbrvbarfrac12ncentfrac12paraOdegdeggtacuteyparaiexclVyKmLregXKfrac34WqmEgraveregcedilshyumlshyL_KVfrac34middotLshymacrLzplusmnKparaiexclL`plusmnsKVfrac34copyLmqKmEgraveLregXsup3Lmiddot

|sup2iexclmicrorcedilOnotfrac34zWsup3LmiddotqLiexclnotfrac34zWLOt_sup3nplusmnqKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac34middotLshytfrac34plusmnsup3KtimesLmiddot frac12umlkKmqmLmiddotVsup2yparaordfzordfylaquoLplusmnsup3LmiddotLOmLregXKsup3mLregXKLOEgraveLregX_Kumlfrac34cedilzWxS-macuteOnmiddotKacutelplusmnrzfrac34shyLmiddot

degzgEgraveshy|frac12KtKLPWqK frac12 5degfrac34rdegnOLfrac12timesacuteyacuteshy OmacrLfrac34shyLPWqKEgraveordflaquoLshyKmacrLfrac34OqmmLregXKsup3EgraveplusmnLregyennVyKmicronmacrLfrac34Odegfrac34sup2c 5wLsup2copyKgtacuteyK

paraOparaiexclVyKEgraveziexcllaquomrshydegfrac12rWnO- 5para5ordf5 5gtacute 4z5copy 1n 3gA 5paraO 45frac12notcopysup3 5paraltsup2 3 5gtacute 4z5copy 2n 3gB5 O 45frac12notcopydeg 3shyAringLgEgraveplusmnLregyennONPytimesqKmriexclnONPyparaOtimesngKsup3nsup2centplusmnmLregXKtimesngKparaOKmLregXKsup3KparaOK

Egraveregplusmnnsup2iexcltimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileEgraveOlaquoAEligiexcldegfrac12KqmlaquoLshyKrfrac34paraOtimesmLregXKEgraveshydeggtacuteysectacuteordfshyKqEgraveshyEgravershylaquomrshy 5degfrac12rWnOKqtimesmrdegfrac34sup2csup3nsup2plusmnKmnsup2sup2iexclLOdeggtacuteyLPWqK

Egraveshytfrac34plusmnrbrvbarfrac12mEgravefrac12ngqmKqmLregXKlaquonparaordfJzshymriexclmicronmiddotL~shymacrKacuteWEgraveordfUrgEgraveshynsup2frac12Lshyr4 7V3 IL 3y 7deg 3shy7deg 3reg5 O 3ordm3plusmnLfrac34 5l7 copyK 3n33X 7K 4para4 plusmn 4 sup2macrLregyenparaiexclrmiddot-4para4 plusmn 4lfrac12 3AringKqEgraveziexclmrOnOtimesLmiddot

EgraveregplusmnVplusmnLfrac34ksup3KparaOparaiexclmqLregqLcentXplusmnLfrac34knsup2iexclmacrLregmiddoteLWparaordfJzshydegfrac12KparaiexclVyKfKsup3EgraveshymicrosKnplusmnKparacparaordfJzshymacrLshysLytimesKrOnplusmnKacuteWsKparasup2frac34cedilOmicromLXyKsup3qacuteshyKlaquoL`plusmnKumllshysup3nLOdegfrac12r

Egravefrac12LplusmnKacuteWmacutemKrKtimesLmiddot

frac12ZAgravemacrZmacrtIgravevEcirc]ZIgraveY

macrLshysLyqmVfrac34copyLdegfrac12rWrfrac34yenKrsKEgravecentfrac12timesssup3rshyKtimesLmiddotEgraveshylaquoL`plusmnKmacrKrfrac12nshyparaiexclEgravefrac12Lmiddotnsup2middotmVfrac34copyLEgrave~lOr[Ksup3Egravefrac12KqLiexcl|`sup2ysup3macrLsup2iexclqLiexclmrcentordfregEgraveyqrOVyKmacrLplusmntimesLmiddotKsup3qm

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

L`frac12KparaOparaiexclVyKEgraveXfrac12rfrac12nshytimesLmiddotsup3sLOdegfrac12rWnsup2regWqnsKEgravecentfrac12EgraveOLfrac34sqKrfrac12nshysKUqnqacuteWmEgraveshyEgraveplusmnLfrac12L regiexclnsup2iexclmacrLshysLysKtimesqLfrac34zOmicrossup3rshyKrbrvbarfrac12mtimesacuteysKsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKLmiddot

paraXkLyPWrshymtregXymsup3acutegVkKmrSlaquoLplusmnparaOKqmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12Krsup3nplusmnKmicronfrac34~lOLshyEgraveXfrac34regmiddotKmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclnplusmnK

notfrac34regWsup3Usup3LEgraveacuteplusmnEgraveOLfrac34sqKplusmnqmparaiexclVyKtimesrfrac34yenmicrorcedilOqrLfrac12plusmnmicroqLOqmVfrac12Lcediltimesqsup3EgraveshyrplusmnqLcedilKmacrnsup2plusmnLshysup3macrmacrKnLfrac12nsup2iexclEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyparaOpara_acuteWLOdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-

LplusmnKsup3VcopyKn 5Vfrac12Lcedilplusmnqmnfrac12LOEgraveOLfrac34sqKnsup2frac12KrmacrLsup2iexclqLiexclsKrfrac12nshy 5EgraveOLfrac34sqKVfrac34yLzgnLOparaXKmmicroKrregmiddotparaOmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesKrOKqEgraveLiexclparafrac34_acuteWsup3mrfrac34yenUqacuteKmacrLsup2shyDshyrfrac34shy

degfrac12KqmEgraveshydegfrac34sup2cmicroqLOnsup2frac12Lshyr 3xfrac343copy3deg5shy5sect 7n37 copyKrOparafrac34centWLOparaiexclEgraveWsup3L-deg 8copyL5 O 5ordm3ltcopyKEgrave3ordf 3 4gtL 337 copyKVzfrac34plusmnparaplusmnAringmLnLOdegtimesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedileZfrac12ngdegfrac12Kqm

paraOdeglaquoacutecedilshydegzgtimessup3mrmiddotumlshyLsup3micronmacrLfrac34OlaquoLUqacutedeggtacuteysup3degEgraveshydegfrac12KLOsup3macuteparaOdegparaOumlregsKMLsup2X_Klaquosup3tcopyNordfshyrOparaiexclEgrave~`sup2ysup3micronmtacuteyenEgraveOLfrac34sqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacute

VyKmicronEgravershyparaplusmnLsup2shyrfrac34mrfrac34yenUqacutemacrLregyensup3degwLyKlaquoriexclKrPshyLfrac34SEgravefrac12ngqmEgraveshyrbrvbarfrac12mnsup2frac12Lshyr4M 3p7iexcl3A 8deg 8copyK 8 5F3 8deg 8copyK 3sup3 7not4iexclLfrac125E-M5p3cent7 copyKrTOdegsKdegKrfrac12s-nfrac12tfrac34middotsup3qmVyKsup3qmdegfrac12rWmacrLregmiddotnfrac34iexclBWqacuteshyKpararegmiddotqmdegparaOmacrmrcentplusmnmLregXKrOVfrac12Ksup3qdegfrac12Kqm

VyKmicronrPshyLfrac34SniexclDshyqLydegfrac12KLOsup3degwLyKrOnfrac12LPplusmnrfrac12nshyparaiexclVyKfKsup3rSmsKmrTOmacutekmacrLsup2iexclqLiexcltimesLmiddotqLXqsup3mrcentordfregacutekqmtimesqsup3KmparaOmacrLregyen

para`frac34Xplusmntimesrfrac34yen

qnrmiddotLshysKEgravecentfrac12qacuteg-VyKmacrLshysLymacrtimesLKdegfrac34OVcopyKsup3laquoL`zplusmnKEgraveplusmnLshysLyrmiddotUmicroqLshyKparaXPcopyKparaiexclmacrLshysLyqmEgraveshyAEligyKcurrensup2middotrtimesKr_Kfrac12rsKmqKmKqmacutekLkrmiddotLshysup3Lmiddot

parakLUngsup3timesLmiddotlaquoL`zplusmnKsup3degfrac12rdegzgnsup2plusmnLregmiddot|lOEgraveshydegqnXshyqmnplusmnKacuteWmacrLshysLymacrmriexclnsup2iexclLfrac12KEgraveyLyKEgrave~plusmndegzgparacryenKKsup3qmparafrac34kdegqmmacrqacutecedilVyKtimesmrtimesKparaOsup3macrLshysLysup3LregX_KEgraveshyKnfrac34SLsup2shytimesmrLsup2frac34OULLPWqKqmEgraveordfiexclqacutetimesKr_Kdegfrac12KrOLsup2O-nsup2iexcl

degzgparaOEgraveplusmnLshysLydegEgraveshytimesrfrac12nshyrmiddotVymparaordfparaOKqmacrLshysLynplusmnKacuteWnsup2iexcl frac12mtplusmnVfrac34acuteshytimesLmiddot macrLshysLyparaOEgravemiddotLbrvbarplusmnLOEgraveshyrLgrtimesLmiddotiexclVLfrac12qmKqparaXcentplusmndegfrac12KmacrKacuteWmacrLshysLypararO0LPcopyLLmiddot

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

paracopyDshysup3LmiddotqLXkLyVlytimesLmiddotmicrontiexclrregXshymacutektimesqKtKparacopyDshysup3nplusmnKmLregXKnsup2plusmnLregmiddottimesnfrac34ordfiexcltimesLmiddotEgraveshyrOqmKqmacrLshysLyesup3qparaiexclmicronplusmnLshysectacuteshynplusmnrfrac34yennplusmnKdegzgdegfrac12mgNPyEgraveplusmnLshysLydeg

LytimesLKdegfrac34OmLregXKryenLfrac34gKEgravemiddotmsLO|frac12KtKtimesqLiexclfrac34hshy|shyKqmacrLshysLymacrLsup2iexclqLiexclmacrLshysmacrKsup3qtimesqLcentregmiddotn_acuteshypara`frac34Xplusmnqmsup3sup3EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesqLiexclmicrotfrac34brvbarplusmnKtimesLWqKnshyqLiexclULLPWqKrW

EgraveshyEgraveplusmnLshysLyKnmiddotKrXcedilOhW0LXfrac12LcedilplusmnmacutedegzgKsup3qmEgraveplusmnsup3qmKmLS frac12EgraveplusmnLshysLydegparaOqmrbrvbartimesrfrac34[BWparaiexclVyKmqKmmacrLshysLyEgraveplusmnLzplusmnKtimessup3rfrac34plusmntimesKacutedegXkKnplusmnKqLiexcldegzgdeg

Egraveshyfrac12nPWLOnplusmnKacuteWEgraveOumlEgraveyKriexclsup3qacuteO|middotLiexclmLregXKparaO^frac12KqtimesmLregXKtimessup3rfrac34plusmnumlfrac12nPWEgraveKrKtimesLmiddotEgraveOnfrac34shyKLplusmnEgraveplusmnLzplusmnK|frac12KtKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnKrSsup3nfrac34shyKrSEgravesup2EgraveplusmnLzplusmnKIgravefrac12LshyryparaOparaplusmnLbrvbarfrac34OmacuteksKsup3microtfrac34brvbarplusmnK

frac12ryViexclrgULP_acuteshymacrLplusmnEgraveordfVfrac12Lqnsup2iexclnotmiddotKrKq|KnmiddotKVregyparaOmacrLshysLyrW

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

parashyLsup2OLXiexcl

macrrnotfrac12riexcl Egravefrac12LmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3rKacutekparaOKqpoundqtOmKrKqmmacrKsup3qVshyAEligyLOEgravesup2frac34OnOsup3Egravesup2frac34OsectLy

macrLcedilKrcedilƿŤLJƄƄƀƍDžLJȊǫLJƍǁŤƀͳƊťǂƎ- timesnshynreghshydegOKngKacutecopyKnPƼƺƹŤƄƄƀLJƼŻƹŤƄƅƦ timesrLOsup3rzkͳǂɔƀƼƺƢŭɔLjDžŭƭƅƣƽͳDžťȣǁŭũƋǁDŽŨͳůžťǂƎͳǁťƨƋǁŤƻLjƨƺƢťŨǀɔƀ

macrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKmLqKsup3currensup2middotrUqKssup3UKqL~XplusmnKsup3QLcmacrLshysLy timesqLfrac34XlOtimesncedilshymacrLOEgraveLregX_KumlshyKacuteEgravekrOparaOKqsup3EgraveLregX_KmLregXKtimesmqacuteshyparacopyLshy

notrcedilͳƢťƾůŶŤLJͳȣǂDžƅƭŬťƣƹťƛƽ|frac34S timesqLiexcltfrac34middotrSesup3q THORN6EacuteKEgraveAEligkKsectacuteKEgraveordflaquoLshyKEgravefrac12LEumlrfrac34yqmnotcedilXshyLOmqacutekrO

|middotsup3vSparashyLplusmnƯʮžŤ EgravemiddotLsup2SsectAEligOmacrLshysLyqmtimessLymLregXKsup3mLregXKƄLjǁΈɕǫw ssup3rfrac34SEgraveordfmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3LƻʮƊŤƄƀŭɔƅɔƁƽanotmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmsup3microsacutegmicroLbrvbar~middotsup3vS timesnfrac12sup3L_rbrvbarfrac12msup3parafrac34q-macrKlaquoLshyKEgraveyLfrac34ypara~frac12nplusmnKqmlaquomrshytimesKacuteXhshymacracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhW

Egravesup2frac34regkparaordf`shyͳƊťɕƊƻLjƺƢ macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_Egravefrac12LPLPacutekrfrac34[BWEgraveyenmrzKsup3MKrKrOEgravesup2frac34O

macrKsup3qmacrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKmnsup2_rfrac34OEgraveshyAEligyKmKsmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKmEgraveyLsup2parashyLsup2ordfŭũƱŤƅƽǀɔLjƨǁɒťƨDžmicroqsup3m Egravefrac12LPLPmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3r_rfrac34[BW sacuteshy acutekEgravesup2frac34O rO MKrK sup3 EgraveyenmrzK

macrLfrac12acute`~plusmnKm macrKsup3qEgraveyLsup2 microLbrvbar~plusmnKm mKs EgraveshyAEligyK nsup2_rfrac34OVPKrshyEgraveregordfparashyLsup2ordfdegfrac12acuteplusmntimesLmiddotͳƎƇǫƻLjƺƢǃťΎƏǁŤƀɓɔťƽťƽLJɒƄťůƊƅǫǃƁƏǁŤƀmicroqsup3m

timesr_LOEgraveWKrfrac34kmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3acuteksacuteshyEgravesup2frac34Oacuteksacuteshyrfrac34[BWfrac12rsKEgravesup2frac34O|plusmnKmEgraveLregX_KVfrac12LiexclrOnotordffrac34|frac12LregplusmnmacrKsacuteshyparashyLsup2ordfŭƽʮƨƊɒťƨƲŮƄŤLJŭƨƎŤƁdžŨƌƆLjƨƽŘ

w

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

sectLynotXmiddotmicroqLreglaquosup3mEgraveSLfrac34Stfrac34frac12LS

EgraveSdegfrac34XyKtsup2frac34OKqŭɔƅɔƁƽͳǁťũƽparareg_rWsup3Egravefrac34qnfrac34reggEgraveordfnreghshyEgraveOKrKnreghshymacrKrcedilWmLqKtimessKryKssup3rcedilOvSrXm|middotsup3Egravebrvbarsup2middotrtimesLmiddot

macrLfrac34frac12LqEgraveordfVregcentgrqmVfrac12rfrac12nshyparaordf`shyƷLjƨŻŮLJƀLjƨũdžŨŭɔƅɔƁƽŬťƣƹťƛƽ

laquoKrssup3rshydegzgnreghshyULfrac12Ksup3qsup3macrrrsup2shysKxz`Wsup3degparafrac12r~plusmnͳƨǁŘƅƱƻLjƺƢƅŲLjȕ

Egravefrac12LPLPdegfrac34zgnreghshyƅɕƨƨƋƮŮͳƨƨƭƿŤƇƨƨɕƾƹŤ ƅƨƨƲƹŤƿŘ]aUsup3rfrac34OordmzyDshyULacutePregordfcopyEgraveregordfAringK

timesnOLtimesr_macrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3degfrac34shyLshyparacentPsup3macracuteregshyumlfrac34ordfhWnshyqLiexclsup3micromLyEgravesup3qmicromKmqmmacute_acuteshytimesLmiddotacutebrvbarcopyKdegfrac34frac34PWtimesKrOEgravefrac34iexcltimesLmiddottimesmrPmiddotKqVfrac12rfrac12nshypara~frac12nplusmnKŭɔƅɔƁƨƽDŽƨƏɔƁǁŤ

microqsup3m EgraveplusmnLzcopyEgraveiexclqL~brvbarfrac12msup3EgraveordfnreghshymacrKrƼɔƅƨȕƿŘƅƨƱƄƀͳƢLjƖLjƽưɕƲŻŮƌLJƄmacrL`plusmns

notordf hshymLshyKmEgraveshyDŽƲƭƁƢŤLjƱmacrKrcedilWEgraveshyAEligyKlaquoacuteordfr~plusmntiexclrshy timesnreghshytimesqtimesrcedilnreghshyƿŤƇɕƽDŽƾŻƹŤtimesnfrac12sup3qnplusmnKparalzplusmn timesacuteyacuteshyumlcopyKacuteOKVfrac12rfrac12nshyqmmacrmrOqLiexclsup3timesrcedilshynfrac34cedilpara~frac12nplusmnKqmmLregXK

LymacrLshysLmiddotƿLjƓź timesacuteyacuteshyparareg~crytimesncedilshynfrac34yƅũƽťɕǫƄťůƭƄƸɕƺŻŮLJƿŤƅŶťdžƽƿťɕƽŬLjžŤƁƲƢƄƀ

ƄťƓǁŤDŽɔƅƟǁƅŨƁɕȕśŮťŨͳƢťƾůŶŤDŽɔťƽƅƊmacrLfrac12LSEgraveyLsup2qLiexclparashyLplusmnEgravemLrXiexclmEgravefrac12Lregsup2middotKqparaOnqKZfrac12ngsup3macrrmicroLbrvbar~plusmnKm

nreghshynfrac34yEgravecopyLregiexclrfrac34shyƅɔƁƽDŽƮƋƺƭŭɔamacrKrcedilWmacrsup3rzfrac12r~plusmn timesqacuteplusmnNfrac34`plusmn THORN6EacuteKparacopyDshysKdegfrac12acuteplusmnEgravefrac12acutebrvbarcopyKacutektimesLmiddot^cedilplusmnrsup2shysKEgravesup2frac34OparaAEligPcopyKŭƨƭƅƣƽ

Nfrac34`plusmntimesqacuteplusmnmacrKrbrvbarfrac12msup3 THORN6EacuteKIgraveOKq acutekEgravesup2frac34O sK microLyennfrac12m laquoAEligyK qLcentKLO EgraveOKrK sup3

qLcentK EgraveXkLsup2Kr EgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnEgraveplusmnKrbrvbarplusmnKrƿŤLJƄLJͳƊťǂƎǀɔƀw

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

26 George Jennifer M Jones Gareth R (2007) Understanding and Managing

Organizational Behavior Pearson-Prentice Hall 5th ed USA

27 Wagner John A III and John R Hollenbeck (2010) Organizational Behavior

Routledge1st ed New York

28 Pettinger R (2007) Introduction To Managementt 4th edchina Palgrave 29 Samuel Adomako Albert Danso Moshfique Uddin John Ofori Damoah (2016)

Entrepreneurs optimism cognitive style and persistence International

Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior amp Research Vol 22 Iss 1 pp 84-108

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

References in Arabic Persian

1 The Holy Quran

2 Abedi Jafari et al (1390 SH) Content Analysis and Themes Network A Simple

and Effective Method for Explaining the Patterns in Qualitative Data Strategic

Management Thought Management Thought Volume 5 no 2 pp 151 - 198

3 Aghaei Asghar et al (1386 SH) The Relationship between Optimism and

Pessimism with Mental Health in Older People in Isfahan Journal of Knowledge

and Research in Psychology no33 p117-130

4 Amedi Abdul Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghorar al-Hikmah and Dorar

al-Kalam

5 Bagheri Khosro (1382 SH) The Identity of Religious Science An Epistemological

View of the Relationship between Religion and the Humanities Tehran Ministry

of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press and Publication

6 Bakhtiari Mehdi (1389 SH) Social Trust and its Relationship with Some Social

Factors A Case Study of Qom City Journal of Cultural and Social Studies no

2 p 65-92

7 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1391 SH) The Impact of Optimism on Anxiety and

Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University Journal

of Modern Care Volume 10 no 1 pp 34-42

8 Jafar Tabatabai et al (1392 SH) The Impact of Optimism Training on Anxiety

and Depression in Psychology Students of Birjand Islamic Azad University

Modern Care Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Medical

Sciences Vol 10 no 1 pp 34-42

9 Jafari Bagh-Khairati et al (1393 SH) Optimism Education The Impact of

Optimism Training through Video Screening on Students Social qualifications

Quarterly Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion vol 2 no 1 pp

57-64

10 Javidi Ruqayeh et al (1395 SH) Analysis of the Peoples Content in Political

Thought of Imam Khomeini Journal of Political Sciences no75 p 7-34

11 Lesani Fesharaki Mohammad Ali et al (1385 SH) Thematic Research Method

in the Holy Quran Zanjan Qalam

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat

PWdegfrac34frac34VcopyAringmLmiddottimesdegzgmicrosacuteshyparaOpara_acuteWLOmacrLshysLyqmdegLmiddottimesshyAEligyKEgrave

12 Mirkamali Sayyid Mohammad (1392 SH) Philosophy of Management first

print Tehran Yastaroun Publications

13 Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa (1383 SH) Rules of Jurisprudence Tehran

Islamic Science Publishing Center

14 Mohammadi Reyshahri Mohammad (1384SH) Mizan al-Hikmah Android Version

15 Mousavi Sarcheshmeh Sayyid Mahdi (1395 SH) Analysis of the Prophets

Behavior in Brotherhood and Ansar Contracting with Emphasis on Social

Capital Theory MA Thesis under the guidance of Dr Sadeghi University of

Quran and Hadith

16 Mousavi Abolfazl (1391 SH) Trust in the Ayatollah Motahharis Thought and

Its Application in the Management of Organizations Hasoun no 35 pp 73-86

17 Nouri Najibullah (2008) A New Model of the Components of Optimism from

the Nahj al-Balaghis Perspective Journal of Marifat no 135

18 Nouri Najibullah et al (2013) The Relationship between Optimism and Anxiety

Thoughts and Metacognitive Thoughts of Concern from the Islamic Perspective

Journal of Psychology and Religion vol 6 no 24 pp 63-79

19 Panahi Bilal (1387 SH) Trust and Confidence in Organization Peike Noor

Vol7 no4 pp 88-103

20 Parhizkari Ruhollah (1393 SH) The Ethical Principles of Dealing with the

Accused in the Judicial Process of Imam Ali Journal of Research in Ethics

no 26 pp 33-145

21 Pirouz Ali Agha et al (1392 SH) Management in Islam second print Qom

Research Institute for Howzah and University

22 Rezaian Ali (1370 SH) Management in the Age of Wisdom Journal of

Management Studies of Improvement and Evolution no 92 pp 37-45

23 Robbins Stephen P (1389 SH) Fundamentals of Management Translated by

Mohammad Arabi Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiee and Behrouz Osrazi Ershad

Tehran Office of Cultural Research

24 Saram Mafroz Mohammad Hassan (1387 SH) Suspicion and investigation

from the Perspective of the Quran and Narrations Quarterly Journal of Kawsar

Quranic Science no 28 pp 101-105

25 Tabatabaei Muhammad Hussein (1417 AH) al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir al-Quran

vol 15 first print Beirut Muasisat al-Aalami le al-Matbuat