http://www.directessays.com/http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/http://www.123helpme.com/Major sporting events attract millions of viewers. Needless to say, they have become quite popular with corporates trying to reach more and more customers. By sponsoring popular sporting events companies significantly improve their brand recall value. Nowadays, big corporate houses are not only sponsoring sports events; they are also buying sports teams. It is a win-win situation for both. Sport gets the financial assistance it desperately needs. Companies build their brands. However, this development, too, has some negative aspects. Lets analyze.Now that companies pump in millions of dollars into many sports items, talented players are eager to enter the field. This is a definitely a positive development. Sportsmen, at least those who play popular items, are now assured of a steady income. In the olden days, many sports persons werent earning enough to make a living. Prize money wasnt good. Sponsorship deals hardly ever existed. This deterred many talented players from pursuing a career in sports. Now the situation is totally different. Corporate sponsorship has also helped many sporting events from becoming extinct.On the flip side, when sports become a business, the focus can shift from talent to profit. Although big prize monies and sponsorship deals can attract fresh talent into the game, sometimes the same can lead to problems like match fixing. It is not uncommon for international cricket and football players to get involved in match fixing controversies. The pressure to perform can also compel many players to consume performance enhancing drugs. Whats more, the events that attract corporate involvement are already popular on their own. For example, in India cricket is hugely popular so companies are eager to sponsor cricketers. Players of other less popular events dont have any sponsors.After analyzing both sides of the argument, it is not hard to see that corporates entering the field of sports is both good and bad. Big prize money and sponsorship deals will definitely encourage more people to pursue a career in sports. On the other hand, companies will always have business interest in their mind. Sometimes this can take the focus off the game.This is a persuasive paper that tackles the idea that sports has become simply a marketing agent and a business game rather than a sport that promotes competition, values and respect. The author argues that sport has recently been transformed to a commercial mechanism whereby the media promotes ideals of heroes and contribute to the ideals of falsity and corruption. Sports has become a commodity and a marketing tool and a money orientated idea. Includes an analysis of the statement vy Tyler Cowen "we run the danger that commercially successful heroes induce dangerous forms of mimesis and fail to help citizens coordinate around noble ideas."The marketing of sports has become a business where players make more money marketing the products than playing the game. Sports heroes are then, no longer promoting the ideals of competition and values, rather through the commercialization of the team and player they are contributing falsity to a society already chaotic.The society in which we live today promotes the ideal of heroes especially in the form of sports. Competition and factors of marketing bring the player into millions of homes and create an image that caters to the 'ideal hero'. The player then becomes a household name through commercialization. This marketing of sports has allowed organizations to market their products with the most appeal. It also allows the sports figure to make more money. Basically what is happening is that the marketers are exploiting the ideals of the audience who 'worship' these 'heroes' and using them to promote their products. Sports' marketing has been recognized for its ability to influence consumers. Sports' marketing connects with the audience at an emotional level, it doesn't just attempt to appeal, it becomes part of the culture. In doing so, it enables marketers to neutralize and penetrate the audience cynicism

Sports The History And EvolutionOverviewThough for many sports today is just another part of their daily lives, it is easy to forget that just 120 years ago, many of the sports we take for granted did not yet exist, and those that did would be barely recognizable to the modern sports audience. The history of modern sports details an evolution, from games played primarily for entertainment and leisure to an industry rivaling any other in size and power.Popular Culture InfluenceWith that evolution came an increase in influence. Sports over the last hundred years has affected modern popular culture and has often reflected changing social attitudes and standards. Sports has also seen advances in techniques and achievements in records and levels that reflect the commitment by sportsman, sportswomen and training to be the best. Fashions now often reflect sports clothing, partly because of the money injected into sports by fashion houses and partly because of our desire to emulate our heroes and heroines.PoliticsAlong with an increase in influence over popular culture has come an increase in political influence. This can include athletes using their fame to run for office, office-seekers using athletes to boost their candidacy, boycotts to boost causes most famously the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa and most recently the immigration law passed in Arizona and using sports as a way to reach certain demographics.There is, however, a downside to the use of sports in politics. This ranges from terrorists using the sports to gain exposure for their cause most famously at the Munich Olympics to countries using sports as a way of trying to demonstrate that their specific ideology is better than another, notably in Soviet Russia.College Scholarship OpportunitiesThe growth of sports has also made possible the education of many young people who would otherwise never have that opportunity. Though today most of the noticeable college athletes often leave school early to enter the professional ranks of their sport, the vast majority of college athletes graduate and move on to a field other than their sport. For many of those students, sports made going to college possible, particularly through the use of college scholarships, which have increased in size and number as sports created bigger revenues for schools.IntegrationWe will examine how sports embraced (or at least shoe-horned) integration, looking at Willie ORee playing hockey for the Boston Bruins, Prentiss Gault, a football player at the University of Oklahoma, Kenny Washington, the first African-American to play in the NFL, the whole-scale, and early, integration by the NBA, soccers struggle to this day with racism, particularly in Europe, and, perhaps most famously, Jackie Robinsons entrance into baseball.Big BusinessIt is also impossible to talk about modern sports without considering the heavy influence of business. Sports and business have become forever linked, even in college, which is supposedly played by amateurs and not professionals, despite the fact that the coaches and athletic directors make as much as their counterparts in the professional leagues. From sports on television to sponsorships to naming rights on stadiums, the history of the business of sports reveals that business tied itself to sports more and more in the latter half of the 20th century, really ramping up in the1970'sand onward.SalariesAs a part of the stream of business into sports, another change has been the influx of money, which many believe has become obscene and wrong. However, the fact of the matter is that when somebody is The Best in the World" at anything, ordinary people want to watch or see those people perform - whether they are actors, musicians or athletes. As much as people decry the high salaries and excess of sports, the spectators and consumers of sports make it possible. Past the issue of public perception, however, there lie more serious issues. Like all things in life, when big money and business are involved, the opportunities and temptations to cheat or do whatever it takes to get ahead increase. In sports, this often involves performance enhancing drugs or gambling.Ticket PricesAdditionally, the growth of big money and high salaries into the games has affected who can now afford to go to the events. Though this impact is most commonly associated with sports in the United States, this is not just an American phenomenon, but reflected in other countries and sports around the world. Soccer in the U.K is a great example. Many of the teams in the English Leagues were once supported by local blue-collar workers, with ticket prices costing about the same as one hours worth of wages. Now, to get a good seat to watch a top British soccer team can easily cost more than 8 hours wages for a blue-collar worker. As sports have grown bigger and more profitable, they are driving out those who helped make growth possible.

Overview Of Modern Sporting History Baseball, from its origins in 1840s in northeastern United States to the institution of the National, and later American Leagues, making up what is today known as Major League Baseball includes the Origins, Growth, Records andHistory of Baseball

Basketball, the brainchild of Dr. James Naismith, created in the 1890s, it developed as much through colleges as it did through professional teams and leagues, with the modern National Basketball Association emerging around 1950. includes the Birth, Growth, Records andHistory of Basketball

American Football, which existed in various forms mostly across the college ranks in the 1800s before Walter Camp, at Yale University, began to help establish rules that made the game appear much as it does today. Footballs evolution primarily took place in college, as college football was far more popular than its professional counterpart until the late1950'swhen the National Football League became the dominant force in American football. Covers the Origins, Growth, Records andHistory of American Football

Ice Hockey, whose history is traced to Canada as early as the 1810s, though scholars debate its origin. The modern sport emerged in the late 1800s in Montreal, with the National Hockey League forming in 1917. Hockey is another sport in which early development took place as much in college as it did in professional leagues. The History, Teams, Players and Organisations for Ice HockeyHistory of Ice Hockey

Motor Racing, whose origin is difficult to trace. Racing motorized vehicles actually began more with motorized bicycles or tricycles than cars, though not by many years. Car racing began to emerge at the very end of the 19th century, leading into the development of tracks built for car racing in the first decade of the 1900s, first in Britain in 1907, then later in the U.S., most famously with the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909. There are an extremely wide variety of motor racing, between the more famous Formula One and NASCAR to rally cars, touring cars and sports cars.

Association Football, or Soccer, widely considered the worlds most popular sport, traces it modern roots back to the standardization of the rules of the sport in England in the mid-1800s, leading to the creation of the Football Association in London in 1863. The current governing body in international soccer is the Fdration Internationale de Football Association, or FIFA, which was formed in 1904 although the rest of Europe did not take up the game till the mid1920s. includes the The History, Teams, Players and Organisations for the game of SoccerHistory of Soccer Tennis, one of the oldest of the modern sports, goes back as far as the 1500s, though the true modern game of lawn tennis goes back to the 1870s. The game primarily grew out of England, including the first Wimbledon Championships in 1877. The International Lawn Tennis Federation, now known simply as the International Tennis Federation, the sports governing body, was founded in 1913, composed of 13 national tennis associations.

The Modern Olympics, growing out of the ancient tradition, resurfaced under the direction of the International Olympic Committee in Athens in 1896. The Olympics have been held every four years since, missing only 1916, 1940 and 1944 due to world wars. The original Olympiad allowed only men to compete; women were added four years later, in Paris in 1900.

The Winter Olympics, which initially developed alongside the Modern Summer Olympics, were first held in Chamonix, France, in 1924, the same year as the Paris Summer Games. The Winter Games were separated from the Summer Games for the first time in 1994, when the Winter Olympics were held in Lillehammer, Norway, followed two years later by the Summer Games in Atlanta, USA. The original games had 9 sports, while the most recent Winter Olympics in Vancouver had 15.

Golf, whose origins are widely disputed, with various historians tracing it back to a variety of different stick and ball games throughout European history. However, most agree the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the 15th century. Golf spread globally throughout the 19th century, though almost entirely in locations controlled by the British Empire. The Professional Golfers Association of America, today the governing body of golf via its 41 PGA sections worldwide and the worlds largest working sports organization, was formed in 1916. covers the Origins, Great Players part of ourHistory of Golf Rugby football, which is popularly believed to have been formed by William Web Ellis in 1823 at Rugby School in England, after he simply picked up the ball and ran with it. Scholars now say this is probably apocryphal, though the modern sport did likely form around the area at the same time. The Rugby Football Union, the sports governing body, was formed in London in 1871.

Boxing, whose history dates back to Ancient Greece, and became the modern sport we know today primarily in 1867, when the Marquess of Queensbury published a code of rules which still primarily govern the game today. The National Boxing Association, which later became the World Boxing Association, was formed in 1921. There are today 4 organizations recognized as governors of the sport: the WBA, the International Boxing Federation, the World Boxing Organization and the World Boxing Council.

Cricket, another sport whose origins are murky at best, though the modern game began to emerge in the 1770s. The first test match, which is a cricket match played between two countries, was in 1877, played between Australia and England. The International Cricket Council, the governing body of the sport, was founded in 1909, then called the Imperial Cricket Council and consisting only of England, South Africa and Australia. The organization today consists of 10 full members.

When it comes to sports television what you can see on certain stations has become a very specific and high money motivated system. Whether the sport is baseball, football, the Olympics, NASCAR or college sports the industry has grown in leaps and bounds. But in order to see this concept fully grow into abig businesssituation you must first look at its humble and less complicated beginnings.In the beginning the NCAA was just a mere thought in somebodies head. In 1905 a meeting between the thenPresident Rooseveltand 13 athletic institutions directors sparked the debate overcollege footballschedules and who was going to play whom. Of course with this conversation football playing rules were discussed. Because of this and other meetings the IAAUS (Intercollegiate Athletics Association of the United States) was formed. In 1906 the program was changed to its now famous name of the NCAA. In 1952 a program to control live television of football games was approved, the annual convention delegated enforcement powers to the Associations Council and legislation was adopted governing post season bowl games. The Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions in 1973 at the first special Convention ever held. Five years later, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in the sport of football.

Nearly 25 years later the program was making billion dollar deals to just sell the rights to show a particular championship games. In 1999 the negotiation of a comprehensive championships rights agreement with CBS was worth potentially $6 billion dollars payout over 11 years.This was not always the way as you can already tell by the previous history on the NCAA, the mom and pop concept was gone to a big business, corporate event. In the beginning coaches came together, in the NCAA, to decide which schools within their conference would play against other schools in the conference. Certain schools later on would extend invitations to join conferences or to have conference playoffs but none the less things were decided by the individuals rather than big business. In the early 90's negotiations became more and more and the coaches had the scheduling taken out of their hands and it was out into the hands of big business.Next we can tackle the kinds of schedules that exist for sports and which are used most often. There are two types of schedules for sports programming, temporally constrained schedules and temporally relaxed schedules. A temporally constrained schedule is , the number of slots, or time periods in which a game may appear, is equal to the number of games that each team must play plus any necessary byes for leagues with an odd number of teams. A temporally relaxed schedules make it possible to assign games sequentially and end up with a feasible schedule. Furthermore, local improvement heuristics seem prevalent in this environment. Now a days a schedule that is temporary relaxed with a usage of trial and error has become adopted even though once in a while you see the error part. But with sports it is like they always say, when it is good its great.

Next you have think about what scheduled sports do certain stations play? Who schedules sports now is the question at hand. In todays media each major station has its own sports division who handles the contracts between teams and conferences when it comes to determining who gets who. A few examples that were brought up were about the big 4 televison companies.To start with a widely known one NBC Sports was chosen and has control of very large and powerful commodities. They get the rights to every Olympic game through 2012. NASCAR Winston cup racing , including the Daytona 500, The Ryder cup, the PGA tour, including the Players Championship and Presidents Cup. Horse racings Visa Triple Crown ( Kentucky derby, Preakness, Belmont stakes) and Breeders cup World Thoroughbred Championships. Also last but not least a small colleges (Notre Dame) football games.The second station chosen was ABC this company has control of some major televised properties. These include Monday Night Football, Bowl Championship Series also known as the BCS, certain NHL teams ( such as Rangers, Flyers ,Bruins , Blackhawks and so on)and most of the NBA team games.

The third station was Fox which has control of many large assets. These include certain NFL teams such as San Francisco 49ers, Green Bay Packers, Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, New York Giants , and the Philadelphia Eagles. They also cover certain MLB teams along with complete post season coverage from playoffs to world series games. They like NBC can carry only certain NBA games with teams like the Los Angeles Lakers, Chicago Bulls, Utah Jazz, Detroit Pistons, Minnesota Timberwolves, and the Sacramento Kings. Also they hold control of certain NCAA basketball teams such as the following 8. Them being North Carolina Tar Heels, Ohio Bobcats, Indiana Hoosiers, Arizona Wildcats, Stanford Cardinals, Denver Pioneers, Maryland Terrapins, and the Duke Blue Devils. They control certain NHL teams such as Calgary Flames, Detroit Red Wings, Colorado Avalanche, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders, and the Vancouver Canucks. In addition they have power over certain NASCAR events, certain horse racing events, certain golf events, and also Fox sports world covers soccer matches.The last company to be examined was CBS. CBS controls the use of certain

NCAA basketball teams. For example Gonzaga ,Michigan State, UCLA, Indiana,

Kentucky, Syracuse, and Connecticut. They also have the sole rights to these teams,

the New York Jets, Tennessee Titans, New England Patriots, Tampa Bay

Buccaneers, Denver Broncos, and the Oakland Raiders. They also carry certain NCAA

football teams such as Georgia, Florida state, LSU, Alabama, Arkansas , Auburn,

and the Army Navy game. They reach extends into golf matches, tennis matches, and

NASCAR events .

Now to get to the fact of how and how much to get these events from field to tv.

When selling the rights an event is considered either a major audience draw or especially prestigious, and networks will bid on the broadcast rights. This is shown when Fox paid 1.58 billion over four years for the NFLs NFC conference and also when NBC paid 868 million for the AFC conference, 456 million to broadcast the 1996 Olympics and 14 million a year to broadcast the US open mens, womens and senior golf championships. That buys a lot of programming power.

Next we shall talk about Syndication. Many independent sports television producers have developed programs for syndication. They can either sell these to local stations for broadcast; can sell them to an advertiser who will pay stations to run them; or can work out a barter system, where the producer and the station split the advertising time and each keeps the money they receive from their own advertising sales .Next to talk about is time buys. Unlike rights sales and syndication, time-buys involve having show producers pay networks or local stations. They buy broadcast time, sell advertising for their shows, and then keep the money. Examples of this are the following. In 1993 Indy Car entered into time-buy deals with ABC for eight races broadcast on the network (a ninth one was not a time-buy). Indy Car produced the programming and sold the ads. While the point of a time-buy is to have independent production companies create the programming (and thus spare the network those costs), sometimes a network will provide its own on-air talent and additional production help if it wants the broadcast to look like it was produced in-house.Time-buys have proven so popular with independent sports producers that networks have become more selective. They are no longer interested in selling air time to just anyone. Said Neal Pilson, former president of CBS Sports, Simply getting money from a sport guaranteed to draw no one except the most devoted, we probably also face a clearance problem. CBS deals with 200 affiliates around the country and none is obligated to carry the product the network offers. Affiliates might rather carry movies and reach out to an under served audience than try to compete with sports on other networks. But sports can still find willing sellers at many of the cable channels, which need programming to fill time.

To give you an idea how much it would cost to buy time to promote an event, here are some figures. An hour on a weekend afternoon on a major network averages $200,000. For ESPN, it would be $90,000 for weeknight prime time (7-11 PM), $50,000 for a weekend afternoon, and $40,000 for a weekday afternoon. Time on other cable stations and on local stations would be less.So to wrap up in order to put on a televised sports program, there is much needed time, effort, and money. Because even though something might start out slow and small, it could end up being a job big business takes over.