■essential question ■essential question: what are the similarities & differences among the...
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■ Essential QuestionEssential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, Dutch & British patterns of colonization in America?
■ Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions: –What key changes in Europe What key changes in Europe
took place in the 15took place in the 15thth & 16 & 16thth centuries that allowed for centuries that allowed for overseas colonization?overseas colonization?
–How did European exploration in How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?America impact native peoples?
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Motivations for Exploration■During the Renaissance, a desire
for new trade routes to Asia led to an Age of Exploration:–Led by Spain & Portugal,
explorers found new trade routes, colonies, & people to Christianize
–Colonization in North America led to destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, & wealth for European nations
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Motivation & Means of Exploration
Key Motivation of Explorers: Key Motivation of Explorers: • A search for new knowledge (Renaissance)• The 3 “Gs”:
1. GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for trade, a desire to escape poverty in Europe
2. GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop large overseas empires or for individual explorers to make a name for themselves
3. GOD: A desire by European Christians (Catholics) to convert people to their faith
Means: Means: • Better ships
(caravels)• Better
navigation tools:
1. Astrolabe & sextant
2. Magnetic compass
3. Maps with longitude & latitude
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Voyages of European Exploration
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Four Key ExplorersVasco da Gama found India
by sailing around AfricaChristopher Columbus “discovered” America
looking for a westward route to IndiaFerdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe
Samuel Champlain founded Quebec after failing to find a NW passage to India
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This exploration led to colonies by European countries:
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America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans
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America Before the Europeans■Before Columbus’ discovered
America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:
The AztecsAztecs (in Central America) & IncasIncas (in South America)
created large, powerful empires
These empires were destroyed by the arrival of Spanish conquistadors
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America Before the Europeans■Before Columbus’ discovered
America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:
The PlainsPlains Indians were hunters & gathers but became mobile
hunters after the Spanish introduced the horse into North America
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America Before the Europeans■Before Columbus’ discovered
America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:
The Eastern WoodlandsEastern Woodlands Indians lived in small farming communities & were the first contacts with British settlers in
Virginia & Massachusetts
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
■Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands:
–Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering
–Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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When Worlds Collide
On the map provided, label and shade trade patterns & the regions of
the world colonized by (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) England, & (d) Dutch
during the Age of Exploration
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Voyages of European Exploration
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The Columbian Exchange■The arrival of Europeans led to the
introduction of new products between Indians & Europeans called the Columbian Exchange:–Indians introduced corn, tobacco,
potatoes, peanuts to whites–Europeans introduced horses,
livestock, citrus, & diseases–An estimated 90% of Indians
died due to European disease
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The Columbian Exchange
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The Spanish Colonies in America
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Spanish Colonies in North America
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Spanish Colonies in North America■Motivations:
–After Columbus, Spain dominated Central & South America & the SE & SW sections of North America
–Spanish conquistadors explored in search of gold & silver
–Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism
The Spanish government encouraged converting Indians
& establishing missions
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Spanish Colonies in North America■Government: Royal control
–Spanish colonies were funded & controlled by the monarch
–Viceroys were sent to the colonies to serve as governors
■Economy: Desire for wealth –Used Indian & African slave
labor to mine gold & silver–Built encomiendas (plantations)
to farm cash crops
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Spanish Colonies in North America■Society: Strictly controlled
–Viceroys were sent to rule–Creoles were white colonists
living in Spanish colonies; had opportunities for land & wealth
–The lack of women led to inter-marriage with Indians & a mixed-race population (mestizos)
–Indians & African slaves made up the bottom of society
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The French Colonies in America
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French Colonies in North America
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French Colonies in North America■Motivations:
–After Champlain’s attempt to find a NW passage through Canada, he founded Quebec
–The “French crescent” included Canada, the Mississippi River, & New Orleans
–Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism
Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged
converting Indians & establishing missions
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French Colonies in North America■Government: Royal control
–The French colonies were strictly controlled by royal governors
■Economy: Desire for fur trade –Most French colonists profited
from the fur trade, small-scale farming, or lumbering
■Society: Friendly with Indians –Because the French needed furs,
they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans
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Dutch Colonies in North America
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Dutch Colonies in North America■Motivations:
–The Dutch established New Amsterdam as a trade center
■Political, Economic, Social:–To attract settlers, the gov’t
allowed anyone to immigrate–As a result, New Amsterdam
was one of the most diverse colonies in North America
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The English Colonies in America
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The English Colonies■In the 1600s, English settlers
arrived in North America–English colonization differed
from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World
–Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies
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Migrating to the English Colonies■17th century England faced major
social changes:–The most significantly was a
boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?)
–People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)
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British Colonies in North America
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British Colonies in North America■Motivations: Many different reasons
– Economic: Escape poverty or gain wealth from cash crop farming
–Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution
– Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
■ As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified
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British Colonies in North America■Government:
–The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America
–Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists could create local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies
–Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power
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British Colonies in North America■ Economy &
Society: –The societies
& economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled
Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor
farmers, & slave labor
New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely
connected by religion & families & were mostly
subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money
Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert,
marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts
over land were common
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By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America
(but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)
These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native
Americans already living there
The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British
used Frontiers of Exclusion