Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

1. How to1. How tobring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How to1. How tobring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. What branch2. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

2. What branch2. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 1863)

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the state’s voters had taken an oath of loyalty, accepted Eman. Pro and established a government, it would be recognized.

* Did not consult Congress

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Required over 50% of state’s voters to take an oath of allegiance.

Then state elections could be held.

Lincoln killed the Bill.Senator

BenjaminWade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Lincoln is AssassinatedLincoln is Assassinated

President Johnson’s PlanPresident Johnson’s Plan

Offered amnesty upon oath to all (except Confederate military officers and wealthy southern planters)

Required to ratify 13th amendment

No minimum percentage of loyal voters needed to form state gov’t.

Southern DefianceSouthern DefiancePurpose of Black Codes:

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

Groups like the KKK formed

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Talk to your neighbor:Talk to your neighbor:

1)1) How was President Johnson’s How was President Johnson’s readmission plan different from President readmission plan different from President Lincolns?Lincolns?

2)2) What happens as a result of President What happens as a result of President Johnson’s leniency towards the South? Johnson’s leniency towards the South?

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Citizenship granted to everyone born in the United States.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for ReadmissionNew Requirements for Readmission

Ratify the 14th Amendment

Rewrite state constitution which would allow freedmen to vote

Form new gov’t which would be elected by all male citizens, including African-Americans

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

New Governments in the New Governments in the SouthSouth

• ScalawagsScalawags: : supporters supporters of reconstructionof reconstruction

• CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers: : NorthernersNortherners that came that came to take part in the to take part in the region’s political and region’s political and economic growtheconomic growth

• 700 700 freedmen freedmen served in served in Southern legislatures, Southern legislatures, 16 sent to congress16 sent to congress

Responses to FreedomResponses to Freedom

• Many freedmen moved to urban areas

• Some moved West to become cowboys, business owners, miners, and soldiers

• Most stayed in the rural south• Freedmen’s Bureau began 4,000

schools and many African Americans began to get an education

Share CroppingShare Cropping

• The employer provided the The employer provided the land, seed, tools, a mule, land, seed, tools, a mule, and a cabin.and a cabin.

• Sharecropper would provide Sharecropper would provide labor and share part of the labor and share part of the profits of their crop. profits of their crop.

SharecroppingSharecropping

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends

Discontent with Reconstruction• Army still needed in South

• African-Americans still in poverty

• Southern economy still in bad shape

Federal Troops are removed and reconstruction gov’ts crumble

Lasting impact: 14th and 15th Amendments