ESSO EASTERN INC.P O. 80X 1415 HOUSTON. TE XAS 77OOI

8 I /iisrC\\PHC:ir r EXLCUIIVt

NATUtlA PR,;JEL ,

February 3, l98l

Mr. G. A. NorthingtonExxon Research & Eng'ineering Co.Florham Park, N.J. ETR 8I.I

C02 Em'iss i onsNatuna Gas Project

FILE: 68-4-1 -5

Dear Gene:

Sometime ago you passed to me a rough calculation you had made regarding thepotential level of total emissjons of C02 from producing Natuna Gas andsubsequent burn'ing of the LNG manufactured from the gas relative to whatwould be emitted if Natuna gas were not produced and-coal was burned as areplacement for the LNG. Your calculation (attached) indicates that thetotal C02 emissions from producing Natuna gas and burning the LNG would beno higher than what would be emitted by burning an amounl of coal equivalent'in heating value to the LNG. This result is reflective of the fact that:i]) tfre C02 emitted per unit of heating value js higher for coal than forLNG because of the highgr.carbon content of coal (oi conversely the lowerhydrogen content), and (2) producing LNG at Natuna will result in therelease of a significant amount of C02 because of the high C02 contentof the raw gas.

I have made a brief, independent analysjs of the relative release of C02.A copy of the calculat'ion is attached. In the calculations, I haveattempted to be somewhat more rigorous, firstly, in simulating the chemical,ash and moisture content and the heating value-6f Coat illety"to b. burnedin Japan (the properties used reflect a composite of some typical Australjancoals) and, secondly, 'in reflecting, in a gross sense, ttre ibtat.ive heatrelease from burn'ing coal or LNG in a commercial boiler.The calculations jnd'icate that the total release of C02 from producingNatuna gas and burning of the LNG manufactured from thE gas wbuld be ilmosttwjce that emitted.by burning an-equivalent amount of coil. The c02released from burning coal is calculated to be almost twjce that frbmburning LNG (this result'is cons'istent with the generalized data presented'in Table I of s. Knisely's memorandum on ,,controil inq the cOeConcentration in the Atmosphere," 'issued by Exxon en6ineerin6,s petroleumDepartment, dated 0ctober 16, l9z9); but pioducing tiis volurie-or LNG atNatuna releases near'ly 40% more C02 than is releaied from burning coal.

.\

Mr. G. A, Northington

GRG: jdh/mkfAttachments

cc: R. L. PrestonG. J. L ook ab au gh

0405N

-2- February 3 , l98l

of the raw gas at Natunaemi ss i ons to be equivalent.

Very truly yours,

Based on these calculations, the C02 contentwould have to be around 50% for the total C02

It appears to me that there are two major reasons for the differing resultsof the two calcu'l ations. First, you assumed coal to be 1001 carbon, but theheating value you used for coal (.l0,750 BTU/Lb) represents an ,,as-received,,coal with some level of moisture and ash. The heating value of pure carbonis 14,]00 BTU/Lb. This resulted in an overstatement of the amount of coalrequired, and thus the amount of C02 emitted, for a given level of heatrelease, Second, you used a C02 content of raw Natuna gas of 63%, v{hereasthe nominal level we have been using for planning purposes is 71.8fl.Adjusting your calculations for these two factors would bring the results ofboth calculations into close agreement.

Both of these calculations are, of course, very rough approximations. Toget a more accurate evaluation one would need to determine more preciselythe relative heat liberated by both fuels in a cofimercjal boiler, whichwould, of course, involve a determination of relative stack temperatures,excess air, etc.; and the ener^gy consumed in the producing (or mining),manufactuning, shipping and terminalling of each fuel. It is also like1ythat the relative release of C02 could vary significantly, depending onthe specific coal considered. Nhile the boiler efficiency would probablyfavor LNG, I would guess that coal would probably have the advantage interms of the overal1 energy consumed in getting the fuels out of the groundand to the market. This would seern to be particularly true in the case ofNatuna, where fuel requirements will be higher than jn conventional LNGprojects because of the need to either vent or reinject the C02 recoveredfrom the raw gas. For example, including transportation and rEceivinglosses, as well as fuel requirements for producing and l iquefaction, around'I .6 times as much hydrocarbon wjll need to be produced as will finally bereceived at the boiler burner. llJhile the enery requirements for coalmining, etc. are undoubtedly substantial also, I doubt they wjll be thishi9h.

You may want to have one of your engineers look over these calculations tosee if any additional light can be shed on this subject. However, I doubtthat any extensive additional work is justified.

. fl(. T ottv6 u,-tz;a@,tc

/ G A NoRn{rNGrcrJ I

- C Ac- c,.. -F.nc xt.q Aa/ffi+r;/// Jttr')'r,

,,t-.1 ?. ,.(t_,<-Jz</.-t -/ - /

.,/ ---C t o7

l1-l

( Co, tz 6z> L/c,t.z';t ,u zt.' . ,.'')

+ . i7LU4t, Lz611t, t-.7Yu/,^6 t.312 x tl X 2t, fao

l)-t,qoe BruC-On_ -t,,.7rt|/ro f l)7,resdrc

n, -/t )rl zo

A', /,60a.?/A Gr(/

/.t ..

I ,oo o,-rtLl2p.7r>

/, 12 q*c-+r,/!'l:u::' r ru 6,-,., 34ylCa,( I;:;'

l4c7/i//4 /i,.

,3?Z C1/e, +-

!::):!:'t 7 7r -?a,

,<7,!,r ?.1C"n 1

4c.st

l<- c rI'.nl( :t 'lrt t '.'''

/t-'.,//'.,.

/:.

(-z ^-

./..^ P / n L ,'-.C C.7- I/ (1.t '4,, /-z' ;.La.-.Cat Iru.-n ll,. C//.1 a,,!, t)-t..< 'i27 (.'-...'i/+92 Coz-

... .-c-

7e

lL z.^'

--> c-/ z F (/ I L ) ( /c-',25u

L+.1g tLq.zzu

,74'?Oi- *. (.zO Czr :--

9 btot- r 4,l Oc.t- + 7.6lCoU f t.7t(- t l,olyfrl_3 43.bls'Lz

'- r i

' :. .' 2,,/- J 4 /4//

iL

3.rrnrn aa-.t AF 6.te. Gcrr-.,.as tCtTccu<-4 nc,5,1g

{s3t2.8

34s:@a

&Oa- e,m,lk4 f-- burn,ng aJ elttpolcrt*1o ltVBtu hcol ral6a3., t_bs

Ca& e*t,(Ly'. fo- brrn,nj LIG qvvtlcat{o /h 6ru ae+* Tabas*, Lbs.7rcLohy rou/ gds egutrckntf,.,sL'otnJ t'or,r-t 9dJ eguar6lt.+V

t<-?,,rtt<-tL'/a meru$r/u7q, sv{pae*lrh 8t! he.ol tz.lcast, , t_6s

Tot'L €tz emJb $,LilCy caa-

ctn''/-klL tnh /1r.!LNG f."

4't 3

ConL BnslS

l.lotsruQ€ 8% ut.Astt /2 ,,

CAR6,N 82ltoe.x<r'l 6Oxv creN EN t tR oc.ctJ 3SlrcFoR, I

/oo

LNG 8AS.S

Ct 18,1 mo//oCa 6.1 t'tJz t. g 'tHHt, .33, /eS grt/LB

LLV .? o, t 5o E:':t,/tB6a:s .i: produ<-L :

7/"E o/o CDze7 o/o Hyclrocarbo'1

stthP!tFt€O APPr2oacH

Assum€t Srlme e:f C6S AtR tuR 6oll tucLS' . t, Sft.c< Teme t. t. ..

I 6.EOSS HTA1NG vALuc oF @AL

tJy Duco,'to FoRmurABru /te 2 /ss.4+C j bzr (H - /a A) + 4o,S s

-/s5.4+x ,82-+b&t(r 6 -. g,)+4O.Sal = t3,O6O rnoalorr/^rnt h" - 0"""as fecc! rc..!. bass=t3,ObO x / oe_J.:_E_ = /0,448 Bru/z-A.

/oo

..-. , .,,'<-7- h'cnr;ttG '/e.rte or Gnc- Hlv. 4/,ozo

L; tt S/, 60 O?,f 70 Jru/te /2

t,o6 xo,8 x 7.!Zo = tAs-4 Bru lLe As tec,o Conu = AbJ rc ceu!_ h,HL/

LLv: /ot448-.,51. 1g?4 gru/ce

. ALzusr fo< 4 ,o-a.

ut (osA /,tuts+ fr*l

nt.6, Ct,lrtguJn o N

c Hq + 1,oz/1 64

lz{d nJiozro / /e'

/F 8ue,N t d7o C-e-r rxlo!lF EueN 47.1L

u Ll€̂ J BueN I

44,32

//O

---> Crt-L I44

--+ &Co2 I8t

ffl oc FRAcr.o,98os x t6 =o. 00i4 x 30 :o,otEl x a8:

/,o

2lz 0

36

8t/rosl

\JT F€.k'-./.€.7e7 -w

0. o42 0.oo3gJa? o o3tt4.a7t

a^,

Hrot8 {/s

lsss 6na

?sss: /o4.2to4,ix g,gO yo,

lto = {533

tt3

*,ts

C tls,X i

'/o /lz- O,8 , CL&6

99nt, cDn.'F!:_n tal.?,{e.t-t-a,, +3or_ ---?

^SCo7 *

3r. s6

/r 8u<p / I As &Eb-6n. Zr9e?ateTo Ger /x/OL 6tg.s ltr1usr Bu$*! /\/oo +.

/F &t4;lu /og,7 t ! A" P.e,o coac i Bv4tJWHgN 9uR.*) -7J7 A C lb,a l,rzo 73.7.ff*

rS as rtc d. oEL88= 73,2 4 oF

, cHo.zy5 eoz

o{ ttccH+Cz 44

c,C2

AIG Ltyez..erg €q gr? i3rcr. (r-rlv)

Bttt- /t1u.tr Eurad txr|l;2o,gSO = 17,?l te of uG 1 bucN 17.gsx o,jbit = q4,Bs uSI 17,f t x o,oo7 o.,+ s S

4 c4+ VerD 44.83 ,44= ta7,1 d eo.t6* Cztlt Yte\s o,/+ x gg: b,+ .t coz

30o, /9

7-olaL /e1,8 r. cl,.-.

/ss,stne 6rqs bntQ. = 7 1.8a7

zo Pcobuce 4-L?6 d 5 oF = 4,16 04ocs ol= N.G.

-7'8+ lllous 0F cn2

oe- 3!5,-a:-!t-4.

'/o Co2"/o NG

N.G. OR &/4.278

0,718 3EqvtPn .PQt,'choil otr ff *o,a7

lDrnu 67 €mtneb To AtmoS

ConL qln8us}roN :N.G. fuvv1fQ-:noil

tV. G, Peobucno;t

"?5 3,3 *c4

'ToInL 472,6 L coz

FoR. .Be€nEalcN oNL'l ,S3.3-/f-1.8: /.?5,5 gS.ag L'Bslvlous (nz

g6F €cr.cz{Se0 DU(-|NG

RobuCTtoN

/t7.89vs

a,?s€.8 0

Qoz- ',u,G.)

48S. 41 '/o (Dzs,80

MocstYlot)

tt{zO.

/aE81,6

/060

3st

?sss 6ty/u6

BN/q

)

. A/a AbJulrmorr 6a C s,atce pea,tcca No

//cer Lasts Scectrt<- To 6ac. Afo,srupE /N 6au

H@ ao,F u+o.He 6o"F /t:L.AH'AMlsrmatr 70 AAu Gut) =/o6ox o.og s 6s Ba/ca As ea,.o CoAt_

. AsH trl (De L' Assumc' : i:; {+,;I#,,: oozl,"x/Ll;,1",<tN D!'c. csrg 16 Botuqr. Ar /UOC,F

atMDc?,. fuRt>tcu, J&, = ot!€ lB/- o,z

&m&tsnotzn L*r ttt crpaeL: otlixo,zt o,B la/, Loss,

Scrrsrdcs 4r 'o,tSx (/€oo-4s)r,O,Zg = 54 grv/cB canc/r or hrhcusdoil: o.ogx ???.t__ Boo

70tau

ct/1t- i ,917.1 -gS-gSV--= is.ss_-j- __ /3s72-

3,8'y a,8.?

1, ilmt AretuaEro F*n, -^,As €cBe,rg6

CH ur B$ts

\1Iiiii