established treatment technologies - apex engineering · 6/4/2015 2 apex engineering, pllc mark...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
6/4/2015
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. 1
Short Course: Mine Water Treatment – Technologies, Case Studies and Costs
Established Treatment Technologies
May 3, 2015
![Page 2: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
6/4/2015 2
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Presentation Outline
Contaminants of Concern
Potential Treatment Technologies Physical processes
Chemical processes
Biological processes
Metals Removal
Nitrate Removal
![Page 3: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
6/4/2015 3
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Typical Contaminants of Concern in Mining Waters
Suspended metals
Dissolved metals
Nitrate
Sulfate
Cyanide
Selenium
Arsenic and antimony
![Page 4: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Overview of Treatment Technologies
Physical
Chemical
Biological
4
Clarification
Filtration
Membranes
Precipitation (hydroxide, sulfide)
Oxidation/reduction
Ion exchange (IX) and natural zeolites
Attached growth
Suspended growth
Membrane bioreactor
![Page 5: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
6/4/2015 5
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Clarification
Multiple processes to remove particles in
suspension:
Coagulation/flocculation
Settling
May use sludge recycle
Will not remove dissolved contaminants
Need a disposal site for sludge
![Page 6: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Clarifier at Kensington Mine
6/4/2015 6
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 7: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rapid mix tank at Kensington Mine
6/4/2015 7
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 8: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Clarifier centerwell at Central Treatment Plant (Kellogg, ID)
6/4/2015 8
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 9: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Clarifier overflow at Central Treatment Plant (Kellogg, ID)
6/4/2015 9
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 10: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
6/4/2015 10
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Filtration
Bag filters
Cartridge filters
Sand filters
Multimedia filters
![Page 11: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
6/4/2015 11
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Multimedia Filters
Coarse but light on top, fine but heavy on
the bottom
Typically anthracite, sand and garnet
Automated operation
Downflow operation, upflow backwash
Backwash via DP, timer or manually
![Page 12: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Typical Multimedia Filter
No. 1 Anthracite Coal
Flint Sand
Fine Garnet
Support Gravel
![Page 13: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1000-gpm multimedia system at Lucky Friday Mine (Mullan, ID)
6/4/2015 13
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 14: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
6/4/2015 14
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Membrane Processes
Microfiltration (MF)
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal
(EDR)
![Page 15: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
500-gpm UF system at Montanore Mine (Libby, MT)
6/4/2015 15
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 16: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
RO Disadvantages
Produces high-volume, continuous waste stream
Can be energy-intensive
Removal of monovalent ions such as nitrate may
be limited
Will not remove dissolved gases (e.g., ammonia)
6/4/2015 16
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 17: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemical Treatment:
Hydroxide Precipitation
Goal is to precipitate & remove dissolved metals
Typically use lime to increase pH
Can be hydrated lime or pebble lime (slaker)
Can also use caustic soda (liquid), soda ash or
magnesium hydroxide
pH target depends upon contaminants of
concern
Co-precipitation can increase removal
6/4/2015 17
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 18: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Central Treatment Plant in Kellogg, Idaho
6/4/2015 18
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 19: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aeration Basin at Central Treatment Plant
6/4/2015 19
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 20: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sulfide Precipitation
Typically used as “polishing” step for low
effluent limits
May also be used as primary treatment step
Will achieve lower levels than hydroxide ppt.
Can use sodium sulfide or hydrosulfide (NaHS)
Need little reagent and low retention time
Perform at neutral-to-alkaline pH to avoid H2S
May need filtration to remove small flocs
6/4/2015 20
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 21: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Oxidation/Reduction
May be required to transform contaminants into
less-soluble form
Arsenic: Add oxidizing agents such as chlorine,
hydrogen peroxide, ozone, permanganate
Chromium, selenium: Add reducing agents such
as sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite
Reaction is quite rapid
Will add TDS
6/4/2015 21
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 22: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ion Exchange (IX)
Specific resins available for dissolved metals,
arsenic, nitrate
Sodium and chloride are exchanged for
contaminants removed
Several resin manufacturers available
Resin is expensive but can be regenerated (on-
site or off-site)
Waste stream is typically much less than RO
6/4/2015 22
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 23: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
WATER SOFTENER
RESIN IN THE Ca+2 FORM
RESIN IN THE Mg+2 FORM
RESIN IN THE Na+ FORM
WATER W/ CaCl2, NaHCO3,
MgSO4
WATER W/ NaCl, NaHCO3,
Na2SO4
![Page 24: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
IX vessels at Buckhorn Mountain
6/4/2015 24
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 25: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
6/4/2015 25
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
IX Regeneration
Regenerate with acid, base and/or salt,
depending on the resin
Frequency depends upon contaminants,
feed water quality and discharge limits
Use co-current or countercurrent
![Page 26: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
6/4/2015 26
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Natural Zeolites
Can be used for ammonia removal
Also have a high selectivity for thallium
Much less expensive than IX resin
Throw away or regenerate with salt
Used at Kendall and Buckhorn Mines
![Page 27: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
6/4/2015 27
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Biological Treatment
Can be used for the following contaminants:
Organics
Ammonia
Nitrate
Selenium
Sulfate
![Page 28: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
6/4/2015 28
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Attached Growth Systems
Bacteria are attached to a surface or media
Biofilm provides a very robust process
Very resilient to changes in flow, pH,
concentrations, etc.
Best choice for high concentrations
![Page 29: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
6/4/2015 29
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Suspended Growth Systems
Commonly used in municipal treatment
systems (activated sludge)
Often used for nutrient removal (N and P)
Nitrification and denitrification
![Page 30: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
6/4/2015 30
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
Membrane Bioreactors
Combine suspended growth biological
treatment with MF or UF
Membrane replaces clarifier and/or
multimedia filters
High biomass concentration/small footprint
Becoming more popular
![Page 31: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Biological treatment system at Key Mine (Republic, WA)
6/4/2015 31
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 32: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Biological nitrate removal system at Stillwater Mine (Nye, MT)
6/4/2015 32
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 33: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Recommendations:
Suspended Metals
In order of preference/cost/ease of use:
Clarification
Multimedia filter
MF or UF
6/4/2015 33
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 34: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Recommendations:
Dissolved Metals
Hydroxide precipitation
Sulfide precipitation
IX
NF or RO
6/4/2015 34
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 35: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Recommendations:
Nitrate
Denitrification (attached growth biological)
IX
6/4/2015 35
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
![Page 36: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nitrate Treatment: Key Mine
36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10/10/06 4/28/07 11/14/07 6/1/08 12/18/08
mg
/l
Nitrate-N Levels at the Key Biotreatment System
NO3- in
NO3- out
![Page 37: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Anox Kaldnes system
Installed in 2006
100 gpm
Designed to remove 22
lb/day NH4 and 55
lbs/day NO3-N
Methanol feed
37
Nitrate Treatment: Stillwater East Boulder
![Page 38: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Design flow of 50
m3/hr (220 gpm)
Reduced [NO3-N]
from 35 to 10 mg/L
(45 kg/day)
Methanol feed
Effective but client
implemented RO
38
Nitrate Treatment: Minera Yanacocha
![Page 39: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
In situ treatment for
NO3 and ClO4
Acetate injection
Removal of 56% and
82% of nitrate in two
source areas to date
[NO3-N] up to 1400
mg/L
39
Nitrate Treatment: Alpha Explosives
![Page 40: Established Treatment Technologies - Apex Engineering · 6/4/2015 2 Apex Engineering, PLLC Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation Outline Contaminants of Concern Potential Treatment](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081517/5fbb2a5db5b1d0768614ad11/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
6/4/2015 40
Apex Engineering, PLLC
Mark Reinsel, Ph.D., P.E.
For More Information
At http://apexengineering.us
Technology reviews for nitrate, sulfate, arsenic
removal
Natural zeolites: thallium, ammonia
Floating islands
In situ treatment
Summary of Treatment Technologies for
Mining-Influenced Water (EPA, 2014):
focused on passive treatment