estonia - oecd · estonia shifted from a primary deficit in 2013 to primary surplus of 0.7% of gdp...
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Government at a Glance 2015
Country Fact Sheetwww.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm
Estonia has sustained a primary general government budget surplusand low debt level since 2014
Estonia shifted from a primary deficit in 2013 to primary surplus of 0.7% of GDP in 2014. It is one of 5 OECD countries reporting higher than 1% cyclically adjusted structural budget surplus (1.9% in 2014). This is mainly due to improved tax collection and targeted efforts of the government in decreasing the share of grey economy. General government gross debt – according to the System of National Accounts definition - in Estonia in 2013 (13.5%) remained the lowest across OECD countries (109.2% on average). In 2014, gross debt slightly increased to 14.3%, but remained the lowest in the OECD.
Chapter 2: Public finance and economicsGeneral government primary balance and interest spending as a percentage of GDPGeneral government structural balance as a percentage of potential GDPGeneral government gross debt as a percentage of GDP
Public sector employment as a share of total employment increased slightlyfrom 2009 to 2013, and is higher in Estonia than the OECD average
In 2013, public sector employment in Estonia amounted to 26.1% of total employment compared to the OECD average of 21.3%. As a share of the labour force, it has increased from 23.1% in 2009 to 23.8% by 2013. This has been the result of a slight increase in public sector employment, coupled with a decline of the labour force. As a response, the Estonian Government has set a policy to keep constant the share of government employment to the labour force, which requires consolidation of the government sector. The policy has been continued by newly elected government in March 2015, requiring decreases in public sector employment as the labour force is expected to further decline.
Chapter 3: Public employment and compensationPublic sector employment as a percentage of total employmentPublic sector employment as a percentage of the labour force
Open government data availability, accessibility and support for reuseis below the OECD average in Estonia
Estonian open government data efforts, at 0.38, are below the OECD average of 0.58 (OURdata Index). The OURdata Index focuses on the national portal and assesses data availability on the portal, data accessibility and government support to innovative reuse of public data and stakeholder engagement. Estonia is behind in terms of data re-use, support and promotion, compared to the leading countries in open government data. The Government is currently undertaking important transformation of the national open government data portal, has adopted ambitious information society development agenda for 2020, has launched a global Es-tonian e-residency initiative and is aiming to develop a joint digital services development roadmap together with Finland.
Chapter 10: Digital governmentCentral/federal government support to Open Government DataOURdata Index: Open, Useful, Reusable government data
Estonia
Government revenues(2013, 2014)
Government expenditures(2013, 2014)
Government gross debt *(2013, 2014)
% of GDP % of GDP % of GDP
Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts
G@G /dataG@G /data
-15% -10% 0%-5% +5% +10% +15%
Estonia
-4.2%0.6%
2013 2013
-0.2%
2014
Fiscal balance *(2013, 2014)
% of GDP
Public investment(2013, 2014)
% of of total govt. expenditures
How to read the figures:
Estonia
Country value in blue (not represented if not available)
Average of OECD countries in green
Range of OECD country values in grey
Public Finance & Economics Public Employment & Compensation
Public Finance and Economics
GOVERNMENT INPUTS: FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES
29.3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
46.2%Estonia
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
2013
41.9%
38.8%(2014)
38.8%(2013)
Estonia
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
2013
7.8%
13.4%(2014)
13.3%(2013)
Estonia
13.5%
2013
14.3% 100%
0%2014
109.3%100%
0% 2013
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
Estonia
Source: OECD National Accounts. * See Notes
Values have been rounded. n.a. refers to
data not available
Source: OECD/Eurostat National Accounts* SNA definition, see Notes
Public Employment and Compensation
G@G /data
58.0%
66.4%Estonia
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Public sector employment filled by women (2013)
Source: International Labour Organization (database)
Share of women ministers(2015)
Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union Parline Database
Public sector employmentas % of total employment (2013)
Source: International Labour Organization (database)
21.3%
26.1%Estonia
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
2013
37.7%
39.4%(2014)
38.5%(2013)
Estonia
GOVERNMENT PROCESSES
Institutions Regulatory Governance Public Procurement Public Sector Integrity Digital Government
Digital Gov.
High Moderate Low
30%59%11%
ModerateEstonia
G@G /data
Level ofinfluence of the
Centre of Governmentover line ministries
(2013)
Institutions
Source: OECD 2013 Survey on Centre of Government
Primary lawsSubordinateregulations
Stakeholder engagement to inform o�cials about the problem and
possible solutions
Primary lawsSubordinateregulations
Consultation on draft regulations or proposed rules
For some primary laws
For all primary laws
For all subordinate regulations
For some subordinate regulations
For all primary laws /subordinate regulations
For major primary laws /subordinate regulations
For some primary laws /subordinate regulations
NeverNotapplicable
3%15%65%15%2%
6%9%
62%23%0%
68%6%
18%6%2%
53%18%24%5%0%
Estonia
G@G /data
Source: OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook (forthcoming)
Stakeholder engagement and consultation (2014)
Regulatory Governance
Strategic public procurement - Objectives(2014)
G@G /data
Public Procurement
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
29.0%
50%
35.7%
Estonia
Source: OECD National Accounts
Procurement expenditure(2013)
% of government expenditures
Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Public Procurement
Public Sector Integrity
2632
6444
Judicial Branch “At risk” areasLegislative BranchExecutive Branch
Low level
Medium level
High level
53
EstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstonia
79
40
11
Level of disclosure of private interestsacross branches of government
(2014)
Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Managing Conflict of Interest in the Executive Branch and Whistleblower Protection
0.58
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.38Estonia
OURdata Index:Open, Useful, ReusableGovernment Data (2014)
Composite indexfrom 0 lowest to 1 highest
Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Open Government Data
Support for greenpublic procurement
A strategy / policy has been developed by some procuring entities
A strategy / policy has been developed at a central level
Support forSMEs
Support for innovativegoods and services
13 26 1
A strategy / policy has been rescinded
A strategy / policy has never been developed
2 10 25 0 3 10 23 0 3
Estonia
GOVERNMENT OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES
Notes Fiscal balance as reported in the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework, also referred to as net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of government, is calculated as total government revenues minus total government expenditures. Structural fiscal balance, or underlying balance, represents the fiscal balance adjusted for the state of the economic cycle (as measured by the output gap which resulted as the dif ference between actual and potential GDP) and one-off fiscal operations. Government gross debt is reported according to the SNA definition, which dif fers from the definition applied under the Maastricht Treaty. It is defined as all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. All debt instruments are liabilities, but some liabilities such as shares, equity and financial derivatives are not debt.
Core Government Results and Service Delivery
Out of pocket expenditure as a % of final household consumption Access to healthcare (2012)
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014
Satisfaction and confidence across public services (2014)
71%
Judicial system
Education system
51%
20
40
60
80
100
Health care
67%52%
54%54%
National government42%41%
Estonia
Average
Range
Source: Gallup World Poll
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
EstoniaTop10%
-4.5%
Bottom10%
-1.5%
Top10%
Bottom10%
-1.6% -0.8%
Changes in household disposable income,by income group (2007-2011)
Source: OECD Income Distribution Database
Limited government powers(2014)
Estonia0.79
0.76
[0.37-0.92]
Source: The World Justice Project
Equity in learning outcomes (2012)PISA mathematics score variance by socio economic background
14.8%
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
8.6%Estonia
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 results: Excellence through equity, 2013
% of citizens expressing confidence/satisfaction
Government at a Glance 2015With a focus on public administration, OECD Government at a Glance 2015 provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the
goal of contributing to the analysis and international comparison of public sector performance across OECD countries. Indicators on public finances
and employment are provided alongside composite indexes summarising aspects of public management policies, and indicators on services to
citizens in health care, education, and justice. Government at a Glance 2015 also includes indicators on key governance and public management
issues, such as regulatory management, budgeting practices and procedures, public sector integrity, public procurement and core government
results in terms of trust in institutions, income redistribution and efficiency and cost-effectiveness of governments.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2015-en
The Excel spreadsheets used to create the tables and figures in Government at a Glance 2015 are available via the StatLinks provided throughout the publication:
For more information on the data (including full methodology and figure notes)and to consult all other Country Fact Sheets: www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm
2.8%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
2.0%Estonia