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Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Estonia

Estonia

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 Estonia shows an overall acceleration of land cover development, compared to previous period 2000-2006. The mean annual change rate increased from 0.38% to 0.62%, which indicates significant speed-up of the landscape transformation in this country. This acceleration has been caused mostly by rapid acceleration of agricultural internal conversions between arable land and pasture in both directions, which did not occur with such intensity during the previous period. Considering the structure of the Estonian landscape, with prevailing natural land (56% of total area is covered by forests), it is not surprising that the most extensive driver of land cover development in the country is the forest creation and management. Compared to these internal conversions of forested and agricultural land, the intensity of urban sprawl is significantly lower. However, it has to be mentioned here, that the artificial land take in Estonia is one of the fastest in Europe. With mean annual land take rate of 0.84% of initial artificial land, it reaches the top among European countries. Comparing this 6-years period with the previous one, the pace of artificial sprawl is almost identical. Artificial development in this country is driven mostly by the sprawl of mines and quarrying areas and the intensity of recycling of developed urban land is also quite significant in Estonia. On the other hand, the intensity of diffuse residential sprawl, which was the second most powerful driver of artificial land change during the previous period, is considerably lower in 2006-2012. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Estonia: 6

2%

15%

16%

56%

1%

Open sp.

0,1%

5% 5%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-6000

-3000

0

3000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial

area

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

per

man

ent

cro

ps

Pas

ture

s &

mo

saic

s

Fore

sted

lan

d

Sem

i-n

atu

ral

veg

etat

ion

Op

en s

pac

es/

bar

e so

ils

Wet

lan

ds

Wat

er b

od

ies

TO

TA

L

[hu

nd

red

s h

a]

Land cover 2006 959 6925 7576 25412 473 47 2149 2175 45715

Consumption of initial LC 19.7 279.6 333.3 1042.4 1.1 0.3 5.1 1.4 1683

Formation of new LC 61.2 271.6 280.4 1063.4 0.5 0.0 5.1 0.7 1683

Net Formation of LC 41.5 -8.0 -53.0 21.0 -0.6 -0.3 -0.1 -0.7 0

Net formation as % of initial year 4.3 -0.1 -0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.6 0.0 0.0

Total turnover of LC 80.9 551.2 613.7 2105.8 1.6 0.3 10.2 2.0 3366

Total turnover as % of initial year 8.4 8.0 8.1 8.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 7.4

Land cover 2012 1001 6917 7523 25433 473 47 2149 2174 45715

Estonia

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.37%

0.61%

0 10000 20000 30000

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 20000 40000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-2000 -1000 0 1000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land



Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 16781 28047

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.37% 0.61%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 781 789

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 356 303

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] -211 -744

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 1526 -113

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -56 350

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -31 -14

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 115 -12

0

10000

20000

lcf1

Urb

an la

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

anre

side

ntia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

fec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

conv

ersi

ons

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

toag

ricu

lture

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

ffa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

crea

tion

and

man

agem

ent

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

scr

eation

an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to n

atur

al a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.84

%

0.82

%

0

300

600

900

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Speed-up of mineral extraction sites extension, slowdown of other sprawl

The intensity of artificial land take in Estonia is one of the highest in Europe. The internal structure of the sprawl shows that most of it is realized through extension of mineral extraction sites, which occurs with highly increased intensity compared to previous period. In contrast, the development of discontinuous urban fabric, which was the main driver of the artificial sprawl during the whole period 1990-2000-2006, and also of commercial and industrial areas, appears more in the frame of urban land recycling. It means that units which were under construction in the previous period are being finalized in the 2006-2012, but the extension itself became less intensive. This indicates a crucial shift in the structure of artificial development in Estonia, which is characterized by slowdown of residential and commercial/industrial development and speed-up of mines, quarries and dump sites extension. While the sprawl of residential fabric remains concentrated in the surroundings of the two largest Estonian cities – capital city of Tallin and Tartu, the extension of mineral extraction sites is located mostly in the north-eastern part of the country. The artificial development around Parnu city, which was observed during the previous period, has been significantly slowed down. Concerning the source, the sprawl in Estonia consumes mainly forested land (50%) and pastures (27%).

64%

18%

6%

11%1%

const.

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 200 400

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-200

0

200

400

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

al u

nits

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Internal agriculture flows drive the overall landscape development

The development of agricultural land in Estonia, in particular significant increase of intensity of internal agricultural conversions, is the main reason for the overall acceleration of land cover development in the country. The conversion from pasture to arable land more than doubled its intensity and the opposite flow of pasture extension, which was not observed during the previous period, newly occurs with comparable intensity as the conversion to arable. Concerning the spatial pattern, conversion to arable land is distributed uniformly over most of the country, in contrast to extension of pasture, which is concentrated almost entirely in the northern half of Estonia. Beside these internal flows, also withdrawal of farming with woodland creation can be observed, mostly in the eastern part of the country. This flow, which also shows significantly increased intensity compared to previous period, is represented mainly by the conversion of pastures to transitional woodland and shrub.

21148%

2220.1%

23121%

24210%

24321%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-4.0

4%

-0.7

0%

-10.

04%

-0.7

6%

-0.4

2%

3.93

%

2.18

%

9.09

%

0.01

%

0.00

%

-40000

-20000

0

20000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-2000

-1000

0

1000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

84%

2%

Open sp.

0,2%

7%

7%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest



Wetlands

Water bodies

Turnaround of internal forest conversions

Since the landscape in Estonia is characterised by its extensive forest coverage, it is not surprising that forest creation and management is the most powerful driver of land cover change in the country. The internal forest development switched its direction compared to the period 2000-2006. Now, the conversion from transitional woodland to forest is much more intensive than the opposite recent felling and transitional woodland creation. The other frequent source for formation of forested areas, mainly of new transitional woodland, is the withdrawal of farming accompanied by woodland creation, located mostly in the eastern part of the country. Pastures and agricultural land with natural vegetation are transformed into woodland in the frame of this conversion.

-1.5

2%

-2.2

5%

-2.1

2%

-0.2

2%

-0.2

4%

-12.

90%

-4.5

7%

-0.0

4%

-0.3

7%

-100

.00%

2.20

%

1.95

%

4.11

%

0.14

%

9.70

%

0.38

%

0.03

%

-80000

-60000

-40000

-20000

0

20000

40000

60000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-6000

-3000

0

3000

6000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

usve

geta

tion

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

Artif. areas 1%

17%

20%62%

Semi-nat. 0,1%

Wet. 0,3%

Water 0,1%

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

Artific. areas 4% Arable

land & perman

ent crops16%

Pastures &

mosaics17%Forested

land63%

Semi-natural vegetati

on0.03%

Wet. 0,3%

Water b.0,04%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf11% lcf2

0.3% lcf33%

lcf433%

lcf50.2%

lcf63%

lcf760%

lcf80.04%

lcf90.3%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Estonia

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops11%

Pastures & mosaics

27%

Forested land50%

Semi-natural

vegetation1%

Open spaces / bare soils

1%

Wetlands7%

Water bodies

3%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric10%

Industrial/commer.

11%

Road/rail network

5%

Port areas3%

Airports2%Mineral

extraction54%

Dump sites2%

Construct.10%

Sport/leisure

3%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.58%

0.72%

0 300 600

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-300 0 300

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

8

Agriculture

Industrial/ commer.

3%

Mineral extraction

46%

Dump sites8%

Construct.10%

Natural grassland

7%

Transition.woodland/

shrub26%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable

7%

Pastures90%

Complex cultivation patterns

3%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable10%

Pastures69%


1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.20%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]


Industrial/ commer.

6%

Road/rail network

2%

Airports0.5%

Mineral extraction

7%

Construct.6%

Sport/leisure

1%

Broad-leaved forest0.4%

Mixed forest0.2%


shrub70%

Water bodies0.1%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-800 -400 0

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural& natural land to agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-6000 -2000 2000

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

9

0 2000 4000

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture

lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and

orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable

land

lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable

land

lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards

lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent

crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-800 -400 0

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developed areasto agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000 - 2006

2006 - 2012

Estonia

10

Forest & nature

Mineral extraction

8%

Dump sites0.2%

Construct.1%


3%

Pastures65%


0.4%

Agriculture with

natural veg.24%

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]

Broad-leaved forest1%

Mixed forest0.2%


shrub98%

Water bodies

1%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]


Coniferous forest16%

Mixed forest8%

Natural grassland

1%Moors and heathland

1%


shrub44%

Sparsely vegetated

areas1%

Peatbogs12%

Sea and ocean4%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]


Industrial/commer.

6%

Road/rail network

3%

Port areas5%

Airports3%

Mineral extraction

70%

Dump sites3%

Construct.3%

Sport/leisure

2%


1%Pastures

2%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]


Conifer. forest32%Mixed

forest35%

Transit. woodland

shrub17%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 3000 6000 9000

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Estonia

11

Natural grassland

71%

Moors and

heath.20%

Beaches, dunes

and sand plains8%

Sparsely vegetat.

areas1%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 3 6 9 12

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

19%

Peatbogs31%

Salt marshes

0.1%

Water courses

1%

Water bodies49%

Coastal lagoons0.4%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

-20 0 20 40 60

Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-12000 -6000 0 6000 12000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas


lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

12

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-100 -60 -20 20 60 100 140




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Estonia

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Estonia

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Estonia

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Estonia

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Estonia

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

estonia - european environment agency · estonia shows an overall acceleration of land cover...

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